齐齐哈尔市大豆菌核病的发生与防治

从齐齐哈尔市大豆的生产现状、气象因素、菌核病的自身特点等方面分析齐齐哈尔市大豆菌核病发病的原因认为：菌核在土壤中存活时间长，大豆、向日葵种植面积加大及大豆重迎茬严重，为大豆菌核病发生提供了病源；多数年份降雨集中在7、8月份，形成了适合菌核萌发和菌核病孢子、菌丝侵染的条件，同时降雨偏多大豆生长繁茂也形成了有利于菌核病的发生而不利于机械或人工作业进行防治的条件，密植栽培措施与菌核病防治相背，以及没有抗病品种等。     

Artificial Feeding and Laboratory Rearing of Endangered Saproxylic Beetles as a Tool for Insect Conservation

Conservation of threatened animals is frequently limited by lack of knowledge about their ecological preferences, and often artificial feeding is one of the few chances to save endangered species. We investigated the possibility to artificially feed two endangered flat bark beetles dependent on dead wood for their diet—namely, Cucujus cinnaberinus (Scopoli, 1763) and Cucujus haematodes Erichson, 1845—by examining their dietary preferences, life cycle duration, and survival in laboratory conditions. Individuals of the two species were caught in the wild and larvae and adults were fed in laboratory conditions by live or dead prey. Three species of saproxylic beetles: two cerambycids (Acanthocinus griseus Fabricius, 1793 and Rhagium inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758), one scolytid (Ips sexdentatus Börner, 1776) one tenebrionid (Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758)) one dipteran (Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)) and one ant (Lasius sp. Fabricius, 1804) were used as prey, with minced meat as a control. Our results indicated high survival and no difference in prey choice between the two flat beetle species. Larvae and adults preferred dead prey, but no significant preference was detected among dead prey taxa, supporting the hypothesis that the two species are opportunistic scavengers. Comparing data with previous results, both species and their developmental stages should be classified as obligate saproxylic organisms with preference to the dead and decaying organic material. Successful artificial feeding and rearing of these endangered species, followed by the release in the wild through rescue or reintroduction programs, therefore appear relevant for their protection and future conservation.     

大麦根腐病研究进展

大麦根腐病是严重危害大麦产量和品质的世界性病害之一,在我国的大兴安岭西麓和长江流域分布广泛。大麦根腐病是由根腐离蠕孢菌(Biplaris sorokiniana)引起的真菌性病害,其致病菌可寄生也可腐生,适应性极强。本文主要从大麦根腐病的病原及其生物学特性、寄主范围、病害症状、病害鉴定、抗性遗传和防治方法等方面进行了综述,并展望了大麦根腐病的研究前景。     

广东英德茶区蜘蛛群落结构及多样性研究

蜘蛛是茶园生态系统中重要的天敌群落。为了了解英德茶区不同生境管理对蜘蛛群落组成结构和多样性的影响,2010年6月至2011年5月,选择小乔木生境茶园（Ⅰ）与常规生产茶园（Ⅱ）,采用拍打法与陷阱法相结合的方式进行采样。结果表明：茶园Ⅰ共采集到蜘蛛1 551头,隶属于16科、40种,蜘蛛物种丰富度、多度明显高于茶园Ⅱ;两类茶园蜘蛛优势种以草地鼬蛛的个体数最多（占16.39%）,其中茶园Ⅰ优势种的种类和个体数相对较多;此外,多样性指数中,茶园Ⅰ与茶园Ⅱ达到显著差异（P<0.05）;优势度指数中,则茶园Ⅱ数值较高。由此可知,茶园生境结构植物丰富,人为干扰少,有利于改善天敌栖息环境,保护蜘蛛种类多样性。     

The role of soil factors and leaf protein in the utilization of mopane plants by elephants in northern Botswana

Background  

Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) plants form monotypic woodlands that cover extensive areas in northern Botswana. Mopane is also a principal food item in the diet of elephants. Obtrusive damage to mopane plants as a result of elephant feeding may alter the structure of mopane woodlands. Some mopane woodland areas in northern Botswana are subjected to heavy elephant utilization rates whereas other mopane areas are less affected. However, the underlying reason for the concentrated elephant utilization is unknown.     

Macro invertebrate community from Sonamarg streams of Kashmir Himalaya

This study analyses a macroinvertebrate community survey for River Sindh and its tributary including Baltal, Yashmarg, Sonamarg and Thajwas Grar considering the extreme hydrological conditions linked with the seasonal low-flow period typical for some streams in this area. This study attempts to provide an overview of the macro invertebrate assemblages and physico-chemical variables of the River Sindh and its important tributary. Four study sites were selected from the River Sindh and its tributary including Baltal, Yashmarg, Sonamarg and Thajwas Grar for studying the ecological distribution of Macroinvertebrate assemblages. Totally, 33 taxa of macroinvertebrates were recorded from the two streams belonging to Mollusca-3 (Gastropoda-2 and Bivalvia-1), Annelida-1 and Arthropoda-29 (Insecta-29). Among insects Ephemeroptera (7), Trichoptera (6) and Diptera (13) dominated. Except Yashmrag all sites were found devoid of annelids while as the mollusks were found absent at Sonamarg. Highest values of Shannon Weiner Index were found at Yashmarg (2.42) and lowest at Sonamarg (1.99) while as highest and lowest Sorensen's similarity coefficient were found between Baltal/Thajwas Grar (0.68) and Yashmarg/Thajwas Grar (0.39), respectively. A perusal of the data on physico-chemical characteristics showed that these streams were hard water type with high dissolved oxygen content. The ionic composition of the stream waters revealed the predominance of bicarbonate and calcium. Insecta dominated both qualitatively as well as quantitatively and the study revealed that the substrate compositions dominated by gravel, pebble and leaf litters are primary determinants of the invertebrate community structure recording maximum species diversity and abundance. Sample locations impacted by Amarnath yatris pilgrimage comparatively reflected slightly higher increase in nutrients than Thajwas Grar almost devoid of pilgrimage effect.     

Plant diversity and composition of rice field bunds in Southeast Asia

Which plant species can be found on rice field bunds and what are the prevailing life forms? Which plant communities occur and what are the main environmental drivers and phytogeographic patterns shaping these communities? How do species diversity and composition differ between bunds and paddies? To answer these questions, 133 vegetation relevés using the Braun-Blanquet method were collected in lowlands and uplands of Vietnam and the Philippines between 2012 and 2015. Soil samples were collected and farmers were interviewed. Properties of soil, climate, and geography were assessed, further structural parameters, landscape heterogeneity, seasonality, management and intensity of cultivation. Hierarchical UPGMA cluster analysis and NMDS ordinations were performed to visualize variation in plant community composition and the determinants. We found 302 vascular plant species, of which 94 species are red listed by the IUCN (under category “Least concern”). Therophytes and helophytes are the prevailing life forms. Six clusters of plant communities were classified, and temperature, soil acidity, land use intensity and nutrient availability were identified (according to relevance) as explanatory variables. Bunds revealed higher species richness than paddies and bunds in mountain areas were more species-rich than those in the lowlands. We conclude that the composition of bund communities provides valuable information on environmental and biogeographical conditions of the local rice landscapes, and that it is probably the best applicable and most reliable indicator of management intensity.     

Management effect on bird and arthropod interaction in suburban woodlands

Background  

Experiments from a range of ecosystems have shown that insectivorous birds are important in controlling the populations of their invertebrate prey. Here, we report on a large field experiment testing the hypothesis that management for enhancing recreational values in suburban woodlands affects the intensity of bird predation on canopy-living arthropods. Bird exclosures were used in two types of management (understory clearance and dense understory) at two foraging heights in oak Quercus robur canopies and the experiment was replicated at two sites.     

Influence of temperature and length of storage on resistance of potato to tuber rot induced byErwinia chrysanthemi

Tubers of 11 clones ofSolanum tuberosum subsp.andigena (andigena) and 12 cultivars ofS. tuberosum subsp.tuberosum (tuberosum) were inoculated with water suspensions (5.5 × 10⁴ 5.5 × 10⁵, 5.5 × 10⁶ CFU/ml) ofErwinia chrysanthemi. Tubers were inoculated immediately after harvest and after 6 and 16 wk of storage at 4 and 23°C. Tuber rot incidence in andigena and tuberosum increased as inoculum concentration increased. Based on tuber rot severity, clones of andigena were classified as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible and cultivars of tuberosum were classified as intermediate or susceptible. Rot severity increased in all tubers stored at 4°C and in tubers of tuberosum stored at 23°C; rot did not increase in tubers of andigena stored at 23°C. Electrolyte leakage (EL), total sugars (TS), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS) and dry matter (DM) were determined in non-inoculated tubers. There was a significant positive correlation between the rate of EL, concentration of RS and tuber rot in andigena and tuberosum. Tuber rot and DM were negatively correlated in tubers of andigena; but they were not correlated in tuberosum. Clones of andigena with low EL, TS, RS, and high DM were resistant to tuber rot, and the incidence of tuber rot in these clones was much less influenced by temperature and length of storage. The influence of temperature and length of storage on susceptibility toE. chrysanthemi may be explained by increased cell membrane permeability; increased leakage of accumulated sugars in potatoes stored at 4°C could favor bacterial proliferation resulting in more disease.     

花生果腐病病原分子诊断

对山东莱西和河北行唐两地的花生果腐病相关真菌进行了分子鉴定。在多数烂果中鉴出了ITS与镰刀菌ITS高度同源的真菌。其他真菌尚有Alternaria、Penicillium。提示镰刀菌可能是导致这两个地区花生烂果的主要病原。     

Inter-individual consistency in habitat selection patterns and spatial range constraints of female little bustards during the non-breeding season

Background

Identifying the factors that affect ranging behavior of animals is a central issue to ecology and an essential tool for designing effective conservation policies. This knowledge provides the information needed to predict the consequences of land-use change on species habitat use, especially in areas subject to major habitat transformations, such as agricultural landscapes. We evaluate inter-individual variation relative to environmental predictors and spatial constraints in limiting ranging behavior of female little bustards (Tetrax tetrax) in the non-breeding season. Our analyses were based on 11 females tracked with GPS during 5 years in northeastern Spain. We conducted deviance partitioning analyses based on different sets of generalized linear mixed models constructed with environmental variables and spatial filters obtained by eigenvector mapping, while controlling for temporal and inter-individual variation.

Results

The occurrence probability of female little bustards in response to environmental variables and spatial filters within the non-breeding range exhibited inter-individual consistency. Pure spatial factors and joint spatial-habitat factors explained most of the variance in the models. Spatial predictors representing aggregation patterns at?~?18 km and 3–5 km respectively had a high importance in female occurrence. However, pure habitat effects were also identified. Terrain slope, alfalfa, corn stubble and irrigated cereal stubble availability were the variables that most contributed to environmental models. Overall, models revealed a non-linear negative effect of slope and positive effects of intermediate values of alfalfa and corn stubble availability. High levels of cereal stubble in irrigated land and roads had also a positive effect on occurrence at the population level.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence that female little bustard ranging behavior was spatially constrained beyond environmental variables during the non-breeding season. This pattern may result from different not mutually exclusive processes, such as cost–benefit balances of animal movement, configurational heterogeneity of environment or from high site fidelity and conspecific attraction. Measures aimed at keeping alfalfa availability and habitat heterogeneity in open landscapes and flat terrains, in safe places close to breeding grounds, could contribute to protect little bustard populations during the non-breeding season.

     

The role of gaping behaviour in habitat partitioning between coexisting intertidal mussels

Background  

Environmental heterogeneity plays a major role in invasion and coexistence dynamics. Habitat segregation between introduced species and their native competitors is usually described in terms of different physiological and behavioural abilities. However little attention has been paid to the effects of behaviour in habitat partitioning among invertebrates, partially because their behavioural repertoires, especially marine benthic taxa, are extremely limited. This study investigates the effect of gaping behaviour on habitat segregation of the two dominant mussel species living in South Africa, the invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis and the indigenous Perna perna. These two species show partial habitat segregation on the south coast of South Africa, the lower and upper areas of the mussel zone are dominated by P. perna and M. galloprovincialis respectively, with overlap in the middle zone. During emergence, intertidal mussels will either keep the valves closed, minimizing water loss and undergoing anaerobic metabolism, or will periodically open the valves maintaining a more efficient aerobic metabolism but increasing the risk of desiccation.     

海南单优龙脑香科植物群落特征

单优青梅群落和单优无翼坡垒群落是海南岛幸存的低海拔特色热带雨林,前者主要分布在万宁石梅湾和文昌迈号镇,后者主要分布在三亚甘什岭地区.本研究分析了2种群落的分布特点、生境特征、群落组成、群落结构及形成原因.结果表明:单优青梅林物种组成和群落结构相对简单,热带雨林特征不明显;该群落的形成与发展受沿海土壤性质的影响.单优无翼坡垒林物种相对丰富,群落结构复杂;该群落是混合雨林受人为干扰破坏后发育而来.通过建立保护区或保护小区,不仅能保护特殊森林生物多样性,而且能为未来沿海沙滩等低地森林恢复提供实物样板.     

Effect of cultural practices and fungicides on Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon in the Carolinas

Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is an important and emerging disease in Southeastern U.S.A. The effects of two cultural practices (raised bare ground and raised plastic mulched beds) used for growing watermelon and different fungicide treatments on development of Phytophthora fruit rot were evaluated. The experiments were conducted over three years (2005-2008) at research stations in North Carolina and South Carolina, U.S.A. Fungicides were applied at weekly intervals on the diploid cv. Mickey Lee for an average of five applications. Fruit rot incidence was recorded at the end of each experiment. Fruit rot incidence in the non-treated plots was 66% across two states and six trials. Overall, the levels of fruit rot on the raised bare ground and raised plastic mulched beds were not significantly different. Based on percent disease reduction relative to the non-treated check plots, the fungicide Captan was the most effective across years and locations (range = 23-70%, mean = 57%), followed by mandipropamid (25-65%, mean = 50%), fluopicolide (24-65%, mean = 43%) and cyazofamid (0-48%, mean = 31%). Mefenoxam, the current standard treatment reduced fruit rot by 8-28% (mean = 18%). The addition of copper hydroxide to the spray mix did not significantly enhance effectiveness of Captan or mandipropamid. The variability in fungicide efficacy observed in these experiments across locations and years demonstrates the importance of environmental conditions in disease development and management. Even when the most effective fungicides are used, heavy losses may occur when conditions are highly favorable for disease development. Ultimately, effective control of Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon will require an integrated management strategy that includes well-drained fields, water management and crop rotation in addition to fungicides.     

海南吊罗山不同海拔高度热带雨林种间联结性对比研究

单优青梅群落和单优无翼坡垒群落是海南岛幸存的低海拔特色热带雨林,前者主要分布在万宁石梅湾和文昌迈号镇,后者主要分布在三亚甘什岭地区。本研究分析了2种群落的分布特点、生境特征、群落组成、群落结构及形成原因。结果表明：单优青梅林物种组成和群落结构相对简单,热带雨林特征不明显;该群落的形成与发展受沿海土壤性质的影响。单优无翼坡垒林物种相对丰富,群落结构复杂;该群落是混合雨林受人为干扰破坏后发育而来。通过建立保护区或保护小区,不仅能保护特殊森林生物多样性,而且能为未来沿海沙滩等低地森林恢复提供实物样板。     

对25个玉米品种的茎腐病抗性分析和产量损失评估

2014年河南省玉米茎腐病大爆发,调查25个品种的发病情况。依据国家玉米品种抗病鉴定标准,浚单509为抗病品种;豫单606、金赛38和浚单3136为中抗病品种;其他21个品种均为高感品种。确定以5%的产量损失率为划分耐病性标准的临界值,耐茎腐病品种有浚单509、豫单606、金赛38、浚单3136、怀玉5288、桥玉8号、XY046、正玉10、黎乐66、伟科702和浚单29。品种的抗病性主要以病株率的高低作为划分依据,耐病性主要以产量损失率作为划分依据,以Venn图的形式展示品种的抗病性和耐病性之间的联系。     

Analyzing isolate variability of Macrophomina phaseolina from a regional perspective

Sexton, Z.S., Hughes, T.J., and Wise, K.A. 20XX. Analyzing isolate variability of Macrophomina phaseolina from a regional perspective. Crop Protection. XX:XXXX. Charcoal rot of soybean (Glycine max L.), caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, has been reported more frequently in the north–central United States in recent years. Growth of isolates collected from the northern and southern U.S. was compared in vitro under various incubation temperatures, and isolate pathogenicity was assessed on cultivars adapted to each region. Results indicate that northern isolates had increased growth at 15 °C compared to isolates from southern states, while southern isolates grew 23% more at 40°C compared to northern isolates. Isolates from both regions were pathogenic on charcoal rot resistant and susceptible cultivars adapted for each region. This is the first research to suggest the importance of screening germplasm under regional environmental conditions and with local or regionally adapted isolates when evaluating cultivar resistance to charcoal rot.     

Cross-taxon congruence and environmental conditions

Background  

Diversity patterns of different taxa typically covary in space, a phenomenon called cross-taxon congruence. This pattern has been explained by the effect of one taxon diversity on taxon diversity, shared biogeographic histories of different taxa, and/or common responses to environmental conditions. A meta-analysis of the association between environment and diversity patterns found that in 83 out of 85 studies, more than 60% of the spatial variability in species richness was related to variables representing energy, water or their interaction. The role of the environment determining taxa diversity patterns leads us to hypothesize that this would explain the observed cross-taxon congruence. However, recent analyses reported the persistence of cross-taxon congruence when environmental effect was statistically removed. Here we evaluate this hypothesis, analyzing the cross-taxon congruence between birds and mammals in the Brazilian Cerrado, and assess the environmental role on the spatial covariation in diversity patterns.     

The Effect of Long Term Storage on Bacterial Soft Rot Resistance in Potato

Bacterial soft rot is a serious disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), causing rapid tuber tissue maceration and, consequently, marketable yield loss. Soft rot bacteria, including Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pbc), are favored by moist conditions, which are prevalent in large potato storage facilities. However, although most potatoes in North America are stored before use, there are no published surveys of soft rot resistance in cultivars exposed to long-term storage conditions. Thus, we tested 65 cultivars and 13 breeding lines for soft rot resistance after 6 months of storage. There was a significant effect of cultivar and production environment on soft rot resistance score. During 6 months of storage, tuber soft rot resistance in resistant clones did not change, while it changed in susceptible clones. The three most resistant cultivars to soft rot were Freedom Russet, Anett, and Alaska Red Eye.