干旱环境条件下春小麦适度调亏灌溉的产量效应

在干旱环境条件下,春小麦调亏灌溉不仅具有显著的增产效应(16.6%~25.0%),其节水效果亦很显著(14.0%~22.9%)。无论是小麦籽粒产量,收获指数,还是水分利用效率,调亏灌溉处理与充分供水对照间均存在显著差异,但调亏处理间差异不显著。此外,回归分析发现,试验条件下调亏灌溉春小麦产量与收获指数线性相关,而水分利用效率与收获指数、产量间则呈二次抛物线关系。     

Effects of deficit irrigation scheduling on yields and soil water balance of irrigated maize

This paper presents the findings of the effect of some selected deficit irrigation scheduling practices on irrigated maize crop in a sub-catchment in south western part of Tanzania. Field experiments, in which maize (TMV1-ST) variety was planted under total irrigation, were conducted during the dry seasons of 2004 and 2005. Surface irrigation method was used and the crop was planted in basins. The seasonal water applied ranged from 400 to 750 mm. Soil moisture content from both cropped and bare soils, leaf area index, dry matter, and grain yields were measured. The dry matter yield ranged between 6,966 and 12,672 kg/ha, and grain yields obtained were between 1,625 and 4,349 kg/ha. The results showed that deficit irrigation at any crop growth stage of the maize crop led to decrease in dry matter and grain yields, seasonal evapotranspiration and deep percolation. Deficit irrigation in any one growth stage of the maize crop only seems to affect grain production and no significant effect on biomass production, but deficit irrigation that spanned across two or more growth stages affect both biomass and grain production drastically. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) and Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were strongly influenced by the number of growth stages in which deficit irrigations were applied and how critical the growth stages were to moisture stress rather than the amount of irrigation water applied. While maximum WUE was obtained under full irrigation, maximum IWUE was obtained in the deficit irrigation treatment at vegetative growth stage, which suggest that IWUE may be improved upon by practicing deficit irrigation at the vegetative growth stage of the maize crop.     

Dry matter,harvest index,grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat

Food production and water use are closely linked processes and, as competition for water intensifies, water must be used more efficiently in food production worldwide. A field experiment with wither wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), involving six irrigation treatments (from rain-fed to 5 irrigation applications), was maintained in the North China Plain (NCP) for 6 years. The results revealed that dry matter production, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were each curvilinearly related to evapotranspiration (ET). Maximum dry matter at maturity was achieved by irrigating to 94% and maximum grain yield to 84% of seasonal full ET. A positive relationship was found between harvest index (HI) and dry matter mobilization efficiency (DMME) during grain filling. Moderate water deficit during grain filling increased mobilization of assimilate stored in vegetative tissues to grains, resulting in greater grain yield and WUE. Generally, high WUE corresponded with low ET, being highest at about half potential ET. At this location in NCP, highest WUE and grain yield was obtained at seasonal water consumption in the range 250–420 mm. For that, with average seasonal rainfall of 132 mm, irrigation requirements was in the range of 120–300 mm and due to the deep root system of winter wheat and high water-holding capacity of the soil profile, soil moisture depletion of 100–150 mm constituted the greater part of the ET under limited water supply. The results reveal that WUE was maximized when around 35% ET was obtained from soil moisture depletion. For that, seasonal irrigation was around 60–140 mm in an average season.     

Deficit irrigation in maize for reducing agricultural water use in a Mediterranean environment

Research on crop response to deficit irrigation is important to reduce agricultural water use in areas where water is a limited resource. Two field experiments were conducted on a loam soil in northeast Spain to characterize the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to deficit irrigation under surface irrigation. The growing season was divided into three phases: vegetative, flowering and grain filling. The irrigation treatments consisted of all possible combinations of full irrigation or limited irrigation in the three phases. Limited irrigation was applied by increasing the interval between irrigations. Soil water status, crop growth, above-ground biomass, yield and its components were measured. Results showed that flowering was the most sensitive stage to water deficit, with reductions in biomass, yield and harvest index. Average grain yield of treatments with deficit irrigation around flowering (691 g m⁻²) was significantly lower than that of the well-irrigated treatments (1069 g m⁽²). Yield reduction was mainly due to a lower number of grains per square metre. Deficit irrigation or higher interval between irrigations during the grain filling phase did not significantly affect crop growth and yield. It was possible to maintain relatively high yields in maize if small water deficits caused by increasing the interval between irrigations were limited to periods other than the flowering stage. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was higher in treatments fully irrigated around flowering.     

干旱环境下春小麦最优调亏灌溉制度确定

以河西绿洲灌区春小麦调亏灌溉2年的平均产量、水分利用效率、供水效率和2年后的土壤养分综合指标4个单项参评因子为参数建立单因子评判矩阵,对干旱环境下春小麦调亏灌溉制度进行了综合评价。结果表明,调亏灌溉处理的综合评价指标以HFF处理最高,其次为MFM处理,而以LLL处理最低,但所有调亏灌溉处理综合评价指标均显著高于高水分处理FFF。因此,无论是从作物生产力、水资源利用效率还是水资源和土壤养分的可持续利用方面来说,HFF处理调亏灌溉模式均因其最高的作物生产力和水分利用效率、较高的供水效率(为最大值的96.3%)及较高的土壤养分综合指标(为最大值的97.7%)而具有最高的综合评价指标,成为试区推荐的春小麦全生育期最优调亏灌溉模式,即春小麦孕穗和抽穗期及灌浆—生理成熟期均高水分处理(65%~70%田持)而拔节期重度水分调亏(45%~50%田持),其灌溉定额为440 mm左右(包括晚秋季储水灌100 mm)。     

不同生育期水分亏缺对春青稞水分利用和产量的影响

对不同生育期水分亏缺程度对春青稞(Hordeum vulgare)水分利用效率和产量的影响进行了桶栽试验研究。试验处理设充分灌溉处理(2个水分控制下限和秸秆覆盖)以及在全生育期和5个不同生育期的4个水分亏缺程度(轻度、中度、重度和极度)处理,共27个处理。结果表明,在充分灌溉条件下,75%田间持水率水分下限控制处理的春青稞收获指数、籽粒产量和作物水分利用效率大于80%水分处理;秸秆覆盖处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率在所有试验处理中最大。在全生育期水分亏缺条件下,春青稞籽粒产量均小于充分灌溉处理,且随着水分亏缺程度的增大而显著减小;轻度至重度水分亏缺处理可获得更大的作物收获指数和水分利用效率,但极度水分亏缺却导致最低的籽粒产量、收获指数和水分利用效率。除成熟期水分亏缺处理外,不同生育期水分亏缺处理条件下,春青稞籽粒产量和作物水分利用效率基本随着水分亏缺程度的增大而减小;拔节期、分蘖期和灌浆期水分亏缺对籽粒产量的不利影响较大。地表秸秆覆盖或全生育期轻度至重度水分亏缺处理可提高春青稞水分利用效率。     

Effects of different water supply regimes on water use and yield performance of spring wheat in a simulated semi-arid environment

This research explores the limited irrigation strategies based on root-to-shoot communication that exists in spring wheat, and examines the effects of root-sourced signals on water use and yield performance of three genotypes of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) under three different irrigation regimes. Four treatments, CT (well-watered management), DIu (supplying water to the upper layer to maintain soil moisture in the entire pot at 50–60% of field water capacity (FWC)), and DId (supplying water to the lower layer to maintain soil moisture in the entire pot at 50–60% FWC), were employed. The treatment DIu was used to simulate frequent post-sowing irrigation with small amount of water in each time, and DId was used to simulate pre-sowing irrigation with the same amount of water. Plants were grown in cylinder pots outdoors. A non-hydraulic root signal was induced from seedling to tillering stage in the treatment DId. But after the jointing stage, the signal resulted in a reduction in root biomass and root length in the upper layer and an increase in root biomass and root length in the middle layer as compared with the treatment DIu. The water use efficiencies of the three genotypes were the highest in the treatment DId and the lowest in the treatment DIu for the genotypes A and C. This suggests that under the conditions of the same amount of water supply frequent post-sowing irrigation to the upper soil layer had lower water use efficiency and grain yield, whereas pre-sowing irrigation to the lower soil layer tended to have higher grain yield and higher water use efficiency.     

调亏灌溉对大棚滴灌甜瓜生长发育的影响

在大棚滴灌条件下对厚皮甜瓜伊丽莎白不同生育期进行不同程度的亏缺灌溉,研究调亏灌溉对其植株生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响.以土壤相对含水量为标准,在营养生长期和生殖生长期分别设置不同的土壤水分灌溉下限处理,分别是T1(75%~75%),T2(75%~55%),T3(65%~65%),T4(55%~75%),T5(55%~55%)5个试验处理.结果表明:在营养生长期,随着水分亏缺程度的加大,株高、茎粗、叶面积均呈减小趋势.在果实发育阶段,营养生长期及生殖生长期的水分亏缺对果实的生长、产量都有影响,均随亏缺程度的加大而降低,产量以处理T1和T2的最高,T5的最低,T3的大于T4的,各处理间差异具有统计学意义.水分利用效率为处理T2的最高,T1和T4的较低,T2与T4相比,在灌水基本相同的条件下,产量增加了26.2%,水分利用效率提高了27.7%.品质方面,水分亏缺提高了TSS含量;在营养生长期充分灌溉、生殖生长期亏水灌溉可以提高可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、维生素C的含量;而营养生长期亏水灌溉、生殖生长期充分灌溉有利于可滴定酸的合成.经综合分析,认为处理T2的灌溉下限设置可以作为武汉地区大棚滴灌条件下的甜瓜灌溉制度.     

调亏灌溉条件下秦王川灌区苜蓿种植效益初步分析

从高产、优质和高效的三重目标出发,在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验初步分析了调亏灌溉条件下苜蓿的种植效益。结果表明:在轻度水分亏缺下,即土壤含水率为60%~65%田间持水量时苜蓿的产量和经济效益较充分灌溉(土壤含水率为65%~70%田间持水量)没有显著差异(P>0.05),而苜蓿的水分利用效率、粗蛋白含量与其余各处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),且值均达到了最大,分别达2.10 kg/m3和13406.7 ug/g。     

分根区交替灌溉下水分亏缺对夏玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨玉米节水灌溉方式的理论依据,通过桶栽试验研究了分根区交替灌溉(APRI)方式下,不同生育期水分亏缺对夏玉米生长、干物质累积质量、籽粒产量、总耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:常规灌溉(CI)方式下,苗期和全生育期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积和总耗水量均显著低于充分灌溉,但苗期水分亏缺可以提高WUE.相同的灌水方式和亏缺时期,中度亏缺的根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及籽粒产量均显著高于重度亏缺;相同的灌水方式和灌水水平,苗期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积、根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及总耗水量均显著的低于灌浆期,但籽粒产量和WUE均显著高于灌浆期;相同的灌水水平和亏缺时期,APRI的根干物质质量和总耗水量均显著低于CI的,但APRI的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于CI的.本研究结果表明,APRI在苗期进行中度亏缺有利于营养生长的调控,并达到节水高产,提高WUE的目的.     

调亏灌溉对河西绿洲灌区春小麦产量构成要素的影响研究

研究了河西绿洲灌区调亏灌溉条件下春小麦穗长、有效小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重、单粒重及株高等产量构成要素的变化,并对小麦籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数与产量构成要素及株高间和产量构成要素之间的相关关系进行了分析研究,以期为该区春小麦进行适度水分调亏提供科学依据。     

膜上灌春小麦调亏效应研究

在膜上灌水方式下覆膜和露地处理全生育期不同水分处理调亏下,膜上灌高产处理耗水量比对照减少了310.3mm却增产1363.69kg/hm2,同一水分处理下膜上灌丰水处理F(FM)比露地丰水处理F(B)增产40.99%,WUE提高了4.67kg/(mm.hm2);膜上灌中度处理M(FM)比露地中度处理M(B)增产52.55%,WUE提高了6.86kg/(mm.hm2)。相同水分条件下覆膜处理具有明显的增温、保墒增产作用,最高产量所需的土壤适宜水分下限较露地下降10%~15%。结果表明同一水分处理下覆膜小麦不仅具有较高的生物产量,而且具有较大的库容,因而开花后干物质积累量,茎、叶器官的输出率、分配率、转换率均高于露地小麦,最终表现为粒重增加经济产量提高。     

调亏对春播蚕豆产量及其构成因素的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区,通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉对蚕豆产量的影响及产量构成要素的变化,并对蚕豆籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数与产量构成要素及产量构成要素之间的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:苗期或拔节期轻度缺水可增产14.05%和9.09%,节水4.14%和10.92%;苗期、拔节期、开花期、成熟期重度缺水使蚕豆单株粒重较对照分别下降9.5%、9.8%、22.3%和16.0%,百粒重较对照分别下降10.2%、6.0%、3.1%和7.0%,轻度缺水处理的百粒重均高于对照和重度缺水处理;蚕豆以苗期进行水分胁迫对提高收获指数的贡献最大;通过对产量构成因素的分析发现单株粒数、单株荚数和单株粒重是构成蚕豆产量的主要因素。     

Impact of sustained deficit irrigation on spearmint (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha spicata</Emphasis> L.) biomass production,oil yield,and oil quality

Crop response to deficit irrigation is an important consideration for establishing irrigation management strategies when water supplies are limited. This study evaluated the response of native spearmint to water deficits applied using overhead sprinklers in eastern Washington, US. Five levels of irrigation were applied ranging from full irrigation (100%) to 5% of weekly averaged full crop water needs. Soil water monitoring with soil water balance was used to estimate soil water deficits for irrigation scheduling and soil water use. Mint oil yields, oil components, dry matter production, and the water-use efficiency of the spearmint were assessed. There was significant reduction in fresh mint hay (harvested biomass) yield with increasing water deficit. However, spearmint oil yields remained generally uniform across irrigation treatments at the first cutting but decreased at the driest plots during the second harvest due to a loss of plant stand. The wet harvest index and water-use efficiency improved significantly for both harvests with increasing water deficit. Hay yield, oil yield, wet harvest index, and water-use efficiency are pooled across sides and replicate blocks to provide trends with changes in maximum evapotranspiration. The three major monoterpenes show changes suggesting less mature oil yields. The study demonstrates the feasibility of sustaining native spearmint yields under managed deficit irrigations for deficits not lower than 0.5 ETc.     

膜下滴灌调亏对加工番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响

通过加工番茄不同生育期膜下滴灌水分调亏试验,研究了水分调亏对土壤水分、株高、干物质积累、经济产量及水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率的影响。结果表明,在苗期占田间持水率55%的水分调亏滴灌,可以在降低灌溉水量、耗水量和移栽前后土壤水分的同时,显著(p<0.05)增加番茄单株果数、单株果质量、产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,而花期和盛果期分别施以上述水分调亏则结果相反,其中以花期表现最为显著(p<0.05),其次为盛果期。全生育期不进行水分调亏和仅在采收期施以水分调亏,虽产量显著(p<0.05)增加,但水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率却显著(p<0.05)降低。     

Effect of timing of a deficit-irrigation allocation on corn evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency and dry mass

Water regulations have decreased irrigation water supplies in Nebraska and some other areas of the USA Great Plains. When available water is not enough to meet crop water requirements during the entire growing cycle, it becomes critical to know the proper irrigation timing that would maximize yields and profits. This study evaluated the effect of timing of a deficit-irrigation allocation (150 mm) on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), yield, water use efficiency (WUE = yield/ETc), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE = yield/irrigation), and dry mass (DM) of corn (Zea mays L.) irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation in the semiarid climate of North Platte, NE. During 2005 and 2006, a total of sixteen irrigation treatments (eight each year) were evaluated, which received different percentages of the water allocation during July, August, and September. During both years, all treatments resulted in no crop stress during the vegetative period and stress during the reproductive stages, which affected ETc, DM, yield, WUE and IWUE. Among treatments, ETc varied by 7.2 and 18.8%; yield by 17 and 33%; WUE by 12 and 22%, and IWUE by 18 and 33% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Yield and WUE both increased linearly with ETc and with ETc/ETp (ETp = seasonal ETc with no water stress), and WUE increased linearly with yield. The yield response factor (ky) averaged 1.50 over the two seasons. Irrigation timing affected the DM of the plant, grain, and cob, but not that of the stover. It also affected the percent of DM partitioned to the grain (harvest index), which increased linearly with ETc and averaged 56.2% over the two seasons, but did not affect the percent allocated to the cob or stover. Irrigation applied in July had the highest positive coefficient of determination (R²) with yield. This high positive correlation decreased considerably for irrigation applied in August, and became negative for irrigation applied in September. The best positive correlation between the soil water deficit factor (Ks) and yield occurred during weeks 12-14 from crop emergence, during the “milk” and “dough” growth stages. Yield was poorly correlated to stress during weeks 15 and 16, and the correlation became negative after week 17. Dividing the 150 mm allocation about evenly among July, August and September was a good strategy resulting in the highest yields in 2005, but not in 2006. Applying a larger proportion of the allocation in July was a good strategy during both years, and the opposite resulted when applying a large proportion of the allocation in September. The different results obtained between years indicate that flexible irrigation scheduling techniques should be adopted, rather than relying on fixed timing strategies.     

调亏灌溉对滴灌甜菜生长和产量的影响

为探讨滴灌条件下甜菜节水、高产、高效灌溉指标,于2016年在呼和浩特市开展了田间灌溉试验,研究了调亏灌溉对甜菜生长特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,叶丛快速生长期中度水分亏缺处理(50%θ_f~60%θ_f)在复水后叶面积、根部干物质量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率都有补偿效应,重度水分亏缺处理(40%θ_f~50%θ_f)对植株的生长有抑制作用;块根糖分增长期的调亏灌溉对甜菜生长和生理过程影响小于叶丛快速生长期的,中度水分亏缺处理(50%θ_f~60%θ_f)在复水后根部干物质量和光合作用都有补偿效应,重度水分亏缺处理(40%θ_f~50%θ_f复水后也能恢复生长。综合考虑甜菜块根产量和水分利用效率等指标,叶丛快速生长期和块根糖分增长期的适宜灌水量为1 147.78和635.54 m~3/hm~2。     

河西绿洲不同生育期调亏灌溉对马铃薯生长、产量及品质的影响

在河西走廊张掖市甘州区党寨镇田家闸灌溉试验站开展了马铃薯不同生育期调亏灌溉的试验研究。在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉（土壤含水率65%～75%）的情况下,在马铃薯的幼苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别进行轻度（土壤含水率55%～65%）的调亏处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉作为对照,进行马铃薯生长指标、产量和水分利用的测定。试验结果表明,不同生育期水分调亏均引起马铃薯株高、茎粗和单株总生物量降低,其中块茎膨大期水分亏缺降低程度最为显著。调亏处理中,苗期轻度水分调亏处理马铃薯产量33 027.22 kg/hm2,与对照无显著差异,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最高,分别达到6.91和9.38 kg/m3,而且能够显著提升马铃薯综合品质。而块茎形成期马铃薯产量和水分利用效率最低,仅分别为24 047.32 kg/hm2和5.85 kg/m3,且造成马铃薯品质下降。膜下滴灌调亏可促进水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率提高,且苗期轻度水分调亏对马铃薯稳定提质和改善当地水分利用现状有积极意义。      

限量单次补灌对套作冬小麦产量的影响

在作物生长的不同时期分别对各处理进行了35 mm限量单次滴灌,测定了土壤水分、籽粒产量及产量构成要素千粒重、穗粒重、株高等,并计算了水分利用效率和土壤水势。结果表明,小麦灌浆期限量单次滴灌对套作冬小麦增产效果最好,水分利用效率亦是如此。套作小麦灌水处理大多数产量构成要素及其它经济性状表现出明显差异。回归分析发现,WUE与籽粒产量间的关系可用幂函数来描述:WUE=-12.262+0.276Ye1/2(R2=0.912**,p<0.05)。土壤水势是降雨量和补灌量的函数。灌水后的第2个测定生育期所有套作小麦2个土层土壤水势均高于未灌水处理,且30~60 cm土层土壤水势比0~30 cm土层下降更为剧烈。     

Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

The effects of pre-anthesis water deficit and cycle length were examined in Papaver somniferum L., cultivated for alkaloid production, in two locations in southern Spain. The vegetative period was shortened by extending the photoperiod through supplemental lighting in the field, while water deficit in pre-anthesis was induced by avoiding irrigations and installing rain shelters. The treatments were: IN (irrigated-normal photoperiod), IL (irrigated-hastened flowering), DN (water deficit in pre-anthesis-normal photoperiod) and DL (water deficit in pre-anthesis and hastened flowering). The artificial photoperiod hastened the flowering by 15 and 21 days, for irrigated and deficit treatments respectively. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) ranged from 398 (DN) to 505 mm (IN). There was evidence of root water uptake deeper than 1.5 m. Stomatal conductance was reduced (16%) during water stress, and did not recover in post-anthesis after resuming irrigation. Head yields (capsule + seeds + 7 cm stem) ranged between 3.8 and 4.3 t ha⁻¹; water deficit and short vegetative period both reduced the biomass accumulated, although the effect on yields in these treatments was counterbalanced by a higher harvest index. Early flowering had a detrimental effect on alkaloid concentration in the capsule. Alkaloids yield ranged between 27 and 37 kg ha⁻¹. Water use efficiency (WUE) ranged between 0.78 and 0.96 kg m⁻³ ET for yield and between 63.4 and 73.7 g m⁻³ ET for alkaloids. Water stress increased slightly the Water Use Efficiency. A shorter vegetative phase had no effect on WUE for biomass or yield, but decreased the WUE for alkaloids production.