环渤海湾地区主要梨园树体矿质营养元素状况研究

 以叶片矿质营养元素含量作为树体营养诊断的依据,对环渤海湾地区有代表性的203个梨园树体矿质营养状况及相应土壤养分状况进行了研究,结果表明：（1）该地区81% ~ 97%的梨园叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe含量处于适宜状态,26% ~ 40%的梨园叶片N、K、Zn含量偏低。（2）除Mg、Zn外,不同梨树品种间叶片中矿质营养含量差异明显。与其它品种相比,苹果梨N、P含量较高,而K含量偏低;莱阳茌梨N含量较低,而P、K含量较高;砀山酥梨N、P、K含量均偏低。（3）初步筛选出N/P、Mg/P、Zn/P、K/Mg、Ca/Mg、Zn/Mg作为该地区梨园营养诊断与施肥建议综合法的营养诊断参数,低产梨园各元素需肥顺序大致为Mg > P > Ca > K > Zn > N > Fe。（4）土壤pH与梨树叶片中Ca、Mg含量呈极显著正相关,与Zn呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质含量与梨树叶片中N、Mg含量呈极显著正相关;叶片N、K、Ca、Mg、Zn含量与其所对应的土壤有效态养分均呈极显著或显著正相关。     

''早钟6号''枇杷主要营养元素含量的年周期变化

‘早钟 6号’枇杷叶片中较高的N、P营养水平有利于花芽分化 ;叶片中营养元素含量次序为Ca >N >K >Mg >P ,花穗为K >N >Ca >Mg >P ,果实为K >N >Ca >P >Mg ;认为早钟 6号枇杷属喜Ca、喜K果树 ,生产上应重视Ca肥和K肥的施用 ;枇杷叶片营养分析采样以第一次夏梢叶片为宜 ,初步确定叶片营养诊断的采样适期为 9月。     

南果梨叶片、果实矿质营养与果实品质的相关性分析

为了明确南果梨叶片、果实营养状况与果实品质的相关性,为南果梨园科学合理施肥提供理论依据。选取辽宁省主产区28个南果梨园的叶片、果实为试材,测定分析了不同梨园叶片、果实主要矿质营养及果实品质状况。结果表明,梨园叶片N元素含量的平均值处于适量范围内,P元素含量平均值处于较高水平,K元素含量平均值为8.73 g/kg,低于适量范围的最小值,所有梨园Ca、Mg元素均处于适量范围。相关性分析表明：叶片Ca元素含量、果实K元素含量均与果实横径呈显著正相关;叶片P、K元素含量和果实Ca元素含量与果实可溶性糖含量均呈极显著负相关,果实P元素含量与果实可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关;果实K、Mg元素含量与可滴定酸含量呈极显著或显著正相关;叶片N元素、果实P元素含量与果实维生素C含量均呈显著负相关,叶片P、K元素含量与维生素C含量均呈显著正相关;叶片P元素、果实N元素含量与果实硬度呈显著或极显著负相关;叶片N、K含量与果实N、K含量均呈显著正相关;叶片Ca含量与果实N含量呈显著正相关;叶片Mg含量与果实Ca含量呈极显著负相关,与果实P含量呈显著正相关。综上,所调查南果梨园叶片营养整体呈现高P缺K,N、Ca、M...     

山葵幼龄植株主要矿质元素吸收和分配特性的研究

 研究了不同营养水平下山葵幼龄植株及其不同部位对主要矿质元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg) 的吸收与分配特性。结果表明, 山葵为喜K 植物, 叶片以N、Ca、Mg 的含量和吸收量较高, 叶柄和根部则以K 含量和吸收量较高。随着营养供应水平的提高, 植株及各部位对矿质元素吸收量增加, 并在低营养水平下表现明显, 但营养水平对各元素在不同部位的分配比例影响不大, 对N、P、K 吸收比例也没有显著影响。     

西洋杜鹃叶片矿质营养含量的研究

为了给西洋杜鹃的营养诊断提供基础数据,对生长在山东的西洋杜鹃叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量进行测定,并运用数理统计方法和SPSS软件对测定结果进行分析。结果表明,未成熟叶片中各营养元素含量分别为N32.43g/kg,P1.92g/kg,K14.24g/kg,Ca28.89g/kg,Mg2.32g/kg,Fe45.87mg/kg,Mn183.69mg/kg,Cu4.18mg/kg,Zn47.76mg/kg;活性Fe的含量为21.16mg/kg;N、P、K的比例为1∶0.06∶0.44。成熟叶片中营养元素含量分别为N24.69g/kg,P1.38g/kg,K13.52g/kg,Ca47.35g/kg,Mg3.72g/kg,Fe141.07mg/kg,Mn398.45mg/kg,Cu14.22mg/kg,Zn104.84mg/kg;活性Fe的含量为33.18mg/kg;N、P、K的比例为1∶0.06∶0.55。     

DRIS法在“帕拉英达”杧果营养诊断上的应用

2015年在云南省保山市选择"帕拉英达"杧果的4个高产园和2个低产园,于花芽分化期采集叶片,每果园采集样本6个,测定N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、B元素含量,利用营养诊断与施肥建议综合法(DRIS法)进行营养诊断。结果表明,高产果园和低产果园之间的N/Mg、P/Mg、Ca/Mg、B/N、S/Mg、Fe/Mg、Mn/Mg、B/Mg、B/S、Ca·Mn、Fe·Mn、Fe·B、Mn·B等养分形式表现出显著性差异,适宜作为DRIS诊断参数;除K元素相对平衡外,6个果园的叶片其他8种元素均处于不平衡状态,且不同果园的不平衡程度不同;全部果园的Mg指数均为负值,急需补充镁肥;全部果园的Ca、Mn指数较高,部分果园的P、Fe、B指数也较高,说明过剩较严重。     

板栗结果枝叶片矿质营养特征研究

以板栗"3113"为试材,研究了不同物候期结果枝叶片主要矿质元素含量的动态变化及相关性,以期为板栗的营养诊断和施肥提供依据。结果表明:不同物候期,结果枝叶片N、P、K含量随物候期均呈下降趋势,Ca、Fe、Mn含量随物候期均呈上升趋势;B含量在开花授粉期较低,之后随物候期上升,Cu含量变化则呈相反趋势;Mg含量几乎不随物候期变化;不同物候期叶片主要矿质元素含量变化存在一定的相关性,其中N与P、Fe与Mn含量变化呈显著正相关;N、P和K与Ca、K与Mg、Cu与Fe、Mn含量变化均呈显著负相关;其它矿质元素间相关性均不显著;开花授粉期和果实膨大期是板栗需肥较多的时期,建议在5月下旬追施Ca、B复合肥,在6月上旬追施N、P、K、Cu复合肥,在8月下旬分别追施N、P、K复合肥和Fe、Mn,但施肥时需注意元素间的拮抗作用;幼果期叶片主要矿质元素含量变化较缓慢,为营养诊断时期。     

椪柑品质因树龄的变化及其与叶片-土壤养分含量的关系

以树龄5、8、13和18年的椪柑为对象,测定、分析果实品质、叶片养分及土壤养分,旨在揭示椪柑果实品质随树龄的变化及与叶片-土壤养分的关系。结果表明,13年树龄的果实单果质量较小而果形指数较大,即种植中期的椪柑果实较小而偏圆;18年树龄的果实可滴定酸含量较高,可溶性固形物含量和固酸比较低,即长树龄椪柑的果实品质出现退化。随着树龄延长,叶片N和P含量先降后升,Fe、Zn含量先升后降,K、Mg和Mn含量上升,Ca和B含量下降。果实可溶性固形物含量与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mg、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K+Mg)、Ca/(Mn+Fe)、Zn/(Mn+Fe)呈显著或极显著正相关;可滴定酸含量与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K+Mg)呈显著或极显著负相关,较长树龄的椪柑果实可溶性固形物含量低、可滴定酸含量高与叶片低Ca、Zn含量和高K、Mg、Mn含量有关。     

香梨生长季果实和叶片矿质元素含量的变化

以‘库尔勒’香梨为试材,研究了其在生长发育期间果实和叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素的含量变化,旨在为‘库尔勒’香梨合理施肥提供指导.结果表明:随着果实生长发育,香梨叶片中P、K、Ca含量呈下降趋势,Mg含量呈上升趋势,N含量波动较大,P与Mg呈显著负相关,K与Mg呈负相关;香梨果实中N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量随果实生长逐渐降低,N与P、K、Ca、Mg呈显著正相关,P与K呈显著正相关,K与Ca呈极显著正相关,Ca与Mg呈显著正相关.     

桂热杧120号叶片主要营养元素含量变化研究

以桂热杧120号为试材,研究了不同物候期叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B等含量的变化。结果表明:在花芽分化期,叶片中N、P、K、Mg含量较高,随着开花坐果和果实发育而逐渐降低,N、K含量在果实发育第二次高峰后期降至最低点,P、Mg含量在幼果期降至最低点,而在果实发育后期至采果后抽生的新梢老熟期均又回升。Ca含量从花芽分化期开始呈上升趋势,至幼果快速生长期达到最高点,随后逐渐降低。B含量从花芽分化期开始随果实生长发育而缓慢上升。     

黄土高原富士苹果叶片矿质养分与果实品质相关性分析

2012和2013年,对黄土高原12个主产区108个典型富士苹果园叶片养分和果实品质进行调查分析,应用典型相关分析方法,筛选影响果实品质因子的主要叶片养分因子,求解富士苹果优质的叶片养分含量优化方案,指出被调查果园叶片养分存在的问题。研究结果表明：黄土高原富士苹果品质整体优良,但果实硬度偏低,可滴定酸含量变异稍大。典型相关分析获得了影响苹果品质的主要叶片养分因子,单果质量为：钾 > 磷 > 镁 > 铁 > 钙;果实硬度为：镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 钙 > 铁;果实可溶性固形物含量为：镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 锌 > 钙;果实可滴定酸含量为镁 > 钾 > 氮 > 锌;果形指数的大小顺序为镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 铁 > 钙。线性规划求解出富士苹果优质的叶片养分含量优化方案为：全氮21.5 ~ 26.6 g ? kg-1、全磷1.18 ~ 1.86 g ? kg-1、全钾5.5 ~ 11.6 g ? kg-1、全钙13.6 ~ 26.1 g ? kg-1、全镁4.8 g ? kg-1、全锌15.0 ~ 75.0 mg ? kg-1、全铁100.0 ~ 180.0 mg ? kg-1,在优化条件下苹果单果质量可以达到382.5 g、果实硬度8.59 kg ? cm-2、可溶性固形物含量19.11%、可滴定酸含量0.157%、果形指数0.93。被调查的果园叶片全磷、全钾、全钙和全铁含量均较高,全氮和全锌含量相对适宜,合理施肥,平衡树体营养,防止旺长是其今后树体养分管理的关键。     

Usage of Shoot Analyses to Assess Early-Season Nutritional Status of Apple Trees

Mid-summer leaf analyses are commonly used as the standard method worldwide to assess the nutritional status of fruit trees. However, the analyses performed at this period yield information only about current nutritional status of the trees. Several physiological processes influencing yield and quality take place early in spring. It was reported in previous studies that dormant-season shoot analyses for some nutrients may reliably be used to assess early-season nutritional status of peach trees.The present study was conducted with the shoot samples taken in dormant-season of 150 apple orchards from Isparta region during the years 2010 and 2011. Shoot samples were taken 15 days before full bloom stage and samples were subjected to nutrient analyses. Reference values for each nutrient were indicated as 25 and 75% of the resultant values. The shoot reference values for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and B were respectively observed as 0.66–0.82%, 0.12–0.15%, 0.37–0.45%, 0.84–1.24%, 0.11–0.16%, 24.55–32.24?ppm, 11.12–17.55?ppm, 12.96–21.90?ppm and 13.33–16.00?ppm. To check the reliability of shoot analyses, leaf samples were taken from the same orchards in 7 different periods until mid-vegetation season and correlations between nutrient contents of shoots and nutrient contents of leaves taken in all periods were investigated. Significant correlations were observed between N, P, K, Mg, Mn and B contents of shoots and leaves. Therefore, it was concluded that early-season shoot N, P, K, Mg, Mn and B analyses could reliably be used to assess nutritional status of apple trees.     

新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素周年吸收规律研究

为探究新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素的周年吸收规律,以4年生‘无核白’葡萄为试材,采用密闭式营养液循环供给系统栽培,避免了水分和矿质元素的流失,并设置低、中、高浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5倍标准配方浓度)的Hoagland营养液处理。在葡萄植株的生长发育过程中持续测定营养生长(新梢长度、新梢粗度、叶片面积)和生殖生长(果粒横径、果粒纵径、单果质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸)指标,检测和计算了不同发育阶段葡萄植株对水分和矿质元素的吸收量,并测定葡萄叶片和果实中矿质元素的含量变化。结果表明,中浓度营养液栽培的‘无核白’葡萄长势中庸,果实品质最佳,作为吐鲁番地区葡萄水分和矿质营养吸收量的参考依据,其生理需水量为每年4 149.5m~3·hm~(-2),矿质元素每公顷的吸收量分别为N 227.9 kg,P 22.9 kg,K 325.9 kg,Ca 341.8 kg,Mg 117.8 kg,Fe 1.9 kg,Mn 460.6 g,Cu 182.3 g,Zn 198.1 g,B 728.3 g。花后47~75 d,‘无核白’葡萄植株的水分和矿质元素吸收速率最大。叶片和果实中的矿质元素含量总体呈高浓度营养液处理中浓度营养液处理低浓度营养液处理的趋势。     

Phenological Changes of Leaf Nutrients in Vitis labrusca L. Grape Grafted on Different Rootstocks in Heavy Clay Soil Conditions

The present study was conducted to determine the phenological changes in leaf nutrient contents in 10-years Vitis labrusca L. grapes grafted on 140Ru, 5BB and 5C rootstocks. In the experiment, changes of leaf macro and micro element contents from bud burst to post harvest period were investigated in the heavy clay soil conditions. Nutrient contents of leaf blades showed varied depending on the phenological stages and rootstocks (P < 0.01). P, K, Mg and Ca levels of leaf blade exhibited significant differences based on rootstocks and phenological periods between blooming and veraison. While Zn level was obtained sufficient on 5BB of grafted grapevines, it was found to be insufficient in grapevines grafted on 140Ru and 5C rootstocks. In general, grapevines were found insufficient for P, K and Mg nutrients. Total chlorophyll contents of leaves were found at high in the blooming period. Although the highest chlorophyll contents were found in the blooming period, it was determined at the lowest through to harvest. In the study, 5BB rootstock was evaluated to be favorable in terms of nutrient uptake.     

膜下滴灌条件下温室秋延辣椒养分吸收及分配规律

以辣椒品种好农11为试材,在安徽和县开展田间试验,研究膜下滴灌条件下温室秋延辣椒的养分吸收及分配规律。结果表明,辣椒产量47100kg·hm~(-2),植株地上部干物质累积量8163kg·hm~(-2),收获指数0.70,植株干物质增加最快时期为膨果期,膨果期干物质累积量占整个生育期的33.3%;辣椒整个生育期吸收的养分钾氮磷,氮(N)的吸收量186kg·hm~(-2),磷(P2O5)的吸收量61.0kg·hm~(-2),钾(K2O)的吸收量313kg·hm~(-2),植株吸收的氮磷钾主要分配到果实中,氮磷钾的收获指数分别为0.59、0.78、0.58,膨果期辣椒氮磷钾的吸收量最高,分别占整个生育期的37.6%、28.5%、38.4%;钙镁硼的吸收量钙镁硼,钙(Ca O)的吸收量135kg·hm~(-2),镁(Mg O)的吸收量74.9kg·hm~(-2),硼(B)的吸收量0.13kg·hm~(-2),钙镁硼的收获指数分别为0.08、0.32、0.46,钙镁在叶中的累积量最高,分别占植株吸收总量的79.8%、54.1%,而硼主要分配到果实、叶中,分别占植株吸收总量的46.2%、39.2%,膨果期钙镁硼的吸收量最高,分别占整个生育期的34.6%、33.3%、38.2%。     

核桃树体生物量构成及矿质营养元素累积特性研究

为了给核桃合理施肥提供科学依据,以5 a生温185早实核桃树为试材,采用彻底刨根、分解取样的方法,研究了生物量的构成特点、各器官矿质元素含量和累积分配特性。结果表明,核桃树总干质量为32 814 g.plant-1,其中当年新生营养器官占16.36%,果实占13.59%,老营养器官占70.05%。N含量以种仁最高,叶片次之;P含量以叶柄最高,青皮次之;K含量以青皮最高,叶片、叶柄次之。核桃树N、P、K、Ca、Mg总累积量为366.67、48.92、247.37、440.19和62.32 g.plant-1,其中,N主要分配到种仁、叶片、多年生枝和主根,P主要分配到主根、种仁、多年生枝、叶片和青皮,K主要分配到青皮和叶片。每生产1 000 kg干商品核桃需吸收N 77.05 kg、P 9.70 kg、K 62.24 kg、Ca 75.41 kg、Mg13.35 kg。核桃树对N、K、Ca的需求较多,对P、Mg的需求较少;营养器官累积N、Ca较多,累积P、K、Mg较少;生殖器官累积N、K较多,累积P、Ca、Mg较少。     

苦瓜干物质分配和养分吸收规律研究

以苦瓜品种"热科1号"为试材,采用盆栽的方式,研究了苦瓜干物质分配和大量(N、P、K)、中量(Ca、Mg)、微量(Zn、B)养分的吸收规律,以及干物质积累量与养分积累量的相关性,以期为实际生产中的肥料施用提供参考依据,实现养分的合理分配和利用。结果表明:苦瓜总的干物质积累比例为根∶茎蔓∶叶片∶果实=1∶31.24∶27.80∶31.49。各元素吸收比例为N∶P∶K=1.00∶0.15∶1.33;Ca∶Mg=1.00∶0.19;Zn∶B=1.00∶1.60。按照平均生产1 000 kg苦瓜计算,所需要的N含量为5.48 kg,P含量为0.84 kg,K含量为6.21 kg,Ca含量为2.44 kg,Mg含量为0.47 kg,Zn含量为0.02 kg,B含量为0.04 kg。苦瓜的干物质积累量与养分积累量呈显著正相关。苦瓜养分吸收整体表现为K>N>P>Ca>Mg>B>Zn。在实际生产中,应该注意各种养分的合理配施,在结果期适当增加B肥的投入比例,可以增加果实的养分积累,从而提高产量。     

The effect of fruiting status on nutrient composition of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) during the flowering and fruiting season

Summary

The pattern of leaf composition was investigated in three litchi orchards (cvs Bengal and Tai So) in subtropical Australia (Lat 27°S). Leaves were sampled from fruiting and non-fruiting branches from flowering to fruit harvest. The response to fruiting varied with the nutrient and the orchard. The major effect of fruiting was to reduce leaf K in two of the orchards. Leaf N, P, Zn and Na were lower in fruiting branches in a third of the orchards, while leaf Ca, Mg, Mn and B levels were higher. The levels of these nutrients in the other two orchards, and those of Cu and Fe, were not significantly affected by fruiting status. Strong seasonal effects from flowering to harvest on the leaf contents of most nutrients followed the typical pattern as leaves aged. Most nutrients were more stable during flowering to just after fruit set. The levels of most nutrients were similar in both leaf and fruit. The major exceptions were K which was about twice as high in the fruit and B which was five times higher in the leaves. The uptake of all nutrients continued throughout fruit growth in proportion to the accumulation of fruit dry weight and reached a maximum rate during the final period of aril (flesh) development. The relative order for final content in the fruit was: K>N>P>Mg>Ca>Na>Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>B. The choice of branch type and time of sampling would influence the diagnosis for N, K, Ca, Mg and Fe at these sites. It is recommended that leaves for diagnostic purposes in litchi be collected from fruiting branches two to six weeks after fruit set.     

赣南不同土壤类型脐橙园叶片营养状况研究

从赣州市10个县(市、区)的沙质红壤、黏性红壤、紫色土和黄壤等131个枳砧纽荷尔脐橙园采样测定叶片营养元素含量,分析营养丰缺状况。结果显示,赣南脐橙园普遍存在叶片氮、钾偏高而镁、锌不足的问题。土壤类型对叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁和锰含量有显著(P<0.05)影响:沙质红壤果园磷、铁更为丰富;黏性红壤果园氮含量最高,钾的过量程度和镁的缺乏程度都最轻;黄壤果园磷更丰富,钙更缺乏,锰最容易过量;紫色土果园氮、磷含量最低,钾易过量,钙较丰富,镁最缺乏,有部分pH值较高的果园植株缺铁。叶片硫、锌、铜、硼和钼在不同土壤类型的果园间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有相当比例的脐橙园叶片缺铜,少量果园叶片缺硼,大多数果园叶片硫含量适宜,所有果园叶片钼含量适宜。