环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖与人工育幼技术

2010年,对吉林省东北虎园所饲养的环尾狐猴进行了饲养繁殖方面的研究。从环尾狐猴的日粮配制、繁殖行为、人工育幼等方面入手,就笼养条件下环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖进行了较系统地阐述,以期为饲养繁殖环尾狐猴提供参考和借鉴。     

环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖和人工育幼

以石家庄市动物园人工饲养的环尾狐猴为研究对象,通过对环尾狐猴的生物学特性以及人工圈养条件下的环境、行为、营养、繁殖、人工育幼等多方面进行分析和研究,为环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖工作提供了一定的实践依据。     

环尾狐猴的行为训练探讨

2011年1～10月,采用正强化方法对成都动物园饲养的5只环尾狐猴开展了行为训练工作.训练通过口令、响板和食物的关联建立条件反射,从而达到训练目标.训练的结果为:经过15 d左右的训练,环尾狐猴与训练员之间基本建立了信任关系,但不同个体有一些差异.通过进一步训练,达到了以下的一些目标:伸手、坐、听诊、测体温、进笼等.在动物完成训练目标的基础上,获得了2只环尾狐猴在非麻醉状态下的上、下午腋温和心率,分别为37.7±0.4℃、37.9±0.3℃和112.8±15.0次/min.     

兰州市动物园环尾狐猴的饲养管理

环尾狐猴(Lemur catta),是狐猴科狐猴属的一个种,具有较高的观赏展出和科研价值。主要分布于非洲南部的马达加斯加岛南部和西南部。本研究对甘肃省兰州市动物园的环尾狐猴进行了调查研究,主要从环尾狐猴的生物学特性,日常饲养,常见疾病的治疗等方面阐述了动物园中环尾狐猴的饲养管理,以提高环尾狐猴饲养的福利水平,为其生物学研究及饲养管理提供科学依据。     

领狐猴的人工育幼

2016年4月16日,上海动物园的1只领狐猴产下2只幼崽后弃崽,工作人员以婴幼儿奶粉(二段)调配人工乳进行人工育幼。期间工作人员记录了幼崽1～240日龄的体重变化和1～148日龄的食乳量变化。结果表明:经过工作人员科学喂养,幼崽生长良好,在149日龄时结束哺育,放归后场饲养。说明前期人工乳配制合理,后期饲料转换较为成功。提示饲养人员应注意在母猴孕期、生产、哺乳期间创造安静、不受干扰的环境,防止母猴弃崽。     

赤大袋鼠饲养繁殖及人工育幼

经过对某地赤大袋鼠母兽3年的连续观察,基本掌握了赤大袋鼠在人工饲养条件下的生长发育以及繁殖所需的条件,其中9只赤大袋鼠共繁殖了15只仔兽,其中9只存活,6只死亡。在此期间,从这些赤大袋鼠中选取2只进行了育儿袋的检查,并对育儿袋的生态环境进行记录,对赤大袋鼠仔兽在育儿袋的生长发育做了定期的观察和记录,同时对掉袋的赤大袋鼠进行人工育幼,并对赤大袋鼠的育幼过程进行记录总结,该文比较详细地论述了赤大袋鼠的人工饲养、繁殖以及人工育幼过程中存在的问题,为促进赤大袋鼠的饲养繁殖及人工育幼的研究取得较为理想的效果作出一丝贡献。     

冬季安全养鹅七要点

冬季饲养母鹅要从保暖、营养、光照、运动、下水、饮水消毒这个七个方面着手，以免冬季气候对母鹅造成不利影响。 1防寒保暖 冬季气温过低．对母鹅的繁殖性能有一定影响，必须注意防寒保暖，使室内温度控制在5℃以上。     

引起肉鸽冬季产蛋下降的原因及防制对策

一环境、饲养管理因素 1气温 冬季天寒地冷，气候多变，昼夜温差大，故冬季首当其冲需考虑环境温度对肉鸽生产性能的影响。肉鸽发挥最佳生产l生能的环境温度为18℃-26℃，当气温低于10℃肉鸽就感到不舒服，低于0℃其生产性能会受到严重影响，引起产蛋率下降。为此，需根据当地季节和气候特点，及时做好防寒保温工作。     

环尾狐猴桡尺骨骨折1例

正1临床检查幼环尾狐猴,3月龄,母,体重为530 g。2015年5月19日上午,被其它环尾狐猴咬伤。右前肢不负重,有开放性伤口、出血。触诊敏感,异常活动有骨摩擦音。2手术治疗2.1麻醉与保定将幼环尾狐猴保定隔离到网兜后,硫酸阿托品0.05 mL皮下注射,基础麻醉为舒泰2.5 mg肌肉注射,等幼环尾狐猴进入麻醉状态后,行气管插管,先用5%的异氟烷维持麻醉深度10 min,待幼环尾狐猴     

人工饲养黑叶猴繁殖技术及幼猴生长发育研究

以济南动物园人工饲养黑叶猴种群为研究对象,从黑叶猴的雌雄区别、配对模式、发情、交配、妊娠、分娩、育幼等繁殖各个环节入手,对其繁殖技术和幼猴生长发育规律进行了研究。结果显示:黑叶猴雌雄最明显区别为雌性会阴区至腹股沟内侧有一大块白斑;黑叶猴实行单配偶或一雄多雌的配对模式;在中国北方地区,黑叶猴主要在气候温暖的5—10月发情交配,11月至次年4月产仔。母猴自然育仔生殖周期为15～22个月,多为18～20个月,怀孕期约6个月;黑叶猴的哺乳、育幼任务基本由母亲承担,幼仔到1岁时基本能独立生活,雌性4岁、雄性5岁,基本达到性成熟,体型和成体相近;黑叶猴幼仔出生体重约500 g,全身基本为金黄色,有的个体毛色偏黑色,6月龄时体毛基本变为黑色,两侧白颊在2月龄时已基本长成,色偏黄,1岁时基本变为白色。     

Thoracic Limb Morphology of the Ring‐tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) Evidenced by Gross Osteology and Radiography

There is limited information available on the morphology of the thoracic limb of the ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta). This study describes the morphology of the thoracic limb of captive ring‐tailed lemurs evidenced by gross osteology and radiography as a guide for clinical use. Radiographic findings of 12 captive ring‐tailed lemurs are correlated with bone specimens of three adult animals. The clavicle is well developed. The scapula has a large area for the origin of the m. teres major. The coracoid and hamate processes are well developed. The lateral supracondylar crest and medial epicondyle are prominent. The metacarpal bones are widely spread, and the radial tuberosity is prominent. These features indicate the presence of strong flexor muscles and flexibility of thoracic limb joints, which are important in arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. Furthermore, an ovoid ossicle is always seen at the inter‐phalangeal joint of the first digit. Areas of increased soft tissue opacity are superimposed over the proximal half of the humerus and distal half of the antebrachium in male animals as a result of the scent gland. Knowledge of the morphology of the thoracic limb of individual species is important for accurate interpretation and diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases.     

Osteology and Radiographic Anatomy of the Pelvis and Hind Limb of Healthy Ring‐Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta)

In family Lemuridae, anatomical variations exist. Considering its conservation status (near threatened) and presence of similarities between strepsirrhines and primitive animals, it was thought to be beneficial to describe the gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvis and hind limb of ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) as a reference for clinical use and species identification. Radiography was performed in 14 captive adult ring‐tailed lemurs. The radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from two adult animals. Additionally, computed tomography of the hind limbs was performed in one animal. The pelvic bone has a well‐developed caudal ventral iliac spine. The patella has a prominent tuberosity on the cranial surface. The first metatarsal bone and digit 1 are markedly stouter than the other metatarsal bones and digits with medial divergence from the rest of the metatarsal bones and digits. Ossicles were seen in the lateral meniscus, inter‐phalangeal joint of digit 1 and in the infrapatellar fat pad. Areas of mineral opacity were seen within the external genitalia, which are believed to be the os penis and os clitoris. Variations exist in the normal osteology and radiographic appearance of the pelvis and hind limb of different animal species. The use of only atlases from domestic cats and dogs for interpretative purposes may be misleading.     

Effects of insulation on the temperature within farrowing huts and the weaning weights of piglets reared on a commercial outdoor pig unit

The air temperatures inside uninsulated and insulated huts were recorded on an outdoor pig unit in the south of England between September 1997 and September 1998, and the herd's production parameters were also recorded. During the summer the temperatures inside some of the uninsulated huts exceeded 45 degrees C, but the temperatures inside the insulated huts were lower and fluctuated less. Despite the high temperatures, the weaning weight of piglets reared in the uninsulated huts were often higher than those of the piglets reared in the insulated huts, possibly as a result of the higher mortality of small piglets in the uninsulated huts, especially during the winter. The weaning weights of the piglets were higher during the summer.     

Early T-maze behaviour and subsequent growth in commercial broiler flocks

Two batches of 2000 mixed-sex broiler chicks were obtained, one in summer and one in winter. Each flock was housed on the floor at a commercial farm. At 2 or 3 d of age, the latencies to escape from a T-maze were measured in 1044 and 1180 chicks in the summer and winter flocks, respectively. Chicks were assigned to high (HP), moderate (MP) or low (LP) performance categories if their escape latencies were below 40 s, between 40 to 90 s, or above 90 s, respectively. Ninety male and 90 female chicks from each of the 3 categories were weighed when they were 3 d old. The birds then remained undisturbed, apart from routine maintenance, until similar numbers were weighed at 49 d of age. Some birds may have been weighed at both ages. Body weights were higher in males than females and higher in the winter than summer flock at 3 d of age. Significant main effects of chick category as well as gender and season were found at 49 d of age. There were no significant interactions. As expected, 49-d body weights were higher in males than females and in the flock reared in winter than in summer. 5. HP chicks (those that showed rapid escape from the T-maze at 3 d) were also significantly heavier at 49 d than their LP counterparts, with MP chicks occupying an intermediate position. This suggests that early performance in a T-maze test is positively associated with subsequent growth. Furthermore, this relationship was apparent in each of the 2 flocks. Given this positive association, we suggest that this simple, rapid and non-invasive behavioural test could be a useful selection criterion for future breeding programmes.     

Sex and age differences in meat composition of Yeso sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) reared for a short period after capture in the wild

Yeso sika deer captured in winter around Lake Akan in Hokkaido were reared for 8–10 months at Tokyo University of Agriculture in Abashiri. Six 1‐year‐old females and males and six 2‐year‐old or older (adult) females and males were slaughtered and their carcasses were processed. The chemical composition, mineral contents and fatty acid composition of the loin were measured. No marked influence of gender or age was noted in the chemical composition of loin. In the mineral contents, significant differences were noted. The potassium and sulfur contents were lower and the sodium content was higher in adult deer meat (P < 0.05, respectively) and the potassium content was higher in male deer meat (P < 0.05). Arsenic, cadmium or lead were not detected. In the unsaturated fatty acid, a significant interaction was detected (P < 0.05), and it was high in 1‐year‐old female deer meat and low in 1‐year‐old male deer meat. Significant gender or age differences were noted only in the mineral contents in the loin of deer reared for a short period after capture.     

Biochemical and hematologic values for 18 clinically healthy radiated tortoises (Geochelone radiata) on St Catherines Island, Georgia

BACKGROUND: The radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata) is a critically endangered species in its native land, the southern portion of the island of Madagascar. Captive breeding programs have generated data on the breeding behavior and ecology of G radiata; however, hematologic and biochemical data also are critically important in managing populations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sex and seasonal effects on hematologic and biochemical data from captive radiated tortoises. METHODS: Whole blood was collected in January and August 2001 from 18 radiated tortoises (10 male, 8 female) housed at the Wildlife Survival Center on St Catherines Island, Georgia, as part of a routine health assessment. Routine hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses and electrophoresis were done using standard methods. Data from male and female tortoises were compared within and between seasons using 2-way ANOVA. RESULTS: RBC and HCT values were significantly higher in summer than in winter and were higher in males than in females. Total protein concentration did not differ significantly between males and females; however, female tortoises had significantly higher concentrations of alpha1- and beta-globulins in winter and summer compared to males. Male tortoises had significantly higher sodium and uric acid concentrations and LDH activity during winter, and higher urea concentration and LDH and CK activities in summer, compared with females. Female tortoises had significantly higher triglyceride and phosphorus concentrations in winter, and higher phosphorus, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in summer, compared with males. CONCLUSION: Sex and seasonal differences in hematologic and biochemical values for radiated tortoises likely reflect vitellogenesis and egg production in females, and altered hydration status and activity in summer. Data from the tortoises in this study will be useful for the seasonal health assessment of this species.     

Rearing Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) chicks: is adoption more effective than the artificial intensive system?

(1) Survival and weight gain of farmed Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) chicks reared by the adult males that adopted them were compared with those of chicks reared under an artificial intensive system. (2) Both variables were periodically recorded up to the age of 3 months. Gompertz growth curves were fitted to individual growth data using the average adult weight of this population as asymptote. (3) No significant differences in survival rate were detected between systems (adoption=47%, intensive=43%). However, during the first half of the breeding season (mid-spring to mid-summer), the growth rate of adopted chicks (0.01481) was higher than that of intensively reared chicks (0.01296). (4) The adoption system may be more effective in terms of growth, and is probably more efficient in cost/effectiveness than the artificial intensive technique most frequently used. Adoption by males has additional advantages, such as a correct imprinting of the chicks and the selection of more capable individuals. Therefore, it should be used not only commercially but also in conservation projects where individuals are released to the wild.     

Yersinia enterocolitica infection in breeding colonies of ruffed lemurs

Two outbreaks of yersiniosis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica occurred in breeding colonies of red ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra) and black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) housed in outdoor enclosures during the winter breeding season and spring birth season, respectively. Seven of 11 animals at risk in the combined outbreaks became ill, and 3 died of acute to chronic infection. Clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hyperpyrexia. Necropsy findings included ulcerative enterocolitis and multifocal necrosis and abscess formation in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs. Histologically, lesions were characterized by necrotizing inflammation containing masses of basophilic bacteria. Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:2 was isolated from lesions. Neomycin sulfate given orally and chloramphenicol given intramuscularly were effective in treatment early in the course of the disease or in mild cases. In severe cases, lemurs did not respond to antibiotic and fluid therapy. Exposure to soil contaminated with infected rodent feces, stress, and behavioral factors in the ruffed lemur species are believed to have precipitated the infection.     

Feeding and vigilance behaviour of breeding ostriches (Struthio camelus) in a farming environment in Britain

1. Vigilance and feeding behaviour of male and female adult breeding ostriches were recorded to determine feeding and scanning bout lengths, a time budget and the pattern of vigilance immediately after food was provided. 2. Males were more vigilant and fed for shorter periods than females immediately after concentrate food was delivered but not throughout the whole day. 3. Most interscan periods of males were below 40 s with a maximum of 90 s compared with most interscan periods of females lasting less than 70 s with a maximum of 160 s. 4. Gender differences in behaviour are attributed to increased male vigilance for predators and/or conspecifics, and increased female feeding required for egg production and greater opportunity to feed because of male vigilance.