翘嘴红鲌胃、肠道及肝胰脏主要消化酶活力的研究

对翘嘴红鲌胃肠道及肝胰脏的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶3种主要消化酶活力进行初步研究。结果表明:胃、肠道、肝胰脏的淀粉酶的最适pH均为6.0;脂肪酶的最适pH分别为8.0、8.0、7.5;胃蛋白酶最适pH为2.0,肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH分别为7.0、7.5。同时研究了在最适pH条件下,不同反应温度对3种主要消化酶的活性影响。结果表明:翘嘴红鲌淀粉酶在肝胰脏、肠道、胃的最适温度分别为30℃,30℃,25℃;脂肪酶的最适温度分别为40℃,30℃,35℃;蛋白酶的最适温度分别为50℃,50℃,40℃。在一定的温度范围内,3种消化酶的活力均呈先上升后下降趋势。最适反应温度下翘嘴红鲌脂肪酶与淀粉酶的活力分布均呈现肝胰脏>肠道>胃,蛋白酶活力肠道与胃接近,大于肝胰脏蛋白酶活力。     

温度对翘嘴红鲌消化酶活力的影响

分析了不同反应温度对翘嘴红鱼白3种主要消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:翘嘴红鱼白淀粉酶在肝胰脏、肠道、胃的最适温度分别为30、30、25℃;脂肪酶的最适温度分别为40、30、30~35℃;蛋白酶的最适温度分别为50、50、40℃。在一定的温度范围内,3种消化酶的活力均呈先上升后下降趋势。最适反应温度下翘嘴红鱼白脂肪酶与淀粉酶的活力分布均呈现肝胰脏>肠道>胃,蛋白酶活力在肠道和胃接近,并大于肝胰脏。     

温度和pH值对河鲈消化酶活性的影响

研究了离体状态下河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)体内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶在不同温度和pH时的活性变化。结果显示:在河鲈肝胰脏、肠道、胃3部位,淀粉酶的最适温度均为30℃,最适pH值分别为5.0、7.0、8.0;脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,最适pH值分别为4.0、3.0、6.0;肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶的最适温度为50℃,胃蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃。肝胰脏、肠和胃蛋白酶的最适pH值分别6.0、8.0、2.0。在各自最适温度下,肠道中脂肪酶比活力最高,其次是肝胰脏和胃;肝胰脏淀粉酶比活力最高,其次是肠道和胃;肠道中的蛋白酶比活力最高,其次是胃和肝胰脏。     

温度对大泷六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii）消化酶活力的影响

本文研究了温度对大泷六线鱼消化酶活力的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下酶的活力不同。胃、肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适的温度分别为30、30和40℃;胃、肠和肝胰脏淀粉酶最适温度分别为35、40和30℃;胃、肠和肝胰脏脂肪酶的最适温度分别为30、40和30℃。     

温度对沙塘鳢消化酶活力的影响

通过改变反应温度分析了一定pH值下沙塘鳢(Odontobutis obscura)三种主要消化酶活性的变化。结果表明:pH6.0时,沙塘鳢肝胰脏、胃、肠道淀粉酶的最适温度分别为25℃、35℃、25～30℃;肝胰脏和肠道pH7.5时,胃pH2.0时,蛋白酶的最适温度分别为40℃、35℃、35℃;pH7.5时,肝胰脏、胃、肠道脂肪酶的最适温度分别为30℃,40℃,25℃。淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性分布是肝胰脏最高,胃次之,肠道最低;蛋白酶活性分布是胃最高,肝胰脏和肠道稍低。     

pH对红鳍东方纯（Takifugu rubripes）消化酶活力的影响

本文研究了pH对红鳍东方纯消化道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力的影响。结果表明：红鳍东方纯前肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶最适pH分别为：5．4和5．0;中肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH分别为：8．7和7．0;后肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH分别为：6．5和7．0;肝胰脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH均为7．0;肠和肝胰脏的脂肪酶的最适pH均为7．0。     

温度和pH对翘嘴红鲌消化酶活性的影响

自湖南西洞庭毡帽湖养殖基地随机采体质量248.50～285.37 g的健康翘嘴红鲌Erythroculter ilishaeformis6尾,在冰盘上快速解剖取肝胰脏、前肠、中肠和后肠提取粗酶液,在-20℃冰箱中冷冻保存。24 h内在25～50℃和pH7.4下,间隔5℃设6个梯度,100℃为对照;在pH6.2、6.6、7.0、7.4、7.8和28℃下,分别测定上述器官各消化酶的活性,为开发翘嘴红鲌饲料及合理投喂提供参考。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,3种消化酶的活性先上升后降低,前肠、中肠和后肠淀粉酶活性的温度接近30℃、肝胰脏淀粉酶活性的最适温度接近40℃;脂肪酶活性最适温度前肠45℃、肝胰脏和中肠40℃、后肠35℃;各部位蛋白酶活性在45℃时最高。在试验pH范围内,3种消化酶的活性也是先升高后降低,上述器官淀粉酶活性的最适pH都接近7.0,最适合上述部位的脂肪酶活性的pH都接近7.4,肝胰脏蛋白酶活性的最适pH接近7.4、各肠段蛋白酶活性的最适pH都接近7.0。     

渤海口虾蛄消化酶活性与酶学性质初步研究

探讨了渤海口虾蛄的消化酶活性及部分酶学性质。结果表明：口虾蛄的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均以肝胰腺最高,胃最低;口虾蛄胃的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的最适pH均为6,肝胰腺和肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶的最适pH均为7,肝胰腺和肠道蛋白酶的最适pH均为8;口虾蛄肝胰腺淀粉酶最适温度为30℃,胃的蛋白酶和淀粉酶及肠道淀粉酶的最适温度均为35℃,胃脂肪酶、肝胰腺蛋白酶和脂肪酶及肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃。     

温度对真鲷蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响

研究了不同温度条件下真鲷胃、肠、肝胰脏和幽门盲囊4个部位蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的变化。结果表明：在5．50±0．5℃范围内（每隔5℃为1个梯度），胃蛋白酶的最适温度为25℃，胃淀粉酶的最适温度是30℃；肠蛋白酶的最适温度是35℃，肠淀粉酶的最适温度是20℃；肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适温度是40℃，肝胰脏淀粉酶的最适温度是30℃；幽门盲囊蛋白酶的最适温度是30℃，幽门盲囊淀粉酶的最适温度在40℃。     

不同温度对翘嘴红鲌幼鱼脂肪酶活性的影响

研究了不同温度条件下翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)前肠、中肠、后肠和肝胰脏中脂肪酶活性的变化规律.结果显示,在设定的温度范围内,翘嘴红鲌消化道各段中脂肪酶的活性均随着温度的升高呈现先升后降的变化趋势;翘嘴红鲌肠道和肝胰脏中脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,而肠道中前肠、中肠、后肠中脂肪酶的最适温度分别为44℃、40℃和36℃;翘嘴红鲌脂肪酶活性存在器官特异性,在最适温度下,脂肪酶的活性为肝胰脏＞肠道,在肠道各段则有中肠≈前肠＞后肠,除中肠与前肠脂肪酶活性差异不显著外(P＞0.05),其余各部位之间差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,翘嘴红鲌幼鱼肝胰脏对饲料脂肪的消化起重要作用.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).