Studies on the effect of the paddy field soil kept under upland condition on the yield of rice

In Japan, the extent under paddy is approximately three million hectares and the average yield per hectare is about 3000 kg, though high yield gives as much as over 7000 kg per hectare. It is at present a serious problem as to what methods we can use to obtain a high yield of rice. Generally, in well-drained paddy fields where the system of double-cropping is practised, rice is cultivated under a flooded condition in summer, and upland crops such as barley or wheat is cultivated under upland condition in other seasons.     

Gas-solid chromatographic determination of moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical products.

A gas-solid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of low levels of moisture in individual lyophilized vials of pharmaceutical products. Dry ethanol, which contains methanol as the internal standard, is injected through the septum of the vial to dissolve the lyophilized contents. An aliquot of this solution is then withdrawn and injected onto a Porapak QS column at 110 degrees C where the components are separated and detected using thermal conductivity detection. A solvent blank correction allows quantitation of the water in the individual vial. The method is conveniently applied to samples containing as little as 50 microgram water/vial, and as many as 25 vials can be assayed/day. A simple technique is also described for removing water from the ethanol solvent to less than 100 ppm, using a molecular sieve.     

类番茄茄基因渗入栽培番茄的研究

用栽培番茄作母本 ,类番茄茄作父本杂交 ,结实率为 40 %。通过离体胚培养获得杂种 1代 ,用栽培番茄作母本与之回交 ,得到回交 1代种子 ,结实率达 1 5 6% ,获得种子发育成苗 2 3株。但该回交 1代植株自交不结实 ,与栽培番茄 2次回交表现不亲和。用类番茄茄与栽培番茄的杂交 1代作母本 ,潘那利作父本杂交 ,结实率为 1 1 % ,得到复合杂种植株 5株 ,用该复合杂种作母本 ,潘那利作父本进行回交 ,结实率达 1 5 6% ,得到回交后代 2 5株 ,该代植株自交结实 ,并与栽培番茄杂交亲和。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cistanche deserticola</Emphasis> Ma cultivated as a new crop in China

Cistanche deserticola Ma (Orobanchaceae) is known in Chinese as Rou cong rong, considered as an endangered wild species and adapted to arid or semi-arid areas. This species is traditionally used in China and Japan as a tonic. It has been found as a new cultivated plant in several plantations in northwestern China over the past decade. The objective of this study was to introduce the new crop plant to the world. Information on taxonomy, distribution, cultivation, genetic diversity etc. is reported in this paper. The crop may be of interest for regions, where the rainfall is low and the soil desertification is serious.     

山西寿阳县旱作农业土地生产潜力

北方旱区是中国最具开发潜力的农业生产基地,土地生产潜力作为土地最本质的属性,它的研究越来越受到人们的重视。该文以山西寿阳县33 a气候数据、土壤理化数据和图件资料为基础,采用“机制法”对土地生产潜力分别进行了光合、温度、水分和土壤的逐级订正,估算土地生产潜力。研究结果表明：水分不足是气候生产潜力的主要限制因子,经水分订正后,多年平均气候生产潜力相对光温生产潜力减少了三分之二;土地生产潜力分布特点基本满足地形地貌类型的分布特点,河谷盆地生产潜力较高,山地部位生产潜力较低,而土壤养分总体含量较低,存在重用轻养现象,肥力补偿差。     

Soils in Japan

There are two ideas in relation to explain soils. The one is to accept soils as material, and the other is, as a natural body.     

Living with the past: Uses of history for understanding landscape change and degradation

The analysis of land degradation is almost always ahistorical, and as a consequence is of diminished value. Global change, as it has come to be known, is thought of as a climatic phenomenon of this and the next century, but has actually been happening as a consequence of land use and climate variation for centuries. Land and water degradation are probably the most obvious manifestations of this global change. The various uses of historical analyses are exemplified in this paper to show their value as contextual explanations, possible analogues of future conditions, a library of experiments already performed, and a narrative of change.     

不同地区凤眼莲的光合生态功能型及其生态因子分析

以江苏省农业科学院太湖雪堰、南京和滇池白山湾的试验点内种养的凤眼莲为研究材料, 在相同种养时间内, 统一测定不同地区植株的株高和干重的变化及不同叶位光合参数和光合功能叶片的光合-光响应曲线等, 以期阐明不同生态区凤眼莲株型特征形成的生态生理机制, 并为不同地区人工放养凤眼莲的高产栽培提供理论参考和技术支持。结果表明: (1)不同地区种养的凤眼莲株型有较大差异, 滇池的为短地上部分和长根的株型, 其茎叶长/根长为0.4±0.1; 南京的为中等长度的地上部分和短根的株型, 其茎叶长/根长为7.1±0.3;太湖的为长地上部分和中等根长的株型, 其茎叶长/根长为2.0±0.2。(2)形态有差异的不同地区凤眼莲植株的光合表现存在差异, 与南京和滇池地区的相比, 太湖凤眼莲不同叶位的净光合速率(Pn) 最高(25.9~35.3μmol·m^-2·s^-1); 相关性分析表明, 南京凤眼莲的Pn 与其相对湿度呈极显著负相关(r=-0.831^**, n=6), 滇池凤眼莲的Pn 与气孔导度呈显著正相关(r=0.769^*, n=6), 太湖凤眼莲的相对湿度与叶片蒸腾速率呈显著负相关(r=-0.818^*, n=6)。可见影响不同地区Pn 的外界因子有差异, 但除外界光强外, 相对湿度也是影响其Pn 高低的重要生态因子。(3)不同生态地区形态有差异的植株已形成了相应的光合潜力, 生长能力最强的太湖地区植株,光合能力也最强, P_max 最大(36.29±1.21 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)且光饱和点最高(LSP, 2 350.0±69.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1); 相关性分析进一步表明, 株高和光补偿点(LCP)以及茎叶长度与光饱和点均呈显著正相关, 相关系数分别为r=0.998^*、r=0.997^*(n=10)。本研究可为不同地区利用凤眼莲净化富营养水域的高产栽培提供参考。     

湟水干流青海段泥沙危害及其成因

湟水流域是青海省工农业生产基地,也是青海省主要水土流失区。近年来,湟水干流泥沙危害愈来愈严重,直接危及该地区社会经济可持续发展和人民生命财产的安全。分析了湟水干流泥沙淤积的危害及其成因,认为该段湟水两岸山区严重的水土流失是其根源,上游来水量和大洪水出现次数减少加剧了干流淤积,人为经济活动也是加剧干流泥沙淤积重要原因。     

重庆缙云山不同土地利用类型坡面产流对暴雨的响应

 为给三峡库区理水调洪型植被建设提供一定依据,在三峡库区重庆缙云山5种典型土地利用类型(混交林,阔叶林,楠竹林,灌木林及农地)建立坡面径流小区,从产流量、产流历时和产流过程来研究坡面产流对暴雨的响应。结果表明:在相同暴雨条件下,楠竹林地表径流深分别为混交林的2．7倍,为灌木林的3．7倍,为农地的4．5倍,为阔叶林的5．7倍。混交林和阔叶林的地下径流深比其他土地利用类型大一个数量级,为其他土地利用类型的 8-10倍。混交林坡面径流产流历时可延长248min,农地最少,仅为33 min。混交林地下产流历时可延长59 h;阔叶林居次,为50 h;农地产流历时缩短近11h。楠竹林坡面径流峰值约为混交林和灌木林的2倍,为阔叶林和农地的3倍。阔叶林和混交林地下径流峰值比楠竹林大2个数量级,比灌木林和农地大1个数量级。因此,重庆缙云山各土地利用类型中,混交林和阔叶林理水调洪功能最强,楠竹林理水调洪功能最差。     

Convenient synthesis of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, a natural antibiotic involved in the control of take-all disease of wheat

2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) is an antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. It is a major determinant in the biological control of several plant diseases. DAPG is produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens both in vitro and in the rhizosphere of wheat. It is involved in the natural suppression of take-all disease known as take-all decline, which develops in soils following extended monoculture of wheat or barley. A one-step synthesis of DAPG from the commercially available 2-acetylphloroglucinol is described. This reaction involves the direct alkylation of 2-acetylphloroglucinol using acetic anhydride as the acetylation reagent, with boron trifluoride-etherate as the catalyst. This synthesis is simple and produces higher yields of DAPG (90%) as compared with previously described procedures. As ecological concerns are gaining equal status with agricultural concerns, the demand for natural biocontrol measures is increasing. There is tremendous pressure from society on agriculture to reduce the use of pesticides. A discussion is given on the agricultural and ecological importance of this natural antibiotic and its application as an alternative to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.     

Soil fertility in organic farming systems – fundamentally different?

Abstract. Soil fertility is defined as the ability of a soil to provide the conditions required for plant growth. It is a result of the physical, chemical and biological processes that act together to provide nutrients, water, aeration and stability to the plant, as well as freedom from any substances that may inhibit growth. Within this definition, it is useful to distinguish between those components of fertility which change relatively slowly, perhaps over the course of a rotation, or in some cases, decades, and the more immediate contribution from materials such as fertilizers and manures. The term 'inherent fertility' is used to describe these more stable characteristics, while recognising that they are, to a large extent, products of soil management. We conclude that, although nutrient management in organically managed soils is fundamentally different to soils managed conventionally, the underlying processes supporting soil fertility are not. The same nutrient cycling processes operate in organically farmed soils as those that are farmed conventionally although their relative importance and rates may differ. Nutrient pools in organically farmed soils are also essentially the same as in conventionally managed soils but, in the absence of regular fertilizer inputs, nutrient reserves in less-available pools will be of greater significance.     

Significance of nickel for plant growth and metabolism

Ni is the most recent candidate to be added to the list of 13 essential mineral elements for higher plants although failure to complete the life cycle in the absence of Ni has only been demonstrated in a few plant species. Ni is considered an essential element primarily because of its function as an irreplaceable component of urease which is responsible for the hydrolysis of urea N, and which seems to be the only proven nutritional function of Ni in higher plants. For production of full urease activity and growth on urea N a critical deficiency level of around 100 μg kg^—1 DW seems appropriate, while plants depending on mineral N may have a lower Ni requirement. Ni has also other effects on plant growth, of which the phytosanitary action is possibly most significant in the field. The incorporation of Ni into urease apoprotein requires the active participation of several accessory proteins, and mutations in genes coding the accessory proteins as well as the urease apoprotein have been exploited to characterise aspects of urease activation. The mobility of Ni within the plant, as compared to other heavy metals, is usually high, although little is known of the uptake mechanisms and the form of transported Ni under Ni-deprived conditions. This as well as other effects of Ni that cannot be related to its structural component of urease, remain to be elucidated.     

固化土集流面无侧限抗压强度影响因素研究

该文采用无侧限抗压强度作为反映指标，对影响固化土强度的剂量、龄期、密度、含水率、凝结时间和养护环境等主要因素进行研究，提出增强土壤固化剂集流面强度的措施。研究结果表明：固化剂集流面的剂量选择12％左右，养护龄期需要7 d以上，压实度控制在0.94以上。在同一密度下含水率为最优含水率的(80±5)%范围内时，固化土的强度达到最大。在混合料拌和好12 h内尽快完成施工。施工结束后，应立刻进行覆盖防蒸发处理，24 h后方可进行洒水或浸水养护。温度和湿度越高越有利于固化剂集流面强度的增长和外观的平整。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesuvium portulacastrum</Emphasis> (L.) L. a promising halophyte: cultivation,utilization and distribution in India

Seapurslane, Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. (Aizoaceae) is a pioneer, psammophytic facultative halophyte naturally growing in the subtropical, mediterranean, coastal and warmer zones of the world. The plant is utilized as a vegetable by the local peoples as well as forage for domestic animals in the coastal area. Environmentally, it is utilized for the bioreclamation of saline soil in the arid and semiarid regions and an alternative culture to problematic soils. The Sesuvium clones collected from the coastal regions of India lead to conclusions with respect to its geographical distribution and prospective utilization in the bioremediation of coastal and saline areas, as an emerging source of secondary metabolite-phytoecdysteroids in sericulture industry and cultivation on large scale for food as well as forage, of this underutilized, neglected wild and also cultivated plant species.     

Describing soil quality with aggregate index for Msange irrigation scheme of Tanzania

Soil quality is an important and integral aspect of soil health which is defined as the continued capacity of the soil to function as a living system within the ecosystem and land use boundaries. It refers to the capacity of soil to supply nutrients, maintain suitable biotic habitat and resist degradation. This study focuses on describing the soil quality through aggregate index termed as Soil Quality Index (SQI ). The assessment of soil quality involves physical and chemical soil parameters along with the local climatic conditions and the experts’ opinion. The proposed aggregation method utilizes three scoring functions; ‘more is better’, ‘less is better’ and ‘optimum’ for which the score is interpreted either as very low, low, medium, high or very high. The methodology has been applied to Msange irrigation scheme which falls under semi‐arid climate conditions of Tanzania. The results show that the average SQI in the Msange irrigation scheme is 0.565 for the silt loam soil and can be classified as medium quality. In order to improve the soil quality and hence the land productivity, one should improve the organic matter contents, available water and nutrients availability to the soil. It is hoped that this study will be a baseline study on soil quality evaluation for effective agricultural practices.     

Non-linearity and error in modelling soil processes

Error in models and their inputs can be propagated to outputs. This is important for modelling soil processes because soil properties used as parameters commonly contain error in the statistical sense, that is, variation. Model error can be assessed by validation procedures, but tests are needed for the propagation of (statistical) error from input to output. Input error interacts with non‐linearity in the model such that it contributes to the mean of the output as well as its error. This can lead to seriously incorrect results if input error is ignored when a non‐linear model is used, as is demonstrated for the Arrhenius equation. Tests for non‐linearity and error propagation are suggested. The simplest test for non‐linearity is a graph of the output against the input. This can be supplemented if necessary by testing whether the mean of the output changes as the standard deviation of the input increases. The tests for error propagation examine whether error is suppressed or exaggerated as it is propagated through the model and whether changes in the error in one input influence the propagation of another. Applying these tests to a leaching model with rate and capacity parameters showed differences between the parameters, which emphasized that statements about non‐linearity must be for specific inputs and outputs. In particular, simulations of mean annual concentrations of solute in drainage and concentrations on individual days differed greatly in the amount of non‐linearity revealed and in the way error was propagated. This result is interpreted in terms of decoherence.     

豆科牧草根际土壤脲酶活性的研究

研究结果表明:土壤脲酶活性与养分含量呈极显著相关,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标;脲酶活性的垂直分布随土层深度而递减;土壤脲酶活性数量随作物生长与根系生物量的增强而增加,与土壤微生物数量显著相关;根际土壤脲酶活性高于近根际土壤;不同种类豆科牧草,根际土壤脲酶活性存在明显差异。深根豆科牧草苜蓿、草木樨可留给深层土壤大量根系残留物,从而有利于提高土壤深层脲酶活性与综合供肥能力。     

土壤中木质素的研究进展

木质素是地球上最丰富的芳香族化合物,是土壤中非常稳定的有机组分,也是影响土壤有机碳循环的重要物质,因此,研究木质素在农田土壤中的积累对于土壤碳素的循环过程以及土壤有机碳的截获具有十分重要的意义。本文对土壤中木质素的分类和来源、测定及表征方法进行了综合介绍,并着重评述了木质素对于土壤有机碳循环的贡献、在土壤中的保持机制及影响木质素在土壤中降解和积累特性的因素,以期为我国开展土壤木质素的相关研究提供理论参考。     

气力滚筒式排种器种子吸附边界模型及验证

为了探索气力滚筒式播种机对不同规格小粒蔬菜种子吸附性能的影响,该文对种子在吸种孔外部气流场中处于临界运动时与吸种孔的位置关系进行了理论分析。通过分析吸种孔外部气流场的气体的流动状态以及种子在气流场中的绕流阻力与其到吸种孔距离的关系,并对种子在气流场中运动临界状态进行受力分析,从而推导出种子吸附边界的数学模型。分析吸附边界大小对种子吸附性能的影响,以菜心种子、芥兰种子、辣椒种子为试验对象,排种器真空度在1 k Pa~12 k Pa变化,吸种孔半径为0.25 mm,导种板为无振动和振幅为0.4 mm。试验结果与模型分析结果一致:种子吸附的前提条件是种子持续不断的进入吸附边界内,种子的吸附性能与种子边界的大小和种子形状和大小有关;对于小粒蔬菜种子,扁平种子的单粒率低于球形种子,球形种子的直径越小,越难获得高的单粒率。对于小粒扁平种子和直径较小的小粒球形种子,合理的供种方法和增大排种器真空度使吸种孔不空种,再清除吸种孔上的多余种子,是实现排种器精密播种的一种途径。研究结果为气力滚筒式播种机的精密播种研究提供参考。