投喂南极磷虾鲜肉对凡纳滨对虾生长、蜕皮及代谢水平的影响

为探究南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)作为饵料生物在凡纳滨对虾养殖中对其生长、蜕皮及代谢水平的影响,进行了间隔投喂试验,设置对照组(全程投喂配合饲料)、间4组(1天磷虾鲜肉和4天配合饲料间隔投喂)、间2组(1天磷虾鲜肉和2天配合饲料间隔投喂)、间1组(1天磷虾鲜肉和1天配合饲料间隔投喂)及全虾组(全程投喂磷虾鲜肉),养殖试验持续36 d。结果表明,间1组、间2组和间4组对虾体长(Lt)、体重(Wt)、特定生长率(SGR)、相对增重率(WGR)均高于对照组,但都与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),间4组和间2组对虾成活率(SR)较对照组分别升高5%和10%,全虾组对虾Lt、Wt、SGR、WGR、SR均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂磷虾鲜肉能够刺激对虾的蜕皮,其中,投喂磷虾鲜肉各组对虾平均日蜕皮率(ADMR)均高于对照组,在对虾日蜕皮率(DMR)≥10%天数上,全虾组间1组间4组对照组间2组。间1组和全虾组对虾血淋巴中胆固醇(T-CHO)水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),而全虾组葡萄糖(GLU)水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂磷虾鲜肉影响了对虾肝胰腺中代谢相关酶活力,其中,间2组和间1组对虾肝胰腺中磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),全虾组对虾肝胰腺中丙酮酸激酶(PK)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),间1组、间2组和全虾组对虾肝胰腺中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活力均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综合以上结果,适量投喂南极磷虾鲜肉能够一定程度提高凡纳滨对虾的生长、蜕皮,影响对虾代谢水平。此外,南极磷虾鲜肉不宜投喂过多,以1天磷虾鲜肉和4天配合饲料间隔投喂为宜。     

饲料中添加南极大磷虾粉对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长与肌肉营养成分的影响

在基础日粮中分别添加0、2.0%、4.0%和6.0%的南极大磷虾粉,研究不同添加水平的南极大磷虾粉对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能和肌肉营养成分的影响。结果如下:(1)添加4.0%南极大磷虾粉试验组的点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长速度最快,增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质转化效率(PER)最大(P0.05),饲料系数(FCR)最低;(2)南极大磷虾粉对点带石斑鱼幼鱼肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量有显著影响(P0.05)。4.0%组的幼鱼肌肉的粗蛋白含量最高,其次是6.0%组,2.0%组的肌肉粗蛋白含量与对照组间没有显著差异;4.0%组的幼鱼肌肉的粗脂肪含量也是4组中最高的,但6.0%添加组粗脂肪含量显著低于其余各组(P0.05);(3)添加南极大磷虾粉组肌肉中所含二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和多不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣPUFA)均高于对照组。综合表明,添加南极大磷虾粉对点带石斑鱼幼鱼的生长和肌肉营养成分都有一定的影响,能改善其生长性能和提高肌肉品质。     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevi)雄性亲鱼繁殖性能及抗氧化功能的影响

饲料中添加0、10%、20%的南极磷虾粉,配制3组(对照组K-0、K-10、K-20)等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内流水养殖系统进行为期90 d的养殖实验,探讨南极磷虾粉对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)雄鱼繁殖性能和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对半滑舌鳎雄鱼肝体比、性体比、精液浓度、睾酮含量均无显著性影响(P0.05);K-10组与K-20组精巢中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著性差异(P0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),K-10组与K-20组精巢、血清和肝脏中的丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著性差异(P0.05),但均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在本实验条件下,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉不能显著提高半滑舌鳎雄鱼的繁殖性能(P0.05),但能显著提高雄鱼的抗氧化功能(P0.05)。     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对银鲳幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

以银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼为研究对象,设置4组不同南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉水平(0%、10%、20%、40%,其中0%为对照组)的饲料,进行60 d的饲养实验,探讨饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对银鲳幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫及抗氧化功能的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加南极磷虾粉的处理组银鲳增重率与特定生长率(SGR)较对照组均有显著性提高(P <0.05),但在添加不同比例南极磷虾粉的饲料组间(10%、20%、40%),银鲳的增重率与特定生长率无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及溶菌酶(LZM) 20%饲料组活性均为最高,但与对照组无显著差异;肝脏AKP活性、肾脏LZM活性10%饲料组均分别显著高于其它各组(P <0.05);肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性40%处理组显著高于对照组(P <0.05),20%饲料组也高于对照组,但差异不显著(P> 0.05);添加南极磷虾粉的饲料组血清和肌肉中过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均高于对照组,其中40%饲料组血清和肌肉CAT的活性均显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。结果表明,本实验条件下,结合银鲳幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫及抗氧化能力的分析,南极磷虾粉替代饲料中鱼粉的适宜比例建议控制在10%～20%。     

发酵南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉对锦鲤生长、体色及血清生化指标的影响

为探讨发酵南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)粉替代鱼粉对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)生长、体色和血清生化指标的影响,以初始体质量为(4.92±0.22) g的锦鲤450尾为实验对象,随机分为5组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,对照组添加未发酵的脱脂南极磷虾粉,实验组添加由粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)和复合菌(1∶1∶1)发酵的脱脂南极磷虾粉,分别命名为ES (对照组)、EF、LP、CB和MIX,南极磷虾粉的添加量均为200 g/kg,共投喂70 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,发酵南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉显著提高了锦鲤的终末体质量、特定生长率和增重率(P<0.05),MIX组的终末体质量、特定生长率和增重率显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。实验组皮肤和鳞片中类胡萝卜素含量显著增加(P<0.05),红色(a*)值、黄色(b*)值以及tyr在皮肤和鳞片中相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05),MIX组的a*值、b*值和基因相对表达量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。实验组血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)含量均显著提高(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶(AST/ALT)比值和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降(P<0.05)。对照组锦鲤肝细胞出现脂滴和空泡化现象。研究表明,在脱脂磷虾粉添加水平为20%的锦鲤饲料中,使用复合菌对磷虾粉进行发酵能有效提高磷虾粉的吸收和转化利用率。     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevi)雄性亲鱼繁殖性能及抗氧化功能的影响

饲料中添加0、10％、20％的南极磷虾粉,配制3组(对照组K-0、K-10、K-20)等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内流水养殖系统进行为期90 d的养殖实验,探讨南极磷虾粉对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)雄鱼繁殖性能和抗氧化能力的影响.结果显示,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对半滑舌鳎雄鱼肝体比、性体比、精液浓度、睾酮含量均无显著性影响(P＞0.05);K-10组与K-20组精巢中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),K-10组与K-20组精巢、血清和肝脏中的丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).在本实验条件下,饲料中添加南极磷虾粉不能显著提高半滑舌鳎雄鱼的繁殖性能(P＞0.05),但能显著提高雄鱼的抗氧化功能(P＜0.05).     

南极磷虾粉脂质及脂肪酸组成分析

为分析南极磷虾粉的脂质成分,实验采用薄层层析法分离制备不同脂质组分,通过酸甲酯化衍生结合气相色谱/质谱法对不同脂质的脂肪酸组成进行比较研究.结果显示:①南极磷虾粉中脂质丰富,总脂含量高达11.37％,且以甘油三酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸为主,胆固醇含量较低;②总脂脂肪酸主要为C16:0、C18:1n-9、C18:1n-7、C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3,且C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3占总脂肪酸含量的30.67％,表明南极磷虾粉在脂质方面具有较高的营养价值和开发潜力.③不同脂质的脂肪酸组成差异显著,胆固醇酯和甘油三酯中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于游离脂肪酸和磷脂(P＜0.05);而游离脂肪酸和磷脂富含多不饱和脂肪酸,两者含量分别为48.50％和49.96％,远高于胆固醇酯和甘油三酯的13.11％和24.36％,具有显著差异(P＜0.05).     

南极大磷虾粉对褶皱臂尾轮虫生长及脂肪酸组成的影响

以活性干酵母培养的褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)为对照,并以南极大磷虾粉对轮虫进行强化,设定轮虫培养液中南极大磷虾粉质量浓度分别为30、50和70 mg/L。分别测定强化12 h和18 h时轮虫的密度、带卵率以及强化后6 h、12 h、18 h轮虫的脂肪酸组成与含量。结果表明,12 h和18 h时,50 mg/L组的轮虫密度急剧升高,并显著高于其他3组,依次表现为50 mg/L组>30 mg/L组>对照组>70 mg/L组。带卵率方面:第12小时和18小时带卵率由高到低依次为50 mg/L组、30 mg/L组、70 mg/L组、对照组(P<0.05)。脂肪酸方面:6 h时,除了70 mg/L组的ARA与对照组、50 mg/L组和70 mg/L组的ω6-系列多不饱和脂肪酸总量(∑ω6-PUFA)与对照组没有显著差异外,其余强化组的ARA、EPA、DHA、ω3-系列多不饱和脂肪酸总量(∑ω3-PUFA)和∑ω6-PUFA都显著高于对照组(P<0.05);尤其是50 mg/L组的DHA和∑ω3-PUFA显著高于其他两个强化组和对照组(P<0.05),含量几乎达到对照组的10倍。12 h和18 h时,所有强化组的ARA、EPA、DHA、∑ω3-PUFA含量都显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而且50 mg/L组的上述脂肪酸含量都是最高的,或者与30 mg/L组和70 mg/L组并列第一。3个强化组的DHA/EPA比值、EPA/ARA比值也显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论认为,南极大磷虾粉的强化剂量以50 mg/L为优,强化时间则以12 h和18 h为宜,南极大磷虾粉对褶皱臂尾轮虫具较好的营养强化效果。     

南极磷虾粉营养成分的分析与比较

对两种不同来源的南极磷虾粉营养成分进行了分析和评价,并与进口鱼粉的营养成分进行了比较。结果显示,上海开创远洋渔业有限公司开利轮产南极磷虾粉(磷虾粉S)粗蛋白含量为62.89%,高于辽宁远洋渔业有限公司安兴海轮产南极磷虾粉(磷虾粉D)和进口鱼粉的粗蛋白含量,两种磷虾粉粗蛋白质含量分别达到一级品和二级品指标。磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉18种氨基酸总量分别为66.36%、57.19%、67.24%,鲜味氨基酸含量较高分别为24.65%、20.69%和25.25%,8种必需氨基酸含量分别为31.43%、21.74%、25.62%,且磷虾粉S必需氨基酸含量明显高于磷虾粉D和鱼粉,磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉三种样品必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为57.83、49.89、57.07;磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉三种样品脂肪酸中,多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高分别为43.28%、40.25%、46.58%,且磷虾粉S的EPA与DHA的总量(36.14%)高于磷虾粉D(31.30%)及鱼粉(27.65%)。分析结果表明,南极磷虾粉蛋白含量高,且氨基酸组成符合FAO/WHO推荐的蛋白质理想模式,含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,营养价值较高,具有较大的开发利用前景。     

两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)摄食与生长的影响

在刺参配合饲料中添加6个比例(10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯蔓茎粉,测定两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参摄食与生长的影响.结果显示,甘薯块根粉中粗蛋白含量为10.01％,甘薯蔓茎粉中粗蛋白含量为5.54％;每100 g甘薯块根与蔓茎粉中氨基酸总量分别为7.33 g和4.37 g.在30 d的实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,10％和20％组特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), 30％组SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉的实验组仿刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P＜0.05).投喂添加10％、20％甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参食物转化率(FCE)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉饲料的实验组FCE与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各实验组仿刺参FCE显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果表明,当甘薯块根粉和甘薯蔓茎粉添加比例分别低于30％和10％时,可满足刺参的营养需求,提高饲料利用效率,保证并促进仿刺参的摄食与生长.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.