基于EFAST的CERES-Wheat模型土壤参数敏感性分析

为了定量讨论DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型中土壤参数对模拟结果的影响,运用扩展傅里叶幅度检验（EFAST）法,对影响冬小麦生产及生态系统中氮素分布的2类模型参数进行了敏感性研究,重点探讨了模型中土壤参数变化对模型模拟的冬小麦产量、冬小麦氮素分布、土壤氮素分布及土壤氮素转化的影响。结果表明：对冬小麦产量、地上生物量及收获指数影响最敏感的土壤参数为田间持水率,其次是土壤酸碱度;对冬小麦地上生物量中氮素含量影响最敏感的土壤参数为土壤酸碱度,对冬小麦籽粒中氮素含量影响最敏感的参数为田间持水率,对冬小麦根和叶中氮素含量影响最敏感的土壤参数则为土壤总氮含量;对作物吸收土壤中氮素影响最敏感的参数是径流曲线数,对土壤氮淋失量影响最敏感的参数为排水比率,对土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮含量影响最敏感的参数为土壤总氮含量;对土壤中氮素矿化和硝化影响最敏感的土壤参数为土壤总氮含量,对土壤氮素反硝化影响最敏感的参数为排水比率,对氨挥发量影响最敏感的参数为土壤总氮含量,氨挥发量对排水比率和土壤酸碱度的变化也较敏感。当侧重于模拟冬小麦产量及作物氮素研究时,原需测量的15个土壤参数可简化为4个,而当侧重于土壤氮素转化及分布研究时,可简化为重点测量的9个参数。本研究可降低CERES-Wheat模型土壤参数获取难度,方便模型本地化、区域化应用。     

温室番茄在宽垄覆膜沟灌下水分调亏下限指标研究

【目的】探明宽垄覆膜沟灌技术对日光温室番茄果实、植株生长、耗水、产量及水分利用效率等方面的影响,寻求节水增产模式。【方法】以温室抗TY番茄"5102"为研究对象,分别在苗期、开花坐果期结果期设置田间持水率的50%、60%质量含水率作为灌水下限,其他生育期灌水下限设置为田间持水率的70%,以3个生育期灌水下限均为田间持水率的70%为对照(CK),共7个处理,每个处理重复3次。【结果】由于各处理的灌水下限不同,番茄的耗水量呈现出明显差异,随生育期的推进基本呈增加趋势,结果期耗水量最大,开花坐果期耗水强度达最大。同时可以发现结果期调亏对番茄耗水量、产量影响最为明显,开花坐果期水分调亏对番茄坐果率影响最明显,开花坐果期灌水下限为60%田间持水率水分处理与CK对比可提高番茄坐果率2.22%,开花坐果期灌水下限为田间持水率70%处理劣果率、根冠比最大,产量最低。结果期60%处理可提高水分利用效率的同时降低劣果率。【结论】综合整个生育期考虑,苗期灌水下限为田间持水率60%处理,开花坐果期灌水下限为田间持水率70%处理,结果期灌水下限为田间持水率70%处理,可显著性提高产量及水分利用效率(P0.05),为温室宽垄覆膜沟灌技术的推广及应用提供理论依据。     

稻田土壤-作物系统模型参数敏感性分析与模型验证

为提高稻田土壤-作物模型校准过程的效率和精度,以长江中游地区两年的稻田试验数据为基础,采用Morris和Sobol’两种方法对WHCNS_Rice模型参数进行了全局敏感性分析,并在此基础上进行模型校准和验证。结果表明,两种方法得到的模型主要敏感性参数基本一致,与Sobol’方法相比,Morris方法具有计算量小和筛选快速的优势。土壤水力学参数和作物参数对模型输出项均有较大的影响,尤其是土壤水力学参数中的饱和含水率、田间持水率以及犁底层饱和导水率;作物参数中生育期总有效积温、最大比叶面积和作物系数对作物生长过程影响较大;氮素转化参数中仅氨挥发一阶动力学系数和反硝化经验系数分别对氨挥发和氮反硝化有一定的影响,其余参数均不敏感。在此基础上,固定非敏感参数,重点校准上述敏感参数。模型校验结果表明,模型模拟的地上部干物质质量、作物吸氮量、蒸散量和田面水高度均与实测值吻合较好,模拟值与实测值线性回归方程的斜率和相关系数均接近于1,P小于0. 01,说明校验后的模型可用于模拟该地区的水稻生长过程及稻田水分动态和氮素去向。采用Morris方法对筛选出的模型敏感性参数进行模型校准和验证,可以大大提高模型校验的效率和精度。本研究可为稻田土壤-作物系统WHCNS_Rice模型参数的校准和模型的推广应用提供技术支持。     

田间持水率土壤传输函数研究

基于不同土壤质地、结构、有机质含量条件下的田间持水率测定,分析了影响田间持水率的主导因素。利用多元线性、非线性模型和BP神经网络模型,建立了田间持水率与常规土壤理化性能参数间的不同传输函数。结果表明:土壤干容重、粉粒含量、黏粒含量以及土壤有机质含量等常规土壤理化性能参数对田间持水率都有较大影响;通过这些传输函数预测田间持水率都是可行的,具有较高的预测精度(相对误差小于10%),BP神经网络模型预测效果最好(相对误差3.24%)。     

农田耕作土壤田间持水率的BP预测模型

为了合理确定疏松黄土的灌溉制度,基于黄土高原区农田耕作层土壤田间持水率的测试资料,建立了以土壤理化参数包括土壤体积质量、黏粒量、粉粒量、有机质量为输入变量,田间持水率为输出变量的BP预测模型。结果表明,预测值和实测值的相对误差控制在7%以内,在可接受的范围,表明利用土壤基本理化参数预报农田耕作土壤的田间持水率是可行的。研究结果可为黄土高原区耕作农田土壤水分调控和灌溉管理提供支撑。     

基于茎直径变化监测番茄水分状况的机理与方法

该研究以春季温室番茄为试验材料,以筒栽和小区相结合的方法探索了番茄茎直径变化的机理与规律、外界环境因素对茎直径变化的影响以及如何消除气象因子对实测日最大收缩量（MDS）数值干扰等问题,目的在于为基于茎直径变化监测作物水分状况、实现自动灌溉的技术提供理论和实践依据。试验结果表明,番茄茎直径变化落后于叶水势变化,二者存在很好的相关性。番茄茎直径收缩过程是由韧皮部及木质部收缩同步构成,而恢复过程则是不同步的,木质部恢复较快。番茄盛果期蒸腾强度大于花果期蒸腾强度,蒸腾强度越大一天中最小茎直径出现的时间越晚,而其茎直径开始恢复的临界气孔导度值越小。番茄MDS的变化趋势和日均辐射的变化趋势一致,但变化幅度由土壤水分决定。当土壤相对含水率由田间持水率降至50%时,MDS随土壤水分的下降而变大,天气晴好时MDS能够很好的反映出土壤水分的差异;而当土壤相对含水率小于50%后,MDS随土壤水分的下降而变小。通过统计分析,由实测MDS与参照MDS相比的相对日最大收缩量（RMDS）指标基本上可以消除气象因子对监测结果的影响,稳定的反映土壤水分状况。     

春玉米适宜土壤水分下限动态指标的确定

利用田间水分试验和气象观测资料,通过相关和回归分析,研究了春玉米7个发育时段土壤水分适宜下限(田间持水率的百分比)指标和计划湿润层深度,基于发育进程和积温原理,构建了全生育期土壤水分下限指标和计划湿润层深度动态计算方法。结果表明,对于土壤水分下限和相应的土层,播种—三叶期分别为田间持水率的70%和0~20cm,三叶—七叶期分别为田间持水率的55%和0~30cm,七叶—拔节期分别为田间持水率的60%和0~50cm,拔节—抽雄期分别为田间持水率的70%和0~70cm,抽雄—抽雄后20d分别为田间持水率的75%和0~100cm,抽雄后20d-乳熟期分别为田间持水率的65%和0~100cm,乳熟—成熟期则分别为田间持水率的60%和0~70cm。土壤水分下限指标和计划湿润层深度动态方程的相关指数均在0.95以上。     

基于Morris和EFAST的CERES-Wheat模型敏感性分析

依据在陕西杨凌获得的冬小麦试验资料,用Morris法和EFAST(extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test)法分析了CERES-Wheat模型输出变量中小麦开花期、成熟期、产量、地上生物量对品种和生长参数的敏感性,并分析比较了两种方法的一致性。结果表明,光周期影响因子(P1D)、出苗-穗分化期积温(P1)、穗分化-挑旗期积温(P2)和春化影响因子(VEFF)均对开花期和成熟期较敏感,灌浆期积温(P5)对成熟期有较大影响;挑旗前、后的光能利用率(PARUE,PARU2)、P1D、P1和P2均对产量和生物量有较大影响;最适条件下标准籽粒质量(G2)和开花期单位地上生物量的籽粒数(G1)对冬小麦产量有较大影响,第一标准叶的比叶面积(SLAS)对地上生物量有较大影响。Morris法和EFAST法得到的参数敏感性结果具有较高的相关性,表明计算工作量较小的Morris法较适于筛选模型敏感参数。     

黑土区农田尺度田间持水率的空间变异性研究

【目的】探究黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异性机制。【方法】利用传统统计学和多重分形方法量化了田间持水率的空间变异强度,分析了造成田间持水率空间变异性的局部信息;利用联合多重分形方法确定了田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性在多尺度上的相关性。【结果】研究区域田间持水率具有多重分形特征,随土层深度增加,田间持水率的空间变异程度先降后增;田间持水率的大值数据对0~5 cm和10~15 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大,小值数据对5~10 cm和15~20 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大;单一尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5 cm土层是黏粒量和土壤体积质量,在5~10 cm和10~15 cm土层是粉粒量和黏粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量;多尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5、5~10和10~15 cm土层是黏粒量和粉粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量。【结论】黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异程度为弱变异,田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度在单一尺度和多尺度上有所差异。     

不同土壤水势条件下枣树的生长发育研究

通过设定4个不同的土壤水势区间,研究不同土壤水势条件对枣树生长发育的影响。结果表明,在-23～-526kPa的土壤水势范围内,较低的土壤水势条件有利于枣树日最大茎直径的增加,但会使叶面积指数减小。透光率增加;在果实膨大期,土壤水势为-526kPa（相对田间持水率的27％）时,枣果萎蔫,复水后恢复正常生长状态;土壤水势越...     

土壤水分状况对温室滴灌番茄水分利用效率及果实品质的影响

在日光温室滴灌条件下,通过小区试验研究了不同生育阶段不同土壤水分状况对番茄产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及果实品质的影响.结果表明,番茄产量对土壤水分具有一阈值反应,只要土壤水分不低于田间持水率的60%,适度控制土壤水分对番茄产量影响较小,并有利于水分利用效率的提高;不同采摘时期的番茄果实可溶性固形物(SSC)和维生素c...     

Yield and quality of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars as influenced by drip and furrow irrigation using waters having high residual sodium carbonate

Performance of tomato when irrigated with sodic waters particularly under drip irrigation is not well known. A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to study the response of tomato crop to sodic water irrigation on a sandy loam soil. Irrigation waters having 0, 5 and 10 mmol_c L⁻¹ residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were applied through drip and furrow irrigation to two tomato cultivars, Edkawi (a salt tolerant cultivar) and Punjab Chhuhara (PC). High RSC of irrigation water significantly increased soil pH, ECe and exchangeable sodium percentage progressively; the increases were higher in furrow compared to drip irrigation. Effect of high RSC on increasing bulk density and decreasing infiltration rate of soil was also pronounced in furrow-irrigated plots. Higher soil moisture and lower salinity near the plant was maintained under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation. Performance of the two cultivars was significantly different; pooled over 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons, PC yielded 38.8 and 30.0 Mg ha⁻¹ and Edkawi yielded 31.8 and 22.9 Mg ha⁻¹ under drip and furrow irrigation, respectively. At RSC10, cultivar PC produced 38 and 46% higher fruit yield than cultivar Edkawi under drip and furrow irrigation, respectively. Reduction in fruit yield at higher RSC was due to lower fruit weight under drip irrigation and due to reduced fruit number as well as fruit weight under furrow irrigation. Decrease in fruit weight was more pronounced in cultivar Edkawi than in cultivar PC. Increase in RSC lowered quality of the fruits except the ascorbic acid content. High RSC under drip irrigation, in general, had lesser deteriorating effect on the fruit quality particularly for cultivar PC than under furrow irrigation. For obtaining high tomato yield and better-quality fruits using high RSC sodic waters, drip irrigation should be preferred over furrow irrigation. Better performance of local cultivar PC compared to Edkawi at medium and high RSC suggests that cultivars categorized as tolerant to salinity should be evaluated in the sodic environment particularly when irrigated with high RSC sodic waters.     

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the impact of alternative management practices on water quality and quantity

Alternative land management practices such as conservation or no-tillage, contour farming, terraces, and buffer strips are increasingly used to reduce nonpoint source and water pollution resulting from agricultural activities. Models are useful tools to investigate effects of such management practice alternatives on the watershed level. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the sensitivity of such models to parameters used to represent these conservation practices. Knowledge about the sensitivity to these parameters would help models better simulate the effects of land management. Hence, this paper presents in the first step a sensitivity analysis for conservation management parameters (specifically tillage depth, mechanical soil mixing efficiency, biological soil mixing efficiency, curve number, Manning's roughness coefficient for overland flow, USLE support practice factor, and filter strip width) in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). With this analysis we aimed to improve model parameterisation and calibration efficiency. In contrast to less sensitive parameters such as tillage depth and mixing efficiency we parameterised sensitive parameters such as curve number values in detail.In the second step the analysis consisted of varying management practices (conventional tillage, conservation tillage, and no-tillage) for different crops (spring barley, winter barley, and sugar beet) and varying operation dates. Results showed that the model is very sensitive to applied crop rotations and in some cases even to small variations of management practices. But the different settings do not have the same sensitivity. Duration of vegetation period and soil cover over time was most sensitive followed by soil cover characteristics of applied crops.     

Salinity effect on crop development and yield,analysis of salt tolerance according to several classification methods

The publication is a synthesis of previous publications on the results of a long-term lysimeter experiment. From 1989 to 1998, the experimental variables were soil salinity and soil type, from 1999 onwards, soil salinity and crop variety. The plant was studied during the whole growing period by measuring the saline stress and analyzing its effect on leaf area and dry matter development and on crop yield. Salinity affected the pre-dawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration, leaf area and yield.The following criteria were used for crop salt tolerance classification: soil salinity, evapotranspiration deficit, water stress day index. The classification according to soil salinity distinguished the salt tolerant group of sugar beet and wheat, the moderately salt sensitive group comprising broadbean, maize, potato, soybean, sunflower and tomato, and the salt sensitive group of chickpea and lentil. The results for the salt tolerant and the moderately salt sensitive groups correspond with the classification of Maas and Hoffman, excepted for soybean.The evapotranspiration deficit criterion was used, because for certain crops the relation between yield and evapotranspiration remains the same in case of drought and salinity. This criterion, however, did not appear useful for salt tolerance classification.The water stress day index, based on the pre-dawn leaf water potential, distinguished a tolerant group, comprising sugar beet, wheat, maize, sunflower and potato, and a sensitive group, comprising tomato, soybean, broadbean, chickpea and lentil. The classification corresponds with a difference in water use efficiency. The tolerant crops show a more or less constant water use efficiency. The sensitive crops show a decrease of the water use efficiency with increasing salinity, as their yield decreases stronger than the evapotranspiration. No correlation could be found between osmotic adjustment, leaf area and yield reduction. As the flowering period is a sensitive period for grain and fruit formation and the sensitive crops are all of indeterminate flowering, their longer flowering period could be a cause of their greater sensitivity.The tolerant group according to water stress day index can be divided according to soil salinity in a salt tolerant group of sugar beet and wheat and a moderately sensitive group, comprising maize, sunflower and potato. The difference in classification can be attributed to the difference in evaporative demand during the growing period.The sensitive group according to water stress day index can be divided according to soil salinity in a moderately sensitive group, comprising tomato, soybean and broadbean, and a salt sensitive group of chickpea and lentil. The difference in classification can be attributed to the greater salt sensitivity of the symbiosis between rhizobia and grain legume in the case of chickpea and lentil.     

Calibration and use of CROPGRO-soybean model for improving soybean management under rainfed conditions

Crops such as soybean (Glycine max L.) are grown predominantly under rainfed conditions where water is a major limiting factor and the interannual variability in rainfall pattern is high. Crop modeling has proven a valuable tool to evaluate the long-term consequences of weather patterns, but the candidate crop models must be tested and calibrated for new regions prior to their use as extrapolation tools to predict optimum cultivar choice and sowing dates. The objectives of this paper were to calibrate the CROPGRO-soybean model for growth and yield under rainfed conditions in Galicia, northwest Spain, and then to use the calibrated model to establish the best sowing dates for three cultivars at three locations in this region. The starting point of the calibration process was the CROPGRO-soybean version previously calibrated for non-limiting water conditions. The original model, when simulated versus rainfed soybean field data sets, tended to simulate more severe water stress than actually occurred. In order to calibrate growth and yield for the actual soil we tried several ways for the modelled crop to have access to more water. Modifications were made on soil depth, water holding capacity, and root elongation rate. In addition, other changes were made to predict accurately the observed water-stress induced acceleration of maturity. Long-term simulations with recorded weather data showed that soybean is more sensitive to planting date under irrigated than rainfed management, in the three studied Galician locations.     

基于改进YOLOV4网络模型的番茄果实检测

果实识别是视觉检测技术重要的环节,其识别精度易受复杂的生长环境及果实状态的影响。以大棚环境下单个、一簇、光照、阴影、遮挡、重叠6种复杂生长状态下的番茄果实为对象,提出一种基于改进YOLOv4网络模型与迁移学习相结合的番茄果实识别方法。首先利用ImageNet数据集与VGG网络模型前端16卷积层进行模型参数预训练,将训练的模型参数初始化改进模型的权值以代替原始的初始化操作,然后使用番茄数据集在VGG19的卷积层与YOLOV4的主干网络相结合的新模型中进行训练,获得最优权重实现对复杂环境下的番茄果实进行检测。最后,将改进模型与Faster RCNN、YOLOv4-Tiny、YOLOv4网络模型进行比较。研究结果表明,改进模型在6种复杂环境下番茄果实平均检测精度值mAP达到89.07%、92.82%、92.48%、93.39%、93.20%、93.11%,在成熟、半成熟、未成熟3种不同成熟度下的F1分数值为84%、77%、85%,其识别精度优于比较模型。本文方法实现了在6种复杂环境下有效地番茄果实检测识别,为番茄果实的智能采摘提供理论基础。     

Effects of soil water deficit on yield and quality of processing tomato under a Mediterranean climate

In order to assess the effect of soil water deficit (SWD) during fruit development and ripening, on yield and quality of processing tomato under deficit irrigation in the Mediterranean climate, an open-field experiment was carried out in two sites differing from soil and climatic characteristics, in Sicily, South Italy. Six irrigation treatments were studied: no irrigation following plant establishment (NI); 100% (F = full) or 50% (D = deficit) ET_c restoration with long-season irrigation (L) or short-season irrigation up to 1st fruit set (S); and long-season irrigation with 100% ET_c restoration up to beginning of flowering, then 50% ET_c restoration (LFD). The greatest effect of increasing SWD was the rise in fruit firmness, total solids and soluble solids (SS). A negative trend in response to increasing SWD was observed for fruit yield and size. Tough yield and SS were negatively correlated, the final SS yield under the LD regime was close to that of LF, and 47% water was saved. However, SS seems to be more environmental sensitive than SWD, since it varied more between sites than within site. The variations between sites in fruit quality response to deficit irrigation demonstrate that not only SWD but also soil and climatic characteristics influence the quality traits of the crop.     

温室番茄节水调质灌水方案评价

为寻求日光温室番茄优质高效的灌溉制度,采用设置于温室番茄冠层齐平位置的水面蒸发测定装置,设计3种基于水面蒸发量的灌水间隔水平和4种灌水量水平组合处理,依据小区试验观测结果,分析确定了以番茄产量、水分利用率、单果重、可溶性固形物质量分数及果实硬度等5项指标为主的节水调质灌溉制度评价体系;在采用变异系数法确定出各指标权重的基础上,借鉴TOPSIS综合评价方法,建立了温室番茄节水、优质、高产相统一的综合评价模型,应用该模型确定基于水面蒸发量的温室番茄节水调质灌溉制度,即当累积水面蒸发量Epan达到10mm±2mm时进行灌溉,灌水量为0.9Epan,在产量不降低的情况下,提高了水分利用率,并在一定程度上提高了果实的营养品质和储运品质.     

土壤盐分垂向非均匀分布下的番茄盐分生产函数研究

利用番茄盆栽试验,在土表以下17cm处布设秸秆隔层,有效隔断土壤毛管连续性,再结合灌溉水的淋洗作用,促使土壤盐分向下运移,盆栽土壤在垂直方向上趋于“上低下高”的非均匀分布状态,探究该盐分状态下番茄产量和作物不同生育阶段根系及盐分分布特征间的内在联系。结果表明,在土壤盐分垂向非均匀分布处理中,隔层以下土壤中过高的盐分含量抑制了番茄根系的生长与分布,而上层低盐区土壤中根系则呈现出补偿性生长。在盆栽土壤盐分含量一定时,盐分垂向非均匀分布处理的根系干物质量及果实产量均显著高于盐分均匀分布处理（P<0.05）,盐分“上低下高”的差异性分布缓解了作物整体所受盐分胁迫。在参照传统水分生产函数Stewart模型和Jensen模型的基础上,分别利用表层盐分因子、平均盐分因子及根系加权平均盐分因子构建作物盐分生产函数,经函数精度评估后发现,利用根系加权平均盐分因子结合Jensen函数构建的作物分阶段生产函数对番茄产量的预测精度最高,而不同生育阶段中,番茄坐果期土壤含盐量及根系分布状况对最终产量的影响最大。     

Response of Navel Lane Late citrus trees to regulated deficit irrigation: yield components and fruit composition

The effects of mid-summer regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments were investigated on Navel Lane Late citrus trees over four seasons. Water restrictions applied from July until mid-September were compared with irrigation at full crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Two degrees of water restrictions were imposed: (1) RDI-1, irrigated at around 50% ETc and, (2) RDI-2, irrigated at 30–40% ETc. In addition, threshold values of midday stem water potential (Ψs) of ?1.3 to ?1.5 MPa for RDI-1 and of ?1.5 to ?1.7 MPa for RDI-2 were also taken into account. Results showed that Navel Lane Late is a citrus cultivar sensitive to water deficit since both RDI strategies reduced fruit size every year and water use efficiency in RDI trees was similar to control trees. However, the RDI-1 strategy allowed water savings up to 19% without reduction in yield when the water stress integral did not surpass 70 MPa day. RDI improved fruit quality, increasing total soluble solids and titratable acidity, while the fruit maturity was delayed. In conclusion, we suggest that RDI-1 strategy since it did not significantly impair the economic return can be applied in commercial orchards in case of water scarcity. Nevertheless, Navel Lane Late fruit is sensitive to water deficit and the fruit weight can be detrimentally affected.