Responses of three early potato cultivars to subsoiling and irrigation regime on a sandy soil

A compact subsoil restricts rooting and reduces the volume of soil from which plant roots can obtain water and nutrients. A reduced water supply may result in severe plant water stress between irrigations. A study was conducted on a sandy soil to evaluate the responses of three early potato cultivars (Norgold Russet, HiLite Russet, and Russet Norkotah) to subsoiling to loosen a compact subsoil and to four irrigation regimes. Differences among cultivar responses to irrigation and subsoiling treatments were minor. All performed best with daily irrigation to replace évapotranspiration (ET) and poorest when irrigation was interrupted during tuber bulking. With daily irrigation to replace ET, subsoiling had little benefit, but with inadequate irrigation, subsoiling improved yield and quality of tubers compared to not subsoiling. Averaged over all treatments, HiLite was the lowest yielding cultivar and had the least U.S. No. 1 and the most undersize tubers. Norkotah had the most U.S. No. 1 and the fewest undersize tubers.     

测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

为探索适于冬小麦高产节水的耕作模式,通过裂区试验,在小麦全生育期不灌溉、拔节期和开花期测墒补灌两种水分管理方式下,设置旋耕、深松+旋耕、深松+旋耕+耙压2遍共3种耕作方式,研究了测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,深松能明显促进小麦拔节后对0~200cm土层土壤贮水的吸收,显著提高产量和水分利用效率。与深松+旋耕处理相比,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理显著减少小麦播种至越冬前对土壤水分的消耗,在全生育期无灌水的条件下总耗水量减少,籽粒产量和水分利用效率明显提高;在小麦拔节期和开花期测墒补灌条件下,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理小麦在拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量和日耗水量明显提高,籽粒产量显著增加,水分利用效率无显著变化。     

Effect of daily irrigation rate and soil texture on yield and quality of Russet Burbank potatoes

Adequate soil water is needed for satisfactory yield and quality of potato tubers. With sprinkler irrigation systems it is common practice to apply more water than the crop uses in order to maintain high soil water levels. A study was initiated to evaluate the response of Russet Burbank potatoes to a wide range of daily sprinkler irrigation rates when grown on two soilsa loam and a sand—differing in water holding capacity. The results from the two soils were very different. On the loam soil, yields generally increased with increased applications of water, up to the equivalent of 40 to 50% estimated Et. Irrigation treatment effect on percent No. 1 tubers was inconclusive. In 1978, percent No. 1 tubers increased with water applied up to about 70% estimated Et. In 1980, irrigation rates between the equivalent of about 20 and 80% estimated Et had little effect on tuber grade. Yields and percent No. 1 tubers were depressed at irrigation rates greater than about 80% estimated Et. On the sand, yields and percent No. 1 tubers increased with increased irrigation rates up to about 100% and 80% estimated Et, respectively. Tuber specific gravity was not affected to an important degree by irrigation treatment on either soil. These results indicate that a good crop of potatoes can be grown on a loam soil at daily irrigation rates considerably less than estimated Et rates, while such reductions will decrease yields and grade on a sandy soil.     

Variations in responses of potato germplasm to deficit irrigation as affected by soil texture

The response to irrigation of three parental potato cultivars was studied on loam and sandy soils by use of the line source sprinkler technique, which provided a continuous irrigation variable from 0 to 100% or more replacement of estimated evapotranspiration (Et). Solid-set sprinkler irrigation from planting until near full ground cover provided optimal early plant growth and a soil profile filled with water when the irrigation variable was started in July. On the loam soil this residual soil water provided most of the water needs of the three cultivars over a 10–12 week period until harvest. On this soil, irrigation levels providing replacement above 20 to 40% Et had little beneficial effect. In fact, higher irrigation levels had serious deleterious effects, especially on grade and solids of Nooksack. On the loam soil, Nooksack performed best in every regard at deficit irrigation levels below 50% Et. In contrast, on this loam soil, differing irrigation levels had very little effect on the productivity of Lemhi. The response of all cultivars on sandy soil was much different than on loam soil. On sand, total and U.S. No. 1 yield of all cultivars increased greatly as irrigation levels increased, up to 70 to 80% Et. Levels above this had minimal effect. Nooksack again performed better than the other two cultivars under deficit irrigation. The results of these and other studies show there is potential for identifying or developing potato cultivars which are more efficient users of irrigation water.     

深松对春玉米田土壤贮水性能及玉米子粒水分利用效率的影响

针对内蒙古春玉米产区耕层土壤质量下降、土壤容重增加、土壤保水蓄水能力下降等问题,试验以先玉335为供试材料,采用裂区试验设计,主区为深松季节,副区为深松深度。研究结果表明,土默川平原灌区深松处理下,土壤含水量较春季浅旋(CK)提升5.23%～9.89%;河套平原灌区深松处理下,土壤含水量较CK提升3.23%～7.34%。土默川平原灌区深松处理土壤容重较CK降低1.21%～11.52%;河套平原灌区深松(SS)土壤容重较CK降低0.61%～8.33%。土默川平原灌区春玉米产量提升7.84%～22.68%,玉米水分利用效率提升4.31%～25.32%,河套平原灌区产量提升7.73%～23.92%,玉米水分利用效率提升6.06%～29.63%。供试深松模式中,推荐秋季深松50 cm为最合理深松模式。     

Impact of early-season water deficits on Russet Burbank plant development,tuber yield and quality

Russet Burbank potatoes grown on Owyhee silt loam were subjected to early-season moisture stress by delaying initiation of furrow irrigation up to seven weeks after planting. A range of water stress treatments from 4 to 7 weeks after planting resulted in reduced plant size, tuber number and total tuber weight per plant 8 1/2 weeks after planting. Early-season water stress resulting from delayed irrigation onset was associated with improved tuber quality at harvest. Plants water stressed before tuber initiation had fewer tubers with dark stem-end fry colors, reduced percentage of US No. 2 potatoes, and increased percentage and size of US No. 1 potatoes. Increasing duration of soil water potential below -60 kPa early in the season was associated with declining total yield in 1985 but not in 1986. To obtain optimum yield and processing quality, the first irrigation should be no sooner than full plant emergence.     

Root signalling and osmotic adjustment during intermittent soil drying sustain grain yield of field grown wheat

A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of intermittent soil drying on resulting non-hydraulic and hydraulic root signals, leaf gas exchange, leaf growth, day of heading, leaf osmotic adjustment and yield of wheat grown in sand and loam soils in lysimeters. A 40-day-drought treatment was imposed when the flag leaf started to emerge and was terminated close to maturity. Soil water content and soil water potential of various soil layers were measured using the neutron moderation method and tensiometers, respectively. Soil drying in the top soil layers induced increase in both xylem and bulk-leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content and reduced the stomatal conductance and leaf growth even before a measurable change in leaf water potential could be detected in droughted plants when compared with fully watered plants. Further, heading and flowering occurred 4 days earlier in the droughted than in the well-watered plants before any loss in leaf water potential had occurred as compared with the fully watered plants. When more severe drought reduced the leaf water status, further accumulation of leaf ABA occurred and transpiration decreased in addition to gradual osmotic adjustment and senescence of older leaves. The osmotic adjustment sustained leaf turgor pressure during soil drying. At severe drought, the osmotic adjustment at full turgor in the flag leaves was 0.85 MPa. In sand, the kernel dry weight increased and as a result similar grain yield was obtained in both the treatments. In loam which had more water available than sand, no significant reduction in the final yield was induced by the drought. It is concluded that (1) non-hydraulic root signals caused early drought adaptation at mild water stress by reducing leaf growth and stomatal conductance and hastening of heading and flowering; (2) osmotic adjustment sustained turgor maintenance and hence the yield-forming processes during moderate and severe water stress.     

不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响

通过对土壤容重、土壤坚实度、土壤含水量、土壤田间持水量及玉米产量的测定和分析,研究深松、常规旋耕、免耕不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式对土壤容重和土壤坚实度的影响效果为深松>常规旋耕>免耕。深松耕作能够打破犁底层,降低深层土壤紧实度。深松耕作后,0~35 cm耕层土壤容重较常规旋耕和免耕分别下降6.5%和8.8%,土壤紧实度分别下降25.6%和32.3%。深松可显著增强接纳灌溉和降水能力,扩大土壤水库容。在21~40、41~60、61~80 cm土层,深松处理土壤含水量比常规旋耕分别提高3.4%、4.5%、2.4%,比免耕分别提高5.6%、4.8%、2.4%。土壤耕层0~35 cm田间持水量,深松和免耕比常规施耕分别提高7.4%和8.1%。不同耕作方式生物产量和经济产量均以深松最高,常规旋耕次之,免耕最小;深松耕作较常规旋耕和免耕分别增产4.3%和5.7%,与免耕处理间差异显著。     

非灌溉条件下播前深松对冬小麦水分利用和产量的影响

为了解华北地区深松土壤的蓄水保墒节水和增产效果,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站,对播前深松+旋耕(S)和旋耕(N)两种耕作方式下非灌溉冬小麦田的土壤容重和水分及小麦根条数、干物质生产和水分利用进行了评价。结果表明,与N处理相比,S处理下0~35cm土层的容重显著降低,越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期的土壤蓄水量分别提高35.8、34.2、23、80和41.3mm,越冬期和拔节期根数显著增加,花前干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量分别增加28.1%、16.3%和23.2%,花后干物质积累量变化不明显,同时耗水量降低28.7mm,籽粒产量-水分利用效率提高39.3%。因此,冬小麦播前深松在降水量稀少的华北地区应该大力推广。     

Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn

A field study was carried out from 1995 to 1997 in order to determine the effect of irrigation and water stress imposed at different development stages on vegetative growth, grain yield and other yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). The field trials were conducted on a silty loam Entisol soil, with Pioneer 3377 corn hybrid. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Four known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 16 (including rain fed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on plant height, leaf area index, grain yield per hectare, as well number of ears per plant, grain yield per cob and 1000 kernels weight, were evaluated. Results of this 3-year study show that all vegetative and yield parameters were significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive tasselling and cob formation stages. Water stress occurring during vegetative and tasselling stages reduced plant height, as well as leaf area development. Short-duration water deficits during the rapid vegetative growth period caused 28–32% loss of final dry matter weight. Highest yields were observed in the fully irrigated control (VTCM) and the treatment which allowed water stress during the vegetative growth stage (TCM). Even a single irrigation omission during one of the sensitive growth stages, caused up to 40% grain yield losses during dry years such as 1996. Much greater losses of 66–93% could be expected as a result of prolonged water stress during tasselling and ear formation stages. Seasonal irrigation water amounts required for non-stressed production varied by year from 390 to 575 mm. Yield response factor (k_y) values (unitless parameter) relating yield loss to water deficits) obtained for the first, second and third experimental years were determined to be 1.22, 1.36 and 0.81, respectively.     

滴灌条件下不同土壤质地对水稻苗期根系生长和分布的影响

【目的】研究滴灌条件下不同土壤质地对水稻苗期根系生长和分布的影响,揭示土壤质地对滴灌水稻苗期生长的重要作用,阐明滴灌水稻苗期生长发育机理。【方法】在石河子大学试验场采用盆栽土柱试验,设置重壤土、轻壤土、砂土共3个处理,每个处理重复3次,在播后10、20、30、40 d取样,对比不同处理出苗率、根系形态、生物量、根系活力、根系分布等指标,分析不同土壤条件对滴灌水稻苗期根系生长及分布的影响。【结果】砂土平均出苗率比重壤土、轻壤土分别高15.21和4.6个百分点;计算各项指标40 d平均值可知,重壤土处理根数比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高26.73%和15.67%;重壤土处理平均根长比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高4.52%和13.92%;重壤土处理根系体积比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高18.53%和43.15%;砂土处理最长根长比重壤土、轻壤土处理分别高38.44%和12.69%;重壤土处理总生物量比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高19.76%和41.48%。重壤土处理根系生物量比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高14.98%和35.83%。苗期根系活力表现为重壤土>轻壤土>砂土,重壤土处理40 d内平均根系活力比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高3.54%和13.91%;滴灌水稻苗期根系分布情况表现为前期水稻根系集中在0-5 cm土层中,后期根系开始逐渐分布于0-20 cm土层。【结论】不同的土壤质地对滴灌水稻出苗率、根系形态、生物量、根系活力和根系分布影响显著。因此,滴灌水稻的种植推广过程中,不同土壤质地应采取不同的播种量和相应的栽培措施,才能达到滴灌水稻的优质、高产和高效的目标。     

Modeling irrigation return flow for the return flow reuse system in paddy fields

This research is to construct a water balance model to estimate the amount of return flow in an irrigation system. A simple computation framework for the model was established to include various irrigation applications in cropping seasons. The model was able to estimate evapotranspiration, deep percolation into groundwater aquifer, and return flow. Return flow can be split into two parts, which are surface and subsurface return flows. The water balance model was then applied at the irrigation system (rotational block No. 11-2 of five paddy field units) which is operated by the Taoyuan Irrigation Association in Taiwan as an example. Two study cases were simulated, in which one was for using return flow and the other one was for using no return flow. The study period for the model simulations is the first rice cropping term in 2010 which was from February 16 to July 10. As a result, return flows calculated by the model were 27, 27, 34, and 39% of outflows for sandy loam, sandy clay, clay loam, and light clay soil, respectively. Irrigation water at the downstream field unit with use of return flow was supplemented by the upstream field units, and the amount is 5?C8% of irrigation water for using no return flow. Furthermore, it can be seen from the simulations that increases in irrigation water provide increases of return flow. Increases of irrigation water result in slight increases of subsurface return flow, while increases of irrigation water cause nearly none of change in deep percolation.     

Effects of Subsoiling to the Non-tilled Field of Wheat-Soybean Rotation on the Root System Development,Water Uptake,and Yield

Abstract

We introduced subsoiling to a field of wheat-soybean rotation where no-tillage practice had been conducted for five years and whose yield tended to decrease or stagnate. By subsoiling a half of each plot just before wheat sowing, treatments of tillage/no-tillage × subsoiling/no-subsoiling were established. Root distribution, shoot growth, water uptake and yield of both crops were examined to elucidate whether the subsoiling improves the productivity such as shoot biomass and yield through the modification of root system development, and how differ the effects of subsoiling between tilled and non-tilled fields. In wheat, roots were less concentrated in surface (0 ? 5 cm) layer in no-tillage, and distributed more in deep (20 ? 25 cm) layer of the soil. Deuterium labeled heavy water analysis revealed that the subsoiling enhanced water uptake from the deep soil layer in the no-tillage field. Both the no-tillage and subsoiling showed positive and significant effect on total biomass and yield. The effect of subsoiling must be related to water supply by deep roots in spring. In soybean no-tillage significantly increased the productivity, but subsoiling did not though distribution of the roots was modified by both practices. Soybean in non-tilled accumulated roots in the surface soil layer, but subsoiling did not significantly modify the root distribution especially in the deep soil layer. Water uptake trend and yield was thus not changed significantly by subsoiling. Subsoiling in the non-tilled field increased rooting depth and showed the possibility of braking yield stagnation in long-term no-tillage cultivation in wheat, but not in soybean.     

Effect of water management on dry seeded and puddled transplanted rice. Part 1: Crop performance

An alarming rate of ground water depletion and increasing labour scarcity are major threats to future rice production in north west India. Management strategies that reduce the irrigation amount and labour requirement while maintaining or increasing yield are urgently needed. Dry seeded rice (DSR) has been proposed as one means of achieving these objectives, but little is known about optimal water management for DSR. Therefore a field study was conducted on a clay loam soil in Punjab, India, during 2008 and 2009, to investigate the effects of irrigation management on the performance of puddled transplanted rice (PTR) and dry seeded rice. Irrigation scheduling treatments were based on soil water tension (SWT) ranging from ponding/saturation (daily irrigation) to alternate wetting and drying (AWD) with irrigation thresholds of 20, 40 and 70 kPa at 18–20 cm soil depth. Rainfall was above average and well distributed in 2008 (822 mm), and average and less well distributed in 2009 (663 mm).     

The effect of timed water stress on quality,total solids and reducing sugar content of potatoes

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) solids and reducing sugars were examined before, just after, and two weeks after transient water stress to gain an understanding of tuber changes that occur directly associated with water stress. Russet Burbank and A082260-8 potatoes were grown on Owyhee silt loam at the Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, Oregon. Potatoes were subjected to a single episode of transient water stress by omitting furrow irrigation in either late June, July, or in early August of 1988 and 1989 to examine variety differences in the short term effects of water stress on changes in solids and reducing sugars in tuber stem ends. Irrigation was managed to maintain soil water potential above -65 kPa at 20 cm depth during tuber initiation through bulking except during transient stress when the soil water potential reached -82 to -110 kPa. Tuber samples were taken from plots and minimally stressed check treatments before stress, at the peak of stress, two weeks after the transient stress period, and after harvest. Tubers were sectioned longitudinally and the percent solids and reducing sugars were determined for samples from the tuber stem end, center, and apical end. Longitudinal tuber strips were fried after harvest to determine fry color. Tuber stem-end fry color did not darken in A082260-8 potatoes subjected to water stress. The line A082260-8 had higher stem-end solids and lower stem-end reducing sugars than Russet Burbank. Neither variety responded to transient water stress or recovery from transient stress with an immediate increase in reducing sugars in any tuber part. Reducing sugars were elevated in harvested tubers, particularly in the stem-ends of Russet Burbank potatoes subjected to water stress. Increases in tuber reducing sugars related to transient water stress were not found during the stress period or immediately after stress, but were present in harvested tubers.     

耕作方式对三江平原玉米生长发育及水分利用影响

2018～2019年三江平原云山农场设置旋耕（RT）、隔行深松（GS）、深松（ST）、浅翻（CT）、深翻（SF）5种耕作方式，以旋耕（RT）为对照，研究不同耕作处理对玉米各生育期土壤水分变化、耗水量及产量和水分利用率的影响。结果表明，各耕作处理较旋耕处理相比能够改善土壤水分条件，受降雨量影响各耕作处理表现不同，2018年（生育期降雨量505.3 mm），隔行深松、深松、浅翻和深翻4种耕作处理蓄水量分别提高3.67、2.87、2.23、2.68 mm；2019年（生育期降雨量833.6 mm），深松处理土壤含水量和蓄水量最低，表现为浅翻>深翻>旋耕>隔行深松>深松。玉米干物质积累量和叶面积指数（LAI）呈“S”型曲线，各处理表现为深松>隔行深松>深翻>浅翻>旋耕，在大喇叭口期至灌浆期干物质积累量最大，深松处理平均比旋耕提前5 d到达干物质最快积累时间。4种耕作方式与旋耕相比均能改善耕层土壤水分状况，增加玉米干物质积累量和LAI，显著提高产量和水分利用率。     

不同生育阶段受旱对旱区夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响

2013和2014年在陕西杨凌进行田间控水试验,试验设置两个灌溉水平,每个灌溉水平下设置4种受旱处理,以全生育期均灌水为对照,分析不同生育时期受旱条件下夏玉米的株高、叶面积、生物量和产量等生理生态指标的变化特征以及蒸散量和水分利用效率的变化规律。结果表明,不同的灌水水平与受旱时段对夏玉米的产量有明显的交互作用,拔节前受旱会使最终产量偏低,且低灌水处理产量低于高灌水处理;在抽雄期受旱会明显减少穗粒数,但在同一灌水水平下产量最高;灌浆期受旱不仅明显减小了百粒重导致减产,而且蒸散量偏大,导致水分利用效率降低。因此,灌水水平较低时,应尽量避免玉米营养生长阶段(出苗和拔节)受旱;灌水水平较高时,可选择在苗期适度亏水,并避免灌浆期受旱。     

Evaluation of on-farm irrigation scheduling methods for potatoes

The neutron probe, infrared thermometry and crop water stress index (CWSI), and a computer-assisted irrigation scheduling method were evaluated in terms of their effect on tuber yield, tuber quality, and water use. The experiment was conducted during 1990 and 1991 near Othello, central Washington, using Russet Burbank potatoes grown in a silt loam soil. Irrigation treatments did not commence until after tuber initiation. In general, no differences in total number of tubers and total tuber yield resulted from the different scheduling methods. However, the canopy temperature method showed reduction in the yield of number one tubers in 1990. The least total irrigation water was applied during the growing season with the neutron probe method. Using CWSI values above 0.5 to 1.0 (scale 0 to 10) for two consecutive days as a threshold to schedule irrigations appeared to be adequate for potatoes grown in silt loam soils. However, shortcomings of infrared thermometry suggested that this method may not be practical for scheduling irrigation of potatoes.     

土壤质地对小麦旗叶部分生理活性的影响

为了给小麦高产优质栽培和生态区划提供依据,在黏、壤、砂三种土壤质地池栽条件下对豫麦49旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、全氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明,旗叶硝酸还原酶活性在开花15 d之后砂土地均低于其他两种土壤质地,黏土条件下种植的较高;旗叶可溶性糖含量表现为砂土>黏土>壤土;旗叶可溶性蛋白含量开花15 d之后及整个灌浆期间旗叶全氮含量均表现为黏土>壤土>砂土;花后35 d至成熟粒重表现为壤土>砂土>黏土,成熟时粒重为壤土46.10 mg,砂土43.59 mg,黏土41.05 mg.     

深松和灌水次数对春玉米耗水特性及产量的影响

试验设置深松条件下灌水3次和4次(SI3和SI4)两个处理,以常规浅旋耕灌水3次和4次(RI3和RI4)为对照,研究深松及灌水次数对超高产春玉米生育期耗水规律、灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与常规浅旋耕相比较,深松处理可显著改善40~100 cm深层土壤水分条件,为深层根系的水分吸收提供保障,促进春玉米生长发育。深松处理较浅旋耕处理生产单位玉米平均节水量为0.149 m~3/kg,节水6.66%,单位耗水量增产量为0.322 kg/m~3,增产7.17%。相同灌水次数条件下,深松处理显著提高春玉米产量构成因素,增产达12.47%。