基于多角度融合的CHRIS数据提取湿地植被的研究

[目的]利用多角度高光谱数据,分析不同角度下东洞庭湖湿地典型植被群落的光谱特征,确定多角度信息融合的最佳方法,并对融合影像进行湿地植被类型精细识别。[方法]使用CHRIS多角度高光谱数据,针对洞庭湖湿地植被的光谱特征,研究计算窄波段NDVI的最佳波段组合和角度,评价CHRIS 0°影像与NDVI的像素级融合方法,进而对洞庭湖地区湿地植被进行提取。[结果]计算NDVI的最佳红波段和近红外波段分别位于667.6 nm和926.95 nm,对应于CHRIS数据的第24波段和第55波段;选取HSV、Brovery、Gram-Schmidt和PCA 4种融合方法进行融合,发现PCA融合图像的光谱信息丢失最少、纹理细节更丰富,信息量最大;PCA融合影像的总体精度为81.36%,比单角度影像提高7.93%,Kappa系数提高0.097 6,且苔草的漏分误差和泥蒿的错分误差得到明显改善。[结论]基于NDVI的多角度信息融合是提高湿地植被识别精度的一种有效途径,多角度信息融合丰富了地物的信息量,提高地物识别精度。     

西洞庭湖区人工湿地可持续发展对策

西洞庭湖区是我国主要商品粮生产基地,西洞庭湖区稻田等人工湿地的环境直接影响经济的可持续发展和饮食健康。本文调研了西洞庭湖区人工湿地存在的生态环境问题及其保护的重要意义,并提出了实现西洞庭湖区人工湿地可持续发展的对策。     

南洞庭湖湿地生态系统结构、功能与可持续研究

洞庭湖是我国著名的淡水湖泊湿地，也是世界上唯一的由3个国际重要湿地组成的湖泊。文章分析了南洞庭湖湿地的形成原因及演替规律，研究了其生态系统结构特征，评价了动物栖息地、植物基因库、生态改善、湿地生产、科教基地、旅游度假等湿地功能，指出其面临的主要问题是湖泊面积缩小、湿地功能衰退、动物种群衰减、资源利用率低、环境污染加剧，提出扩大湖泊面积、重视湿地资源保护、加强自然保护区建设、发展湿地生态农业、加快湿地污染治理的南洞庭湖湿地生态系统可持续发展途径。     

兴凯湖不同栖息地水鸟群落差异分析

【目的】研究兴凯湖不同栖息地水鸟特别是濒危鸟类如鹤鹳类群落组成差异,为兴凯湖水鸟保护管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2014年5月至2015年4月、 2017年12月采用直接计数法对湖岗、龙王庙、东北泡子以及青山水库4个区域6类栖息地水鸟群落进行系统调查,并对水鸟群落特征参数进行分析。【结果】兴凯湖湿地内共记录水鸟7目11科85种364 063只。湿地内水域面积最大,物种数最多,多样性指数最高,以雁形目和鸻形目鸟类最多;林地与灌丛面积最少,物种数最少;灌丛多样性指数最低,以鹭科鸟类为主。在4个区域,湖岗水鸟多样性最高,其次是龙王庙和东北泡子,青山水库多样性最低。由于不同区域的栖息地组成不同,水鸟数量存在着显著性差异。【结论】随着兴凯湖栖息地类型的改变与人类活动的加剧,特别是作为鹤鹳类主要的繁殖地龙王庙与东北泡子,农田耕地面积增多,而沼泽湿地与草甸面积减少,使得鸭类与鹤类数量大幅减少。建议需根据不同水鸟对栖息环境的适宜性需求,制定科学合理保护方案,进行有效保护。     

南洞庭湖湿地景观多样性与保护对策的研究

通过对南洞庭湖湿地景观特征的研究 ,以土地利用现状图、林业分类经营图为基本资料 ,引用景观的多样性、优势度、均匀度、破碎度等景观生态学指标 ,分析了南洞庭湖湿地景观的结构及多样性特征 ,提出了南洞庭湖湿地退化及保护的景观生态学指标 ,以及湿地和生物多样性保护的途径和方法     

岷江上游干旱河谷区植被特征与多样性研究

岷江上游干旱河谷区特征与植物多样研究表明：1）植物种类贫乏,有明显的重点科;并以的豆科Leguminosae、菊科Compositae、蔷薇科Rosaceae和禾本科Graminea等被子植物种类较大。2）对阴、阳坡不同海拔灌丛植被α多样性的的测度表明,各样地灌丛群落灌木和草本的物种多样性H与丰富度S、均匀度E成正相关关系,而与优势度D呈相反关系;植物群落物种α多样性指标在阴坡随海拔升高表现出明显的直线上升增加趋势,阳坡呈现出中间低两边高近似“U”型的海拔梯度格局;草本具有和灌木多样性指数相似的海拔梯度格局。3）低海拔梯度和高海拔梯度的灌丛植物种类和群落生境有较大的差异;随着海拔的升高,相似性减小,物种更替速率增大,灌丛群落的β多样性具有明显的变化规律。     

长江口北支湿地植物多样性研究

在对长江口北支湿地植物资源野外调查的基础上,分析了种子植物的物种组成、区系特征、湿地植物群落类型及其特征和典型湿地植物群落多样性。研究结果表明：长江口北支湿地分布有种子植物57科157属212种,其中裸子植物5科6属6种,被子植物52科151属206种（包括单子叶植物8科31属37种,双子叶植物44科120属169种）,主要由草本植物组成。野生植物区系简单,植被演替还处在初级阶段,以湿生的和水生高等草本植物为主,世界广布和泛热带分布型占主导;菊科、禾本科、豆科为植物区系的骨干。海三棱蔗草群落、藤草群落、芦苇群落、大米草群落为该区四种典型湿地植物群落,群落的单纯度指数除芦苇群落的较低外,其他三种群落均很高,物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数除芦苇群落的较高外,其他三种群落均很低,验证了物种多样性与物种丰富度、均匀度呈正相关,与单纯度呈负相关的结论。     

The effects of Douglas-fir on tree-specific arthropod communities in mixed species stands with European beech and Norway spruce

The ecological effects of planting exotic Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] in Central Europe are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to answer the question of whether Douglas-fir affects tree specific arthropod communities in different mature forest types (Douglas-fir, spruce and beech dominated) in Southern Germany. Therefore, arthropod communities of stem and tree crown strata of Douglas-fir and spruce (Picea abies L.) were sampled in the years 1999–2001 using arboreal photo-eclectors and flight interception traps. Statistical analysis was conducted for all species and focused on conifer specialists at three levels: (1) species diversity, (2) guild structure and (3) community structure. Within the stem stratum, species diversity was significantly higher on spruce than on Douglas-fir independent of year and stand composition. This could not be explained by a single feeding guild, rather by species changing strata during the vegetation period. In contrast, species diversity in tree crowns was approximately the same for both conifer species. However, communities in Douglas-fir crowns were conspicuously different from those in spruce crowns, especially in the Douglas-fir dominated stand type. While zoophagous insects exhibited higher activity on Douglas-fir in 2000, xylophagous beetles were more abundant on spruce in 2001. In European beech stands with widely spaced Douglas-fir trees, the site specific and broad-leaved tree related fauna might be maintained. In addition, Douglas-fir with its resource of Adelges cooleyi and crowns that overtop the broad-leaved tree canopy, offer additional resources for several aphidophagous and thermophile species.     

Species frequency of communities along northern slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

IntroductionAs an important index reflecting species spatialpatterns, frequency reflects not only the importanceof species, but also the evenness of spatial distribution in community (Lin 1986, Magurran 1988; Dale1999). Frequency figure could reveal the complexityand diversity of community at some extent. Raunkiaer(1918) divided frequency indices into five classes,namely, Ac 1%-20%, Ba 21%-40%, Cd 41%-60%, Da61%-80%, and Ed 81%-100%, and based on 8 078frequency indices of herbaceous vegetat…     

埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系和结构分析(英文)

描述了埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系组成和植被结构。鉴定和描述了50个20m×20m的样方的植物群落类型、物种多样性、丰富度和均匀性,分析了已鉴定植物群落类型与环境因子的相关性,还描述了木本植物种群结构。每个样方内,均记录木本植物的物种、丰富度、高度和胸径以及海拔、坡度。利用PC-ORD软件对植被进行分类。用Sorensen相似性系数探测群落之间的差异性。计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度、Shannon均匀性来描述各种植物群落的物种多样性。共记录了53个科的171个维管植物种。豆科植物是主要的优势植物科系,包括13个属26种(1 5%),其次依次是菊科、唇形科和槭树科,各包括8个物种(4.6%)。根据植物分类结果,识别并描述了3个植物群落(Dalbergia microphylla群落、Grewia bicolar-Acaciabrevispica群落、Combretum molle-Combretum collinum群落)。植物区系之间的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀性存在差异。物种丰富度和多样性随海拔变化呈现出贝尔型分布。群落间植物随海拔梯度有一定的变化,表明海拔是决定植物群落分布的重要因素之一。Dalbergia microphylla群落物种丰富度和多样性均最高。优势种群落结构呈现出各种模型。植被可持续利用是今后的研究方向。     

洞庭湖洲滩湿地形成规律研究

洞庭湖洲滩湿地形成于河相冲积,湖相沉积和河湖相冲（沉）积过程为主;洲滩湿地的淤高建度随时间变化而下降;不同区域洲滩演变速度差异很大;随着海拔升高洲滩增高速度的增幅为东洞庭湖〉西洞庭湖〉南洞庭湖;不同河流影响的洲滩增高速度异同;不同河、湖、洲滩组合地貌,洲滩的增高速度随地势的变化规律不一样。     

砚山浴仙湖湿地维管植物资源调查研究

在实地调查与资料查阅的基础上,对云南砚山县浴仙湖野生湿地维管植物的资源状况进行分析。结果表明,浴仙湖湿地野生维管植物有38科77属97种,其中禾本科、菊科、莎草科和蓼科的种数最多,分别为16、13、6、6种;生态型丰富,有水生植物、湿生植物、沼生植物3种类型,以湿生植物为主;湿地植被分为2个植被型组、5个植被型、10个群系和10个群落;资源植物55种,以药用为主,但资源利用水平简单、粗放,有待进一步研究和开发利用。     

济南玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性评价研究

在对玫瑰湖湿地物种现状进行统计分析的基础上,建立湿地生物多样性评价指标体系与赋值标准．从物种多样性和生态系统多样性两个指标对玫瑰湖’湿地生物多样性进行了评价。玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性总评分为68．5分,结果表明玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性处于一般水平。     

A baseline classification of riparian woodland plant communities in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

In the Okavango Delta information on the riparian woodland vegetation community composition and distribution is generally lacking. Past studies in the Delta were mainly focused on the quantitative classification of seasonal floodplain herbaceous vegetation communities. The aim of this study was to determine riparian woodland vegetation communities in the Okavango Delta. Vegetation sampling was conducted in 20?m × 50?m randomly placed plots. The plots were placed along a gradient from the main water body to the drier fringe of the riparian zone. Plant species present in each plot were recorded with their estimated percentage cover using the Braun–Blanquet cover abundance scale. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to determine vegetation communities. Indicator species analysis was used to calculate indicator values for species groups defined from the cluster analysis. Plant species and diversity were determined for each vegetation cluster. Multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) were used to determine significance of differences between communities. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare species diversity and richness between vegetation communities. Four vegetation communities were identified: Croton megalobotrys– Hyphaene petersiana, Vachellia erioloba–Diospyros lycioides, Syzygium cordatum–Phoenix reclinata and Garcinia livingstonei–Senegalia nigrescens. In this classification, the Syzygium cordatum–Phoenix reclinata and Garcinia livingstonei–Senegalia nigrescens plant communities are found in frequently flooded regions, whereas the Croton megalobotrys–Hyphaene petersiana and Vachellia erioloba–Diospyros lycioides are in occasionally flooded regions. Total number of species was highest in the Garcinia livingstonei–Senegalia nigrescens and lowest in the Syzygium cordatum–Phoenix reclinata vegetation communities. The MRPP showed that there was significant (p < 0.05) differences between vegetation communities. Species diversity and richness were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the Garcinia livingstonei–Senegalia nigrescens vegetation community. This study provided an inventory of riparian woodland plant communities, which can be used as a vital monitoring tool of vegetation change in the Okavango Delta.     

退田还湖工程前后洞庭湖区湿地变化分析

通过对洞庭湖区退田还湖工程实施前后(1996年、2004年)两期TM遥感影像分析,进行湿地变化及湿地演变规律研究.结果表明:1996-2004年,洞庭湖区湿地面积减少了3 753.99 km2,其中天然湿地面积减少了1 213.19km2,人工湿地减少了2 540.80 km2.围垦区湿地变化主要表现为人工湿地(水稻田)大面积减少,旱地面积大量增加,同时芦苇和林地面积增加.外湖区湿地变化主要表现为天然湿地的减少和林地面积的迅速增加,主要源于苔草滩地的减少,同时林地逐渐向泥滩地方向发展.退田还湖工程对湿地的减少具有一定的缓解作用,但仍存在一定区域内的围湖造田现象.从整体上来看,洞庭湖区的天然湿地仍处于退化状态.     

天津滨海新区湿地野生植物资源调查与分析

调查了天津滨海新区湿地野生植物群落,计算出各群落中优势种的重要值,并应用典范对应分析法对湿地植被群落类型及其分布与主要环境因子之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)土壤含盐量、土壤pH值以及滨水距离的差异是形成滨海新区湿地植物分布格局的三个主要环境因素。2)三个主要环境因素之间存在相关关系,滨水距离能够对土壤理化因子的数量和强度进行再分配,间接影响了物种生存状态。三个主要环境因素不仅决定了群落在排序空间中的位置,也决定了群落物种组成。3)优势种的分布与样方的分布格局极其相似,优势种的分布格局在一定程度上决定了群落类型的分布格局。     

Structure of aquatic insect communities in tank-bromeliads in a East-Amazonian rainforest in French Guiana

Tank-bromeliads are discrete habitats which contain distinct aquatic communities, and which commonly occur in the neotropics. Because they span a broad range of ecological gradients in terms of habitat structure and amount of resources, researchers study the associations between the biodiversity of communities and these gradients in rainforests, where the very high species richness and densities within other continuous habitats makes it difficult to quantify animal communities. We analysed the diversity of aquatic insect communities in relation to different tank-bromeliad species in a primary rainforest (French Guiana) using artificial intelligence and complex optimization techniques to classify communities and model their determinants. First, the self-organizing map (neural network) was used to classify 158 bromeliads according to the quantitative structure of the insect communities. Catopsis berteroniana and Guzmania lingulata formed separate clusters of plants on the virtual map, while Vriesea splendens, Vriesea pleiosticha and Aechmea melinonii were grouped together in the remaining clusters. Some insect taxa occurred in all bromeliads, while other taxa were specific to a given species. Second, general linear modelling allowed us to specify the influence of the bromeliad species; water volume and volume of fine particulate organic matter inside of the tank; elevation above the ground; and sampling site on taxonomic richness and insect abundance. The number of taxa and individuals per plant increased with greater water volume, but the slope of the relationships depended on the bromeliad species. The significant influence of bromeliad species suggested that at similar water volumes different plant species had different taxon richness and insect abundance. Greater amounts of fine particulate organic matter were detrimental to community diversity in the tanks, probably because they decreased available space by clogging it and/or affected oxygen concentrations. The influence of tank-bromeliad species on the aquatic insect community was primarily related to their physical (and probably chemical) features rather than to species-specific associations sensu stricto. The classification of bromeliads with respect to animal species is likely to provide referential schemes for those biodiversity patterns to be expected under certain conditions, and may help to target model communities for subsequent experimental research.     

Lichen community change in response to succession in aspen forests of the southern Rocky Mountains

In western North America, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is the most common hardwood in montane landscapes. Fire suppression, grazing and wildlife management practices, and climate patterns of the past century are all potential threats to aspen coverage in this region. If aspen-dependent species are losing habitat, this raises concerns about their long-term viability. Though lichens have a rich history as air pollution indicators, we believe that they may also be useful as a metric of community diversity associated with habitat change. We established 47 plots in the Bear River Range of northern Utah and southern Idaho to evaluate the effects of forest succession on epiphytic macrolichen communities. Plots were located in a narrow elevational belt (2134–2438 m) to minimize the known covariant effects of elevation and moisture on lichen communities. Results show increasing total lichen diversity and a decrease in aspen-dependent species as aspen forests succeed to conifer cover types. The interactive roles of stand aspect, basal area and cover of dominant trees, stand age, aspen bark scars, and recent tree damage were examined as related to these trends. We developed an aspen index score based on lichens showing an affinity for aspen habitat (Phaeophyscia nigricans, Physcia tenella, Xanthomendoza fulva, Xanthomendoza galericulata) and found a significant negative relationship between the index and successional progression. Indicator species analysis showed the importance of all stages of aspen-conifer succession for lichen community diversity and highlighted the decline of aspen-dependent species with advancing succession. We present a landscape-level community analysis of lichens in the context of a conceptual model for aspen succession for the southern Rocky Mountains. We conclude that while total number of lichen species increases with succession, aspen-dependent species cover and richness will decline. In this way, epiphytic lichens communities may constitute an effective indicator of community-level diversity in for aspen-dependent species at-large.     

环洞庭湖防护林主要建群种生物量模型构建

根据环洞庭湖防护林的森林群落和树种分布特点,在研究区域共设置122个典型样地,样地根据气候区、立地条件、林分类型、群落结构、林龄等因素综合布设,实测样株生物量,利用树木各部分生物量之间存在相关关系,以树高、胸径为变量构建各分量生物量模型通式,共构建了马尾松、白栎、杨树、枫香、刺槐5个主要建群种生物量模型,模型结构为W=a(D2H)b。模型测算因子简单易得,各模型均具有较好的拟合精度和预估水平。     

Understory plant diversity and biomass in hybrid poplar riparian buffer strips in pastures

Understory plant biomass, species richness and canopy openness were measured in six-year old hybrid poplar riparian buffer strips, in the understory of two unrelated clones (MxB-915311 and DxN-3570), planted along headwater streams at three pasture sites of southern Quebec. Canopy openness was an important factor affecting understory biomass in hybrid poplar buffers, with lower understory biomass observed on sites and under the clone with lower canopy openness. Although tree size was an important factor affecting canopy openness, relationships between total stem volume and canopy openness, for each clone, also support the hypothesis of a clonal effect on canopy openness. Understory biomass and canopy openness as low as 3.6 g m⁻² and 7.6% in 1 m² microplots were measured under clone MxB-915311 at the most productive site. This reduction of understory plant growth could compromise important buffer functions for water quality protection (runoff control, sediment trapping and surface soil stabilisation), particularly were concentrated runoff flow paths enter the buffer. On the other hand, tree buffers that maintain relatively low canopy openness could be interesting to promote native and wetland plant diversity. Significant positive relationships between canopy openness and introduced species richness (R ² = 0.46, p < 0.001) and cover (R ² = 0.51, p < 0.001) were obtained, while no significant relationship was observed between canopy openness and native (wetland) species richness and cover. These results suggest that planting riparian buffer strips of fast-growing trees can rapidly lead to the exclusion of shade-intolerant introduced species, typical colonisers of disturbed habitats such as riparian areas of pastures, while having no significant effect on native (wetland) diversity. Forest canopy created by the poplars was probably an important physical barrier controlling introduced plant richness and abundance in agricultural riparian corridors. A strong linear relationship (R ² = 0.73) between mean total species richness and mean introduced species richness was also observed, supporting the hypothesis that the richest communities are the most invaded by introduced species, possibly because of higher canopy openness, as seen at the least productive site (low poplar growth). Finally, results of this study highlight the need for a better understanding of relationships between tree growth, canopy openness, understory biomass and plant diversity in narrow strips of planted trees. This would be useful in designing multifunctional riparian buffer systems in agricultural landscapes.