Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials

If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(3) can be efficiently dispersed in common solvents and can be deposited as individual flakes or formed into films. Electron microscopy strongly suggests that the material is exfoliated into individual layers. By blending this material with suspensions of other nanomaterials or polymer solutions, we can prepare hybrid dispersions or composites, which can be cast into films. We show that WS(2) and MoS(2) effectively reinforce polymers, whereas WS(2)/carbon nanotube hybrid films have high conductivity, leading to promising thermoelectric properties.     

Freezing as a path to build complex composites

Materials that are strong, ultralightweight, and tough are in demand for a range of applications, requiring architectures and components carefully designed from the micrometer down to the nanometer scale. Nacre, a structure found in many molluscan shells, and bone are frequently used as examples for how nature achieves this through hybrid organic-inorganic composites. Unfortunately, it has proven extremely difficult to transcribe nacre-like clever designs into synthetic materials, partly because their intricate structures need to be replicated at several length scales. We demonstrate how the physics of ice formation can be used to develop sophisticated porous and layered-hybrid materials, including artificial bone, ceramic-metal composites, and porous scaffolds for osseous tissue regeneration with strengths up to four times higher than those of materials currently used for implantation.     

A material with electrically tunable strength and flow stress

The selection of a structural material requires a compromise between strength and ductility. The material properties will then be set by the choice of alloy composition and microstructure during synthesis and processing, although the requirements may change during service life. Materials design strategies that allow for a recoverable tuning of the mechanical properties would thus be desirable, either in response to external control signals or in the form of a spontaneous adaptation, for instance in self-healing. We have designed a material that has a hybrid nanostructure consisting of a strong metal backbone that is interpenetrated by an electrolyte as the second component. By polarizing the internal interface via an applied electric potential, we accomplish fast and repeatable tuning of yield strength, flow stress, and ductility. The concept allows the user to select, for instance, a soft and ductile state for processing and a high-strength state for service as a structural material.     

Detrital Mineral Grains in Tektites

Abundant detrital crystalline mineral grains have been found in layered Muong Nong-type indochinite tektites from Nong Sapong, northeastern Thailand. These grains are an integral part of some tektite layers, and their presence furnishes strong presumptive evidence that indochinites, as well as other tektite groups in which layered specimens occur, formed from surficial earth materials.     

重组竹的耐冲击性能

探索竹/木复合材料在极端环境中(飓风、雹暴等)对冲击载荷的适应性,并在此基础上进行合理的结构设计。利用Instron 9250HV落锤冲击试验机对毛竹重组竹和竹木复合重组材进行了低速冲击试验,研究了密度和组坯形式对冲击性能和损伤模式的影响,并分析了组坯结构与吸能机制的关系。结果表明:高密度重组竹的耐冲击性能较好,纵横组坯的竹木复合重组材冲击性能优于同密度的重组竹。冲击损伤使重组竹沿纤维方向纵向开裂,导致材料整体失效;而竹木复合重组材的横纵结构抑制了裂纹的扩展,使缺陷仅发生在冲击点附近;落锤出射面表现为层状开裂,具有分层吸能的能量吸收机制。相同密度的竹木复合重组材可以更好地抵抗冲击破坏。     

Ultrastrong and stiff layered polymer nanocomposites

Nanoscale building blocks are individually exceptionally strong because they are close to ideal, defect-free materials. It is, however, difficult to retain the ideal properties in macroscale composites. Bottom-up assembly of a clay/polymer nanocomposite allowed for the preparation of a homogeneous, optically transparent material with planar orientation of the alumosilicate nanosheets. The stiffness and tensile strength of these multilayer composites are one order of magnitude greater than those of analogous nanocomposites at a processing temperature that is much lower than those of ceramic or polymer materials with similar characteristics. A high level of ordering of the nanoscale building blocks, combined with dense covalent and hydrogen bonding and stiffening of the polymer chains, leads to highly effective load transfer between nanosheets and the polymer.     

桉木单板/聚丙烯膜复合材料的制备工艺及力学性能

为有效、合理地利用人工林速生材桉木,用塑料替代甲醛类胶黏剂,解决污染问题,以桉木单板和聚丙烯膜为原材料制备木塑复合材料,采用热—冷压制备工艺,分析了热压温度、压力及时间与塑料添加量对复合材料力学性能的影响,并确定了制备此类材料的最优工艺:热压温度180℃、热压压力0.9 MPa、热压时间420 s、塑料添加量150 g/m2;用该工艺制备的材料,物理力学性能达到或优于GB/T 9846.3—2004 I类胶合板标准。结果表明:用桉木单板和聚丙烯膜制备木塑复合材料是可行的,无游离甲醛释放。     

不同早稻品种(系)乳熟初期高温胁迫下产量及其构成因素的差异性分析

选用11个早稻常规品系和2个杂交组合为试验材料,于乳熟初期放入人工气候箱中进行高温处理,以同期自然温度为对照,对比分析了各材料处理与对照的产量及其构成因素,结果表明:不同水稻品种(系)对高温的响应存在显著的基因型差异,高温处理下8个材料单株产量显著低于对照,2个高于对照,10个材料结实率低于对照,11个材料籽粒充实度和千粒质量低于对照,7个材料的收获指数处理高于对照;与常规品系相比,杂交组合受高温的影响更大;常规品系中531和B670表现出强耐热性;对常规品种乳熟初期高温胁迫更钝感的原因进行了探讨。     

Sign Change of Poisson's Ratio for Carbon Nanotube Sheets

Most materials shrink laterally like a rubber band when stretched, so their Poisson's ratios are positive. Likewise, most materials contract in all directions when hydrostatically compressed and decrease density when stretched, so they have positive linear compressibilities. We found that the in-plane Poisson's ratio of carbon nanotube sheets (buckypaper) can be tuned from positive to negative by mixing single-walled and multiwalled nanotubes. Density-normalized sheet toughness, strength, and modulus were substantially increased by this mixing. A simple model predicts the sign and magnitude of Poisson's ratio for buckypaper from the relative ease of nanofiber bending and stretch, and explains why the Poisson's ratios of ordinary writing paper are positive and much larger. Theory also explains why the negative in-plane Poisson's ratio is associated with a large positive Poisson's ratio for the sheet thickness, and predicts that hydrostatic compression can produce biaxial sheet expansion. This tunability of Poisson's ratio can be exploited in the design of sheet-derived composites, artificial muscles, gaskets, and chemical and mechanical sensors.     

有机蒙脱土改性麦秸粉/聚3-羟基丁酸酯复合材料的性能

为实现小麦秸秆高值化利用,降低聚3-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)生产成本,同时综合提高麦秸粉(WSF)/PHB复合材料的物理力学性能和热性能。通过有机蒙脱土(OMMT)熔融共混改性WSF/PHB复合材料,热压—冷压工艺制备复合材料,探究OMMT添加量对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明:复合材料经OMMT改性后,OMMT层间距增大,部分PHB分子链进入OMMT层间,制备得到了插层型复合材料,复合材料的界面相容性得到改善。当OMMT添加量为1%时,相比对照组,复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度、拉伸模量、冲击强度分别提高了13.49%、13.78%、9.52%、15.53%、12.59%,吸水率下降了2.15%,复合材料的结晶度相比对照组提高了12.73%。OMMT的加入降低了复合材料的起始分解温度,但提升了复合材料的热稳定性及高温耐烧蚀性能。     

Terahertz magnetic response from artificial materials

We show that magnetic response at terahertz frequencies can be achieved in a planar structure composed of nonmagnetic conductive resonant elements. The effect is realized over a large bandwidth and can be tuned throughout the terahertz frequency regime by scaling the dimensions of the structure. We suggest that artificial magnetic structures, or hybrid structures that combine natural and artificial magnetic materials, can play a key role in terahertz devices.     

木醋液复合物的抑菌活性及其复合膜的制备

[目的]对木醋液复合物的抑菌活性进行研究,为木醋液抑菌复合膜的制备提供基础数据。[方法]以实验室精制木醋液和桉木浆纳米纤维素为原料,制备木醋液复合物,并且进行抑菌活性试验。将木醋液复合物与聚乙烯醇通过层层自组装法制备木醋液复合膜。[结果]木醋液复合物的抑菌活性试验结果表明,5种木醋液复合物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)均有抑制作用,尤其对细菌具有较强的抑制作用。木醋液复合物对金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)的抑菌圈直径高达(21.48±1.02)mm,对大肠杆菌(E.coli)的抑菌圈直径高达(21.21±1.74)mm。[结论]木醋液复合物具有广谱抑菌活性。木醋液复合膜在食品包装材料等领域具有潜在的开发价值。     

不同木材和竹材比例对木竹层积复合材机械性能的影响(英文)

由于木竹复合材料的性能与原料的类型、施胶量、工艺参数、木材和竹材的比例等许多因素有关,本文研究了不同木材和竹材的比例对木竹层积复合材的性能影响,采用的酚醛胶固含量为45%,板材尺寸800 mm×800 mm×10 mm,热压时间15min,热压温度150℃,热压压力2.5 MPa。试验结果表明:木材和竹材的比例对木竹复合材料的静曲强度、弹性模量和胶合强度有显著影响,对其含水率影响较小。当木材比例从20%到60%时,木竹复合材料的静曲强度、弹性模量和胶合强度逐渐增加。     

Composite materials with viscoelastic stiffness greater than diamond

We show that composite materials can exhibit a viscoelastic modulus (Young's modulus) that is far greater than that of either constituent. The modulus, but not the strength, of the composite was observed to be substantially greater than that of diamond. These composites contain bariumtitanate inclusions, which undergo a volume-change phase transformation if they are not constrained. In the composite, the inclusions are partially constrained by the surrounding metal matrix. The constraint stabilizes the negative bulk modulus (inverse compressibility) of the inclusions. This negative modulus arises from stored elastic energy in the inclusions, in contrast to periodic composite metamaterials that exhibit negative refraction by inertial resonant effects. Conventional composites with positive-stiffness constituents have aggregate properties bounded by a weighted average of constituent properties; their modulus cannot exceed that of the stiffest constituent.     

2009年自然低温下优质稻种质资源耐冷性初步鉴定评价

[目的]从供试水稻种质材料中筛选耐冷性强的优良种质,为水稻耐冷性研究和利用积累材料,为优质稻耐冷品种选育提供优良亲本.[方法]利用早春低温和晚稻寒露风自然低温条件,采用早播早植法及晚播晚植法,对458份优质稻种质资源材料分别进行发芽期、幼苗期和抽穗扬花期的耐冷性初步鉴定与评价.[结果]在458份优质稻种质资源材料中,发芽期、幼苗期、抽穗扬花期表现耐冷性极强和强的种质分别有21份、15和76份、5和80份,分别占鉴定份数的4.59%、3.28%和16.59%、1.48%和23.74%.不同种质在不同生育期耐冷性表现不完全一致,但发芽期耐冷性强的种质在幼苗期也表现较强的耐冷性.筛选出在自然低温条件下各生育期均表现强或极强耐冷性的优质稻种质6份,如TKM10、三粒寸、湘晚籼13号、恢968选、649/五大稻种//649///649、253/P117//253///253.[结论]利用自然低温条件,可初步区分不同生育期耐冷性强与弱的优质稻种质资源,其适合对大量稻种资源进行耐冷性筛选鉴定;筛选出的耐冷性极强或强的种质具有较好的应用价值.在不同生育期均表现强耐冷性的6份优质稻种质,可作为耐冷亲本材料在水稻的耐冷性研究及优质稻耐冷育种中加以利用.     

生物炭及其复合材料的制备与应用研究进展

生物炭含碳量高,具有较大的孔隙度和比表面积,是天然的吸附材料,其吸附性能高、成本低廉,具有改良土壤、增加碳汇、修复环境污染等功能,被广泛应用于农业、生态修复和环境保护领域。近年来,越来越多的学者开始研究生物炭复合材料的制备,将生物炭与其他材料组合,利用物理、化学方法合成具有新性能、新结构的材料,提高吸附材料的性能。通过综述生物炭及其复合材料的制备、表征方法以及其在污染治理方面的应用,阐述了生物炭及其复合材料对水体和土壤中污染物的修复机制,在此基础上提出了将来研究高效生物炭吸附材料的重点和方向,以期为生物炭的大规模应用提供参考。     

竹炭粉天然胶乳海绵性能的研究

以竹炭粉为填料,采用dunlop工艺制备含竹炭的天然胶乳海绵,用正交试验方法研究了竹炭用量、硫磺用量、促进剂种类及用量对低氨天然胶乳海绵的表观密度ρa、压缩永久变形k、拉断强度σ拉断伸长率等性能。结果表明,竹炭粉天然胶乳海绵的拉断强度的最佳工艺条件为：1%（质量百分比,下同）的竹炭粉（A）,2.50%的硫磺（B）为,0.7%的促进剂A（C）,1.5%的促进剂B（D）。在此工艺条件所得到的测试（11.65 MPa）与适宜工艺条件下方差分析的估计值（11.96MPa）相近。     

空间诱变对蒙农杂种冰草同工酶谱带的影响效应研究

为了进一步研究空间诱变对蒙农杂种冰草生物学效应的影响,以空间诱变冰草F1植株为材料,对诱变后冰草的过氧化物同工酶和酯酶同工酶谱带的变化情况进行研究。结果表明:10株空间诱变蒙农杂种冰草株系和对照冰草之间表现出一定的遗传性,每一株空间诱变蒙农杂种冰草都有自己的变异酶带;对照冰草有6条过氧化物同工酶酶带,诱变冰草的酶带数从3条到8条不等,大部分酶带强度趋于减弱;对照冰草有8条酯酶同工酶酶带,诱变冰草的酶带数从3条到10条不等,大部分酶带强度趋于减弱。     

An experimental approach to the percolation of sticky nanotubes

Percolation is a statistical concept that describes the formation of an infinite cluster of connected particles or pathways. Lowering the percolation threshold is a critical issue to achieve light and low-cost conductive composites made of an insulating matrix loaded with conductive particles. This has interest for applications where charge dissipation and electrical conductivity are sought in films, coatings, paints, or composite materials. One route to decreasing the loading required for percolation is to use rod-like particles. Theoretical predictions indicate that this may also be achieved by altering the interaction potential between the particles. Although percolation may not always respond monotonically to interactions, the use of adhesive rods can be expected to be an ideal combination. By using a system made of carbon nanotubes in an aqueous surfactant solution, we find that very small attraction can markedly lower the percolation threshold. The strength of this effect can thereby have direct technological interest and explain the large variability of experimental results in the literature dealing with the electrical behavior of composites loaded with conducting rods.     

硅在分级淬火生产贝氏体球铁工艺中的作用

研究了采用分级淬火工艺生产贝氏体球铁时硅对相变组织及机械性能和影响，发现硅对贝氏体有诱发相变作用，从而可细化组织，提高机械性能，并对此作了理论分析。