鸡东县大豆生产情况及发展趋势

从20世纪90年代中后期以来，尽管我县的大豆种植面积有所波动，但由于单产的提高，使大豆总产量维持相对稳定。与发达国家相比，我县大豆的单位面积产量不高，其主要原因并不在于品种的增产潜力低，而在于生产条件较差．栽培技术推广力度不够。在生产栽培中，只要品种选用适宜，栽培技术措施选用适当．大豆大面积平均产量可以达到3000千克／公顷或更高水平。     

安徽省濉溪县夏大豆生育期间气候资源分析

从安徽省濉溪县大豆生产的历程看出，大豆的产量低而不稳，且年际间变幅大。经分析，其主要原因是夏大豆生育期间淮北地区气候因子多变，影响了大豆的生长发育，其中以花荚期和鼓粒期的高温和干旱影响最大。     

玉米专用复合肥增产效果与推广应用

玉米专用复合肥增产效果与推广应用高秀兰，肖千明，娄春荣，孙文涛（辽宁省农科院土肥所１１０１６１）杨茹（凌海市农业中心１２１２００）玉米是辽宁省主栽作物之一，在全省粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位。为使玉米产量不断提高，确保在本世纪末粮食生产再上一个新台阶...     

大豆花叶病毒对大豆主要性状的影响

大豆花叶病毒对大豆主要性状的影响（南京农业大学大豆研究所）智海剑，胡蕴珠大豆花叶病毒是危害大豆生产的主要病害之一，它对大豆产量及部分农艺性状的影响已有报道。但这些研究多侧重群体产量或个别性状，而本试验旨在研究花叶病毒在不同生长阶段感染大豆品种后对与产...     

吉林省不同年代育成大豆品种根瘤数量、 鲜重和体积的变化

对吉林省1923年以来育成的20个主要栽培大豆品种不同生育期根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积的变化进行了比较研究结果表明,大豆根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积在四叶期（V4）根瘤形成很少,品种间也无差异,盛花期（R2）最大,结荚期（R4）略有下降,鼓粒期（R6）期最低。R2期、R4期大豆根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积与育成年代和产量呈正相关,其中R2期与育成年代和产量关系最为密切, R6期成负相关,但不显著。现代品种根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积在R6期均呈下降变化,而老品种根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积在R6期则表现增加的变化趋势。     

自然降水与夏大豆生长发育关系分析

利用安徽省濉溪县1970 2004年大豆统计产量和相应的实测气象数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:濉溪县大豆幼苗期和鼓粒期的降水量、花荚期和全生育期的雨日与气象产量呈显著直线相关,大豆生长季节降水及其时空分布是造成实际产量围绕生产水平线波动的主要原因。大豆生育期内适宜降水为:降水量380~540mm,雨日24~34d。濉溪县大豆生育期内降水适中,涝多于旱。当耕层土壤含水量低于16%,预计5~7d内又无雨量较大的降水时,要及时灌溉浇水。     

大气CO2浓度升高对大豆不同器官碳水化合物积累的影响

研究大气CO2浓度升高对非结构性碳水化合物分配积累的影响,可填补大豆气候变化生物学的部分空白,也又可为选育适应未来气候条件的大豆品种以及高产栽培策略提供理论支撑。本研究以大豆品种紫花4（ZH4）、小黄金（XHJ）、丰收10号（FS10）和嫩丰1号（NF1）为材料,利用开顶式气室模拟研究大气CO2浓度升高到550 μmol·mol-1对大豆鼓粒期（R5）和完熟期（R8）不同器官光合产物积累和分配的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度升高对不同器官C浓度的影响存在品种间差异。除了R5期XHJ叶片和R8期NF1根系,大豆不同器官C浓度表现出增加的趋势。大气CO2浓度升高显著增加R5期大豆叶片可溶性糖浓度（33.4%~90.0%）;而蔗糖和淀粉浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应受到品种因素的影响,XHJ叶片蔗糖浓度和FS10叶片淀粉浓度分别降低9.7%和13%,其余品种叶片蔗糖和淀粉浓度显著增加。在R8期,大气CO2浓度升高后大豆籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉浓度均表现出增加的趋势,籽粒可溶性糖浓度平均增加22%。同R5期相比,R8期大豆营养器官的碳水化合物浓度显著下降,表明营养器官碳水化合物的再利用能力决定大豆产量的增幅。ZH4、XHJ和FS10的产量平均增加32.7%,而NF1产量增加不显著。大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了大豆植株C的同化能力,但不同品种间差异显著。“源端”叶片蔗糖转化能力强,“流端”茎秆装卸同化产物效率高,以及“库强”较大的大豆品种在未来大豆品种选育和生产中应该是重点关注对象。     

关于我国粳稻高产和超高产育种产量目标的思考

对我国及世界水稻主产国的粳稻产量现状和生产中存在的问题进行分析,认为我国粳稻育种水平领先于生产实际产量水平,审(认)定品种的产量潜力并未在生产实践中被有效转化为生产力,主要原因是高产或超高产品种综合性状、生产适应性和高产稳产性不够理想,难以满足不同生态条件和生产能力对优良品种的需求;提出粳稻品种改良应优先考虑培育适应性好的高产、稳产品种,稳中求高,不应单纯追求高产、超高产,粳稻育种水平亟待在现有基础上得到新的全面提升;建议通过育种科学、稻作生产和中低产田改造等领域的水平提升,在未来5~10年内将我国粳稻产量在现有基础上再提高10%左右,实现我国粳稻综合生产能力再上新台阶。     

大豆耐盐相关基因研究进展

大豆（Glycine max（L.）Merill）是植物蛋白质和油脂的重要来源。盐胁迫是造成大豆产量损失的主要非 生物胁迫因素。耐盐基因的挖掘对培育大豆耐盐品种至关重要。本文一方面总结了通过正向遗传学获得的大豆 耐盐相关数量性状位点或基因，如萌发期耐盐性主效基因GmCDF1（Glyma.08g102000）、2个出苗期QTL（分别位于6 号和14号染色体）；苗期耐盐性主效基因GmSALT3（Glyma03g32900）以及位于G连锁群的QTL。随着对大豆耐盐性 研究的不断深入，目前认为大豆萌发期、出苗期、苗期的耐盐性无直接相关性。另一方面总结了通过反向遗传学途 径获得的参与离子运输、转录调控等耐盐性基因，以及通过生物工程技术转入外源基因提高大豆耐盐性的研究进 展，期望为解析大豆耐盐分子机制和耐盐育种提供参考。     

吉林省不同年代大豆品种遗传改良过程中某些农艺性状的变化

两年来对吉林省1923～2005年生产上主推16个大豆品种的生物量、产量、收获指数以及种子蛋白质、脂肪含量的研究表明：大豆植株的生物量从苗期到R6期逐渐增加，到R6期达到最大值，然后下降，老品种比现代品种下降速度快。大豆品种的生物量、产量和收获指数均随育成年代呈线性增加，其中产量和收获指数平均每年分别增加14.84kg/hm2（1.29%）和0.09 %。种子脂肪含量随育成年代增加，平均每年增加0.87%；而蛋白质含量随年代降低，平均每年下降1.52%。产量与生物量和收获指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05)；与种子脂肪含量呈正相关，与蛋白质含量呈负相关，但不显著。本文结果表明，大豆育种工作者以高产为选择目标的同时使生物量和收获指数得到提高。生物量和收获指数可以作为高产品种选育的指标。     

Phenotypic plasticity of yield and phenology in wheat, sunflower and grapevine

This paper focuses on the interaction between genotype and environment, a critical aspect of plant breeding, from a physiological perspective. We present a theoretical framework largely based on Bradshaw's principles of phenotypic plasticity (Adv. Gen. 13: 115) updated to account for recent developments in physiology and genetics. Against this framework we discuss associations between plasticity of yield and plasticity of phenological development. Plasticity was quantified using linear models of phenotype vs environment for 169 wheat lines grown in 6 environments in Mexico, 32 sunflower hybrids grown in at least 15 environments in Argentina and 7 grapevine varieties grown in at least 14 environments in Australia.In wheat, yield ranged from 0.6 to 7.8 t ha⁻¹ and the range of plasticity was 0.74–1.27 for yield and 0.85–1.17 for time to anthesis. The duration of the post-anthesis period as a fraction of the season was the trait with the largest range of plasticity, i.e. 0.47–1.80. High yield plasticity was an undesirable trait as it was associated with low yield in low-yielding environments. Low yield plasticity and high yield in low-yielding environments were associated with three phenological traits: early anthesis, long duration and low plasticity of post-anthesis development.In sunflower, yield ranged from 0.5 to 4.9 t ha⁻¹ and the range of plasticity was 0.72–1.29 for yield and 0.72–1.22 for time to anthesis. High yield plasticity was a desirable trait as it was primarily associated with high yield in high-yielding environments. High yield plasticity and high yield in high-yielding environments were associated with two phenological traits: late anthesis and high plasticity of time to anthesis.In grapevine, yield ranged from 1.2 to 18.7 t ha⁻¹ and the range of plasticity was 0.79–1.29 for yield, 0.86–1.30 for time of budburst, 0.84–1.18 for flowering, and 0.78–1.16 for veraison. High plasticity of yield was a desirable trait as it was primarily associated with high yield in high-yielding environments. High yield plasticity was associated with two phenological traits: plasticity of budburst and plasticity of anthesis.We report for the first time positive associations between plasticities of yield and phenology in crop species. It is concluded that in addition to phenology per se (i.e. mean time to a phenostage), plasticity of phenological development merits consideration as a distinct trait influencing crop adaptation and yield.     

不同播种方式对合丰50品质、产量及产量构成因子的影响

采用裂区试验设计研究了合丰50在不同播法和种植密度条件下的品质、产量及产量构成因子.结果表明:播法对品质、产量和所有产量性状的影响均不显著,其中穴播对产量、脂肪含量、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重的正向效应均是最大的.密度对百粒重、脂肪含量均无显著影响,但对其它性状均有显著的影响.随密度增加,蛋白质含量逐渐增加,单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重逐渐减少;在不同密度处理下,26万株·hm-2、23万株·hm-2与20万株·hm-2之间产量差异显著,26万株·hm-2为合丰50高产的最佳密度.     

Breeding for drought tolerance: Direct selection for yield, response to selection and use of drought-tolerant donors in upland and lowland-adapted populations

Drought is the most important constraint reducing rice yield in rainfed areas. Earlier efforts to improve rice yield under drought mainly focused on improving secondary traits because the broad-sense heritability (H) of grain yield under drought stress was assumed to be low, however gains in yield by selecting for secondary traits have not been clearly demonstrated in rice. In present study, the effectiveness of direct selection for grain yield was assessed under lowland reproductive stage stress at Raipur in eastern India and under upland reproductive stage drought stress at IRRI. The selection under severe stress (in both upland and lowland trials) resulted in greater gains under similar stress levels (yield reduction of 65% or greater under stress) in evaluation experiments than did selection under non-stress conditions, with no yield reduction under non-stress conditions. We observed similar H of grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions, indicating direct selection for yield under drought will be effective under both lowland and upland drought stresses. None of the secondary traits (panicle exsertion, harvest index, leaf rolling, leaf drying) included in our study showed a higher estimate for H than grain yield under stress. Secondary traits as well as indirect selection for grain yield under non-stress situation were predicted to be less effective in improving yield under drought in both lowland and upland ecosystem than direct selection for grain yield under the respective stress situations. The low, but positive values observed for genetic correlation (r_G) between yield under stress and non-stress indicated that it is possible to combine drought tolerance with high-yield potential but low values also indicated that selection for grain yield needs to be carried under stress environments. The study also indicated that under lowland drought stress, the use of highly drought-tolerant donors, as parents in crosses to high yielding but susceptible varieties resulted in a much higher frequency of genotypes combining high-yield potential with tolerance than did crosses among elite lines with high-yield potential but poor tolerance. Breeding strategies that use drought-tolerant donors and that combine screening for yield under managed drought stress with screening for yield potential are likely to result in the development of improved cultivars for drought-prone rainfed rice producing areas.     

高糖、高产甘蔗新品种重要性状分析及模糊综合评判

对12个参试品种蔗茎产量、蔗糖分、含糖量等进行分析比较,并对其进行模糊综合评判.结果表明,新台糖21、新台糖22、桂糖94-119、桂糖93-102四个品种的综合表现优于新台糖16,这些品种产蔗量、含糖量优于对照,综合农艺性状较好,其中桂糖93-102蔗糖分优于新台糖16,桂糖94-119蔗糖分与新台糖16相近;新台糖20、巴西45、粤糖93-159、新台糖23、台优1、桂糖94-116、台优2七个品种的综合表现不如新台糖16,其中巴西45虽然产量较高,但11月蔗糖分、平均蔗糖分均低于新台糖16,其它几个品种突出的缺点是蔗茎产量偏低.     

Evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components

To study the effect of co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Rhizobium, on yield and yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars was investigated in 2 consecutive years under field condition of plant growing evidence indicates that soil beneficial bacteria can positively affect symbiotic performance of rhizobia. PGPR strains Pseudomonas fluorescens P-93 and Azospirillum lipoferum S-21 as well as two highly effective Rhizobium strains were used in this study. Common bean seeds of three cultivars were inoculated with Rhizobium singly or in a combination with PGPR to evaluate their effect on growth characters. A significant variation of plant growth in response to inoculation with Rhizobium strains was observed. Treatment with PGPR significantly increased pod per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seed, weight of seeds per plant, weight of pods per plant, total dry matter in R6 as well as seed yield and protein content. Co-inoculation with Rhizobium and PGPR demonstrated a significant increase in the yield and yield components. The results showed that all treatments of bacteria increased yield; however, strains Rb-133 with Pseudomonas fluorescens P-93 gave the highest seed yield, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seed, seed protein yield, number seed per pod, seed protein yield.     

稻茬小麦中高产水平下产量及其构成因素分析

小麦在我国粮食生产中占有重要地位,提高小麦产量是解决我国粮食安全问题的主要途径。小麦产量由穗数、穗粒数和千粒重三个因素构成,小麦产量的高低取决于产量构成因素的配置。为探究稻茬小麦中高产水平下的合理产量结构配置,本研究通过文献检索获取2001-2011年稻茬小麦产量及其构成因素相关文献,并对中高产水平小麦产量及其构成因素的数据进行了统计和变异分析、相关分析、偏相关分析以及通径分析。结果表明,产量构成因素的变异系数为穗数＞穗粒数＞千粒重;产量构成因素与产量的相关程度为穗数＞千粒重＞穗粒数;偏相关分析显示,3个产量构成因素与产量均呈极显著正相关,偏相关系数大小为穗数＞穗粒数＞千粒重,产量构成因素间均呈极显著负相关;产量构成因素对产量的直接通径系数均为正值,大小顺序为穗数＞穗粒数＞千粒重,产量构成因素对产量的间接通径系数均为负值。根据中高产水平小麦产量结构的特点,在稻茬小麦的选育与栽培过程中,应以穗数为主导因素,协调穗数与穗粒数的关系,稳定千粒重。     

施用有机肥对甜菜产质量影响初探

通过在内蒙古农牧业科学院试验地布置试验,表明适宜的有机肥施用量提高了甜菜的产量、含糖率及产糖量。根据一元二次方程,得到甜菜的最大产量施肥量是43095.00 kg/hm2,最大产糖量施肥量是30916.67 kg/hm2,表明甜菜的产量和产糖量的最佳有机肥施用量并不一致,为科学施肥提供了理论基础。     

栽培措施对粮饲兼用玉米品种鲜草产量的影响

采用3因素最优饱和设计,研究了氮肥、磷肥与种植密度3因素对不同收获时期粮饲兼用玉米鲜草产量的影响。结果表明,N、P与密度对饲用玉米鲜草产量的影响因收获期而异,但均以N的作用居于首位。灌浆至乳熟期收获,整株鲜草产量(秸秆 果穗)较高;收获期推迟,必须相应增大施肥量、减小密度,才能获得较高的鲜草产量。以密度、施氮量、施磷量3项栽培措施为决策变量,以鲜草产量为目标函数,建立了呼和浩特地区饲用玉米主要农艺栽培措施与产量关系的二次多项式回归模型,通过产量频数寻优,定量化地提出了粮饲兼用玉米实现高产的栽培措施优化组合方案,可为呼和浩特地区饲用玉米生产提供参考依据。     

玉米高产群体建立的途径及关键技术

建立玉米高产群体的首要任务是明确群体质量指标,根据指标优化群体结构,进一步挖掘玉米产量潜力。综述了玉米高产群体及其群体质量指标的研究现状,阐述了培育玉米高产群体的关键技术,并提出今后对玉米高产群体建立的研究方向。     

Population density and row spacing effects on dry matter yield and bark content of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)

Efforts to bring kenaf from experimental crop status to an accepted alternative in established cropping systems have been ongoing for years. To compete with existing crops and maximize monetary returns, the effects of agronomic practices on yield and crop quality must be better understood. Row spacing and population density are implicated in dry matter yield, and therefore, bast fiber production. Four row spacings, four population densities, and two cultivars were examined to determine these effects on dry matter accumulation and bark content. Of all factors evaluated, only row spacing significantly affected dry matter yield. Yield was greatest at the 35.5-cm row spacing, and lowest at the 71- and 101.6-cm row spacings. With regard to bast yield, calculated as a percentage of total sample dry weight, a significant cultivar × row spacing interaction occurred. However, data indicate that manipulating row spacing to maximize total stalk yield per hectare resulted in the highest bast fiber yield for the two cultivars tested. The narrowest row spacing of 35.5 cm, gave the greatest biomass yield as well as the highest bark yield per hectare.