利用非放射性AFLP分析法鉴定与萝卜Ogura胞质雄不育恢复基因连锁的序列标志位点（STS）标记

胞质雄性不育性是母本遗传性状，其特征是植株不能产生有功能的花粉。玉米、高粱、水稻、甜菜、向日葵等作物中皆利用这一性状生产F1杂交种。不少人从理论和实践方面对萝卜Ogura种质及其近缘的Kozena种质进行了详细的研究。胞质雄性是由线粒体基因和核基因协同作用的结果。Ogura雄性不育性与线粒体基因orf 138有关，此基因编码具有138个氨基酸残基的膜蛋白，其功能尚不清楚。     

向日葵细胞质雄性不育性的机制与利用

向日葵杂种生产采用三系配套系统完成。因此,向日葵细胞质雄性不育性的研究备受关注。其中研究较为清楚的是PET1细胞质,其不育机理是线粒体DNA重组形成嵌合基因,编码新的多肽,导致小孢子的败育。然而,这些基因如何影响小孢子发育的生理机制仍不清楚,有待进一步深入研究。丰富多样的向日葵CMS会大大降低因遗传单一性给大规模生产带来的风险;未发现恢复系的CMS可以用于无花粉观赏向日葵杂交种的生产。     

粘类小麦雄性不育系的细胞遗传学研究

雄性不育是植物界普遍存在的一种现象，其主要特征是雄蕊发育不正常，不能产生有正常功能的花粉。但它的雌蕊发育正常，能接受正常花粉而受精结实。根据雄性不育发生的遗传机制不同，又可分为核不育型和质-核互作不育型，其中质-核互作不育型应用价值较大，它在农作物杂种优势利用上具有重要的价值。目前水稻、玉米、高梁、洋葱、油菜等作物已经利用雄性不育性进行杂交种子生产，对小麦、大麦、棉花等作物的雄性不育性已进行了广泛的研究。     

食用向日葵新品种三瑞6号及栽培技术

食用向日葵新品种三瑞6号是以雄性不育系A06-0284-6为母本、以恢复系R08-43为父本选育而成的食用向日葵中熟丰产优质杂交新品种。2016年通过甘肃省农作物品种审定委员会认定（认定编号：甘认葵2016043）。向日葵杂交种三瑞6号具有外观商品性好，高抗霜霉病、菌核病和黄萎病，抗倒伏，适应性广，丰产性好等特性。适宜在甘肃酒泉、白银、民勤及同类生态区种植。     

进一步为太谷核不育小麦寻找恢复源

进一步为太谷核不育小麦寻找恢复源刘秉华，王山荭，杨丽（中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京１０００８１）杂种优势利用是提高农作物产量的重要途径之一，在杂种优势利用研究中，从利用胞质雄性不育性的“三系”法，逐步向利用核雄性不育性的“两系”法发展。在已有...     

质体转化开创作物杂种优势利用新途径

普通核雄性不育性能够满足对理想不育系选育的要求，是水稻等作物杂种优势利用的理想遗传元件。只要能解决其不育系繁殖问题，是理想的杂种优势利用方式。通过普通核雄性不育性的可育基因质体转化，将可育基因转移到存在于细胞质中的质体基因组中，可创造普通核雄性不育系的保持系，繁殖出普通核雄性不育系，从而实现三系法利用杂种优势；利用可产生雄性不育性的基因如TA29-barnase通过质体转化，向质体基因组中转移，产生由细胞质中转基因雄性不育基因控制的雄性不育系，任何常规品种都能作为其保持系，转barstar可育基因系(或常规品种)作为恢复系(或父本)，可同样实现三系法利用杂种优势。上述两种途径都是创造植物杂种优势利用的新途径。     

棉花雄性不育性研究进展

从四个方面对棉花的雄性不育性研究进展进行综述：（１）棉花雄性不育系及不育性遗传;（２）棉花雄性不育性小孢子败育的细胞学研究;（３）雄性不育性与生理生化指标;（４）雄性不育系在棉花杂种优势中的利用。     

辣椒雄性不育的选育及利用研究进展

雄性不育是辣椒育种中的重要表型性状,在试验研究和商业杂交种生产上得到了广泛应用。利用雄性不育制种可简化制种工序、降低制种成本、提高杂交种子纯度,增强杂交种市场竞争力,是辣椒育种发展的主要趋势。本研究概括了中国辣椒雄性不育的研究现状,从已被利用的雄性不育遗传类型及在杂种优势上的应用、小孢子败育机理、育性与生理生化、育性连锁标记的开发、基因克隆与表达等方面分析了雄性不育的败育机制,提出了当前辣椒雄性不育研究存在的问题及相应对策,旨在为相关辣椒育种研究者提供参考。     

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育系花药肥大,黄色,可散落出部分花粉,但散落出来的花粉无效,自交套袋不结实,雄性不育性稳定。大多数高粱品系对A3细胞质雄性不育表现保持,具有优良性状的多数品系可转育为A3细胞质雄性不育系,这些不育系具有丰产性好、育性稳定、抗败育等特点。A3细胞质雄性不育恢复源很少,只有极少数高粱品系能恢复其育性,恢复度在40%~95%之间。A3细胞质雄性不育恢复源少且恢复系难以选育,是A3细胞质雄性不育研究的主要障碍,解决高粱A3细胞质雄性不育恢复系的选育问题,是实现A3细胞质雄性不育利用的关键。此文主要对高粱A3细胞质雄性不育恢复系和A3细胞质雄性不育系选育及杂交种选育和应用、高粱A3细胞质雄性不育育性遗传表达等方面进行了阐述,以期育种者重视A3细胞质雄性不育的研究。     

棉花杂种优势的利用 二

棉花杂种优势的利用（二）江苏省农业科学院，南京农业大学承泓良，陆作楣２棉花雄性不育性在杂种优势中的利用棉花雄性不育性的主要特征是雄蕊发育不正常，不能产生有功能的花粉，但它的雌蕊发育正常，能接受正常花粉而受精结实。棉花雄性不育株与正常株相比，其株型、叶...     

Morphological and cytological study in a new type of cytoplasmic male-sterile line CMS-GIG2 in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is essential for sunflower hybrid production. CMS-GIG2, a new sunflower CMS type, was further confirmed by crossing with the maintainer and restorer lines for the CMS-PET1, both of which maintain the male sterility of CMS-GIG2. Meiotic division in CMS-GIG2 was observed with 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining, indicating that microspore formation was disrupted before the meiotic cytokinesis was completed. Light microscopy observation showed that both middle layer and tapetal cells expand radially rather than degrade over time, followed by failure to form tetrads and normal microspores. This morphological defect leading to male sterility in CMS-GIG2 differs from that observed in the PET1 CMS type. CMS-GIG2 will certainly provide additional genetic diversity for sunflower hybrid breeding programmes.     

Interspecific amphiploid‐derived alloplasmic male sterility with defective anthers,narrow disc florets and small ray flowers in sunflower

The cytoplasmic male‐sterility (CMS)/fertility‐restoration system is important for hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed production. The objective of this study was to characterize two novel alloplasmic CMSs, designated CMS GRO1 and CMS MAX3, with defective anthers, narrow disc florets with no swollen corolla, and short, narrow ray flowers derived from two tetraploid amphiploids (AMPs). Among 26 tested lines, only AMP Helianthus cusickii/P 21 and HA 410 failed to restore male‐fertility. Segregation of CMS, male‐fertile plants and plants with reduced male‐fertility was observed both in the testcross progeny of a six line half‐diallel cross of F₁s with CMS MAX3 and in an F₂ population of CMS GRO1 × RHA 274. Male‐fertility restoration was controlled by at least two dominant genes. Detailed analysis of the mitochondrial genes may provide insight into the differences between these CMSs and other CMS lines. The new CMSs will facilitate the studies of the incompatibility between cytoplasmic and nuclear genes, especially for the alloplasmic CMS involving perennial species, and also provide unique ornamental flower types and CMS sources for hybrid sunflower breeding.     

Molecular mapping of the fertility restoration locus Rf1 in sunflower and development of diagnostic markers for the restorer gene

Fertility restoration by dominant nuclear genes is essential for hybrid breeding based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) to obtain heterotic effects and high seed yields. In sunflower, only the PET1 sterility inducing cytoplasm has been used in commercial hybrid breeding until now. This particular male sterility was derived from an interspecific hybrid Helianthus petiolaris × H. annuus. For the recent work we used the segregating population RHA325(CMS) × HA342, based on the PET1 cytoplasm. Molecular markers were mapped within 1.1 cM around the restoration locus Rf1. At the distal side, the marker OP-K13_454 mapped at a distance of 0.9 cM and E32M36-155R at 0.7 cM from Rf1. At the proximal side the markers E44M70-275A, E42M76-125A and E33M61-136R were mapped at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 cM from the restorer locus, respectively. These markers provide an excellent basis for a map based cloning approach and for marker-assisted sunflower breeding.     

棉花胞质雄性不育恢复系选育技术探索

 以成功培育出胞质雄性不育恢复系所积累的资料为依据,提出了以与胞质雄性不育系具相同遗传背景的可育种质为原始材料,利用遗传过滤技术培育胞质雄性不育恢复系的选育方法。论述了遗传过滤技术及其应用原则,可作为棉花杂种优势利用研究中胞质雄性不育恢复系培育的参考。     

东乡野生稻细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因的遗传分析及应用

细胞质雄性不育及其恢复系统在杂交水稻生产中必不可少,而从野生稻中鉴定、发掘细胞质雄性不育恢复源对促进杂交水稻的发展产生深远的影响。为了发掘东乡野生稻的育性恢复基因,应用协青早A/(协青早B//协青早B/东乡野生稻BC1F10)和中9A/(协青早B//协青早B/东乡野生稻BC1F10)两套测交群体,开展东乡野生稻细胞质雄性不育育性恢复经典遗传学研究。结果表明:东乡野生稻对矮败型(CMS-DA)和印尼水田谷败型(CMS-IA)的育性恢复表现为质量-数量性状,东乡野生稻对矮败型(CMS-DA)和印尼水田谷败型(CMS-IA)的育性恢复的控制存在主效恢复基因,同时还受到微效基因的影响。此外,还就东野恢复基因发掘及其在杂交水稻育种的生产应用进行了探讨。     

Modified complementation test of male sterility mutants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): preliminary study to convert male sterility system from GMS to CMS

The male sterility system in hybrid seed production can eliminate the cost of emasculation and ensure seed hybridity through avoidance of self pollination. GMS and CMS are two types of male sterility system that currently employed in pepper breeding. Conversion from GMS to CMS will increase the male sterility proportion of female parent from 50 to 100%. In this study, segregation analysis of four male sterile mutants consisting of one CMS mutant (CA1) and three GMS mutants (GA1, GA3 and GA4) showed that each had single recessive gene inheritance. A modified complementation test was performed by replacing male sterile mutants with their maintainer line as male parent. The nuclear restorer gene for CMS was independent of all nuclear restorer genes for GMS and all nuclear restorer genes for GMS were independent each other. Further observation on CMS and GMS male sterility loci revealed that GA1 and GA3 had mutated in both nuclear restorer genes for CMS and GMS, while CA1 and GA4 each carried mutation in single male sterility system of nuclear restorer gene for CMS and GMS, respectively. Conversion from GMS to CMS in the case of lines carried mutations in both sterility systems required only S-type cytoplasm donor, while lines carried mutation in single nuclear restorer gene for GMS required not only S-type cytoplasm but also rf allele donors. The important finding is the broader function of maintainer line in certain male sterility system that can be used as a maintainer or restorer line for other male sterility systems. We also confirmed that line CC1 is the general restorer for both CMS and GMS systems.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rf4</Emphasis> has minor effects on the fertility restoration of wild abortive-type cytoplasmic male sterile <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>) lines

Wild abortive (WA)-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been exclusively used for breeding three-line hybrid indica rice, but it has not been applied for generating japonica hybrids because of the difficulties related to breeding japonica restorer lines. Determining whether the major restorer-of-fertility (Rf) gene used for indica hybrids can efficiently restore the fertility of WA-type japonica CMS lines may be useful for breeding WA-type japonica restorer lines. In this study, japonica restorer lines for Chinsurah Boro II (BT)-type CMS exhibited varying abilities to restore the fertility of ‘WA-LiuqianxinA’, which is a WA-type japonica CMS line. Additionally, Rf genes for WA-type CMS were identified in the BT-type japonica restorers. Meanwhile, ‘C9083’, which is a BT-type japonica restorer, exhibited a limited ability to restore the fertility of WA-type japonica CMS lines, and a genetic analysis revealed that the fertility restoration was controlled by one locus. The Rf gene was mapped to an approximately 370-kb physical region and was identified as Rf4. Furthermore, Rf gene dosage effects and the temperature influenced the fertility restoration of WA-type japonica CMS lines. This study is the first to confirm that Rf4 has only minor effects on the fertility restoration of WA-type japonica CMS lines. These results may be relevant for the development of WA-type japonica hybrids.     

Diversity among sources of cytoplasmic male sterility in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Summary Ten cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines were crossed with nine maintainer or male fertility restorer lines in a diallel crossing scheme. Based on fertility restoration of the F₁ generation, CMS lines were divided into four groups. At least two new sources of CMS, CMS PET2 and CMS GIG1, were found to be potentially useful for commercial production of hybrids. Environment had an influence on fertility restoration of one CMS line, CMS MAX1. Effective restoration of male fertility for CMS RIG1, CMS ANN2, and CMS ANN3 was not found.     

Detection and characterization of two new CMS systems in faba bean (Vicia faba) *

Wide crosses were made to identify new cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems in faba beans, based on the interaction of cytoplasm with restorer and maintainer alleles. A total of 330 F₁ hybrids were produced in both reciprocal forms. Male sterile segregates were observed in one reciprocal version in the F₂ generation of six crosses. Two of these crosses with female parents originating from Afghanistan and Egypt expressed stable male sterility in subsequent backcross generations. Based on the female parents of the two crosses, these two CMS systems were designated CMS 199 and CMS 297. CMS 199 was more stable than CMS 297 during backcross generations and across different environments. Maintainer and restorer lines for both CMS systems were identified. Lower expression of male sterility occurred in CMS 297 in the greenhouse during the winter generations than in isolation cages during the summer generations, which may be utilized to maintain male sterile lines by selfing. Regarding practical applications, the CMS 199 shows great promise for hybrid breeding in faba beans.