不同灌溉模式和施氮处理下稻田 CH4 和 N2O 排放

【目的】研究不同灌溉模式和施氮处理稻田 CH₄ 和 N₂O 的排放规律、综合增温潜势和综合排放强度,以期获得降低稻田 CH₄ 和 N₂O 排放的灌溉模式和施氮管理。【方法】2015～2016 年在广西南宁市灌溉试验站进行晚稻和早稻大田试验,两次试验均设 3 种灌溉模式:常规灌溉 (CIR)、“薄浅湿晒 ”灌溉 (TIR) 和干湿交替灌溉 (DIR)。 2 种尿素-N 和猪粪-N 比例:100% 尿素-N (FM1),50% 尿素-N + 50% 猪粪-N (FM2)。共设 CIR-FM1、TIR-FM1、DIR-FM1、CIR-FM2、TIR-FM2 和 DIR-FM2 6 个处理,用静态箱–气相色谱法测定了水稻生育期内稻田 CH₄ 和 N₂O 排放通量,分析了早晚稻生育期内 CH₄ 和 N₂O 累积排放量和综合增温潜势,并结合产量分析了 CH₄ 和 N₂O 综合排放强度。【结果】DIR 下 FM2 处理早稻产量和两季总产量比 FM1 处理分别提高 18.8% 和 17.7%,FM2 下 TIR 和 DIR 模式早稻产量分别比 CIR 模式提高 20.9% 和 37.4% 以及 DIR 模式两季总产量比 CIR 模式提高 21.5%。不同处理早晚稻生育前期 CH₄ 排放通量较高,生育中后期 CH₄ 排放通量较低。水稻生育期内 TIR 和 DIR 模式 CH₄ 累积排放量低于 CIR 模式,FM1 处理 CH₄ 累积排放量低于 FM2 处理。不同处理早晚稻生育前期 N₂O 的排放通量为负值或者较低,N₂O 排放主要集中在晒田完成复水之后及成熟期稻田水分落干时,DIR 模式 N₂O 累积排放量显著高于 CIR 模式,FM2 处理 N₂O 累积排放量高于 FM1 处理。不同处理稻田 CH₄ 和 N₂O 的排放彼此间存在消长关系。CH₄ 对综合增温潜势的贡献率达 99% 以上,而 N₂O 的贡献率不足 1%。3 种灌溉模式下 FM1 处理 CH₄ 或 N₂O 增温潜势、CH₄ 和 N₂O 综合增温潜势和排放强度均低于 FM2 处理,2 种施氮处理下 TIR 和 DIR 模式 CH₄ 和 N₂O 综合增温潜势和排放强度低于 CIR 模式。【结论】与常规灌溉相比,“薄浅湿晒”灌溉水稻产量和 N₂O 排放有所提高,但是降低 CH₄ 排放量及 CH₄ 和 N₂O 综合增温潜势和排放强度;干湿交替灌溉增加水稻产量和 N₂O 排放,但是降低 CH₄ 的排放量及 CH₄ 和 N₂O 综合增温潜势和排放强度,因此,“薄浅湿晒”和干湿交替灌溉模式是有效降低稻田 CH₄ 和 N₂O 综合增温潜势和排放强度的两种灌溉模式。在这两种灌溉方式下,与猪粪尿素配施相比,单施尿素显著降低 CH₄ 和 N₂O 综合增温潜势和排放强度。     

氮素形态和光照强度对水稻表土及根际 N2O 排放的影响

【目的】 稻田生态系统是 N₂O 的重要排放源,本研究旨在探讨氮素形态和光照对水稻根际、叶际 N₂O 排放作用及其机制。 【方法】 试验采用水培方法,在小型光控培养箱内进行,供试作物为水稻。将水稻地上部和地下部严格分隔在试验装置内室和外室,用气相色谱法测定水稻根、叶界面排放的 N₂O 量。首先进行了弱光 (8:00～18:00, 4000 Lux;18:00～22:00, 0 Lux) 和供氮量一致条件下 (N 90 mg/L),NO₃–-N、NH₄NO₃ 和 NH₄+-N 3 种氮素形态对水稻根、叶界面 N₂O 排放的影响的试验。在此基础上,进行了不同光照条件下 [弱光 (8:00～18:00, 4000 Lux; 18:00～22:00, 0 Lux)、强光 (8:00～18:00, 8000 Lux; 18:00～22:00, 0 Lux) 和自然光]不同氮素形态对水稻根、叶界面 N₂O 排放的影响的试验。 【结果】 1) 相同供氮水平、弱光条件下,NO₃–-N、NH₄NO₃、NH₄+-N 处理的水稻分蘖期叶际及根际 N₂O 排放速率分别为 6.37、5.03、0.46 μg/(pot·h) 和 16.30、15.71、1.31 μg/(pot·h),开花结实期及成熟衰老期亦获得相似的结果。NO₃–-N、NH₄NO₃ 处理水稻根际、叶际 N₂O 排放量显著高于 NH₄+-N ( P < 0.05)。 2) 弱光照条件下,NO₃–-N、NH₄NO₃ 和 NH₄+-N 处理的水稻开花结实期叶际 N₂O 平均排放速率分别为 10.47、3.70、0.26 μg/(pot·h),强光照条件下分别为 20.83、10.82、2.08 μg/(pot·h),两种光照条件下 3 种氮源处理之间 N₂O 平均排放速率差异显著,自然光照条件下 NO₃–-N 与 NH₄NO₃ 处理间水稻叶际 N₂O 排放差异不显著。 3) 在弱光条件下,NO₃–-N、NH₄NO₃ 和 NH₄+-N 处理的水稻根际 N₂O 排放速率分别为 27.76、5.19、0.30 μg/(pot·h),强光条件下分别为 32.83、16.41、1.27 μg/(pot·h),自然光条件下分别为 16.49、20.21、1.74 μg/(pot·h)。NH₄NO₃ 处理水稻根际 N₂O 排放随光照增强而增加,自然光条件下 NO₃–-N 与 NH₄NO₃ 处理间水稻根际 N₂O 排放差异不显著,但弱光条件下差异显著; 4) 叶际 N₂O 排放速率 ( Y) 与根际 N₂O 排放速率 ( X) 间呈极显著正相关, Y = 1.963 + 0.444 X ( R2 = 0.661, P < 0.01)。 【结论】 不论光照条件强弱,供应 NO₃–-N 均显著提高水稻根、叶界面的 N₂O-N 排放,NH₄NO₃ 次之。光照越强,排放就越明显。叶际 N₂O 排放可以反映出根际的排放,因此,水稻施肥应尽量选用铵态氮肥,避免使用硝态氮以及含有硝态氮的肥料。      

基施控释氮肥提高华北露地大白菜产量并减少土壤NH3和N2O排放

  【目的】  控制土壤氮素气态损失是提升菜地氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要措施。在滴灌条件下,研究控释氮肥一次性基施和减少氮肥投入对华北地区大白菜土壤NH₃和N₂O排放及其经济效益的影响,为华北地区大白菜生产提供最优氮肥管理方案。  【方法】  在河北赵县设置田间小区试验,4个处理分别为:不施氮(CK);常规施氮(施用尿素,总施氮量为N 400 kg/hm2,基施氮∶追肥氮=4∶6,U);优化施氮(在常规施氮的基础上减氮10%,总施氮量为N 360 kg/hm2,基施氮∶追肥氮=4∶6,90U);控释氮肥一次性基施(减氮10%,总施氮量为N 360 kg/hm2,90CRU) 。采用通气法和密闭式静态箱–气相色谱法,分析了不同处理下土壤NH₃和N₂O排放动态变化及大白菜产量和氮素吸收的差异。  【结果】  U、90U处理基肥期土壤NH₃排放峰出现在基施后3～6天,追肥后峰值出现在施肥后3～5天,而90CRU处理峰值延迟到基施后9～11天出现,且其峰值显著降低。与U处理相比,整个生育期90U处理土壤NH₃排放通量和总量分别降低了11.0%和10.4%,而90CRU处理其排放通量和总量分别显著降低了46.9%和27.6% (P< 0.05)。U、90U处理基肥期土壤N₂O 排放峰值出现在基施后7～9天,追肥后峰值出现在4～6天,而90CRU处理峰值出现在基施后14～17天,其峰值显著降低。施氮处理基肥期NH₃和N₂O排放峰值均高于追肥后。与U处理相比,90U处理土壤N₂O 排放通量和总量分别降低了11.1%和8.8%,90CRU处理其排放通量和总量分别显著降低了50.5%和23.2% (P<0.05)。与U处理相比,90CRU处理大白菜氮素利用率提高了5.7个百分点,产量和净经济效益分别增加了7.8%和8.0%,但差异不显著。相关分析表明,土壤温度和湿度与NH₃和N₂O排放通量成线性正相关关系,由于基肥期土壤温度和湿度高于追肥期,因此基肥期NH₃和N₂O排放通量高于追肥期。土壤脲酶活性与NH₃排放通量间呈线性正相关关系,90CRU处理通过降低其活性而显著降低了NH₃排放通量;土壤NO₃–-N含量和功能基因AOB-amoA和nirK数量与N₂O排放通量呈线性正相关关系,90CRU处理通过降低上述指标而显著降低了N₂O排放通量。  【结论】  控释氮肥一次性基施在减少氮肥和劳动力投入、提高大白菜产量、经济效益与降低土壤NH₃和N₂O排放通量方面起到积极作用,为华北地区秋季大白菜种植提供了有效的氮肥管理方式。     

不同灌溉模式和施氮处理下双季稻田N2O通量与土壤酶活性的影响

用田间试验的方法揭示了不同灌溉模式和施氮处理对双季稻田氧化亚氮（N₂O）通量和土壤酶活性的影响。田间试验设3种灌溉模式（常规灌溉CR、“浅湿晒”灌溉TR以及干湿交替灌溉DR）和3种施氮处理（FN1:120 kg hm?2:20%基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥各占40%,FN2:120 kg hm?2:50%基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥各占25%,FN3:90 kg hm?2:50%基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥各占25%）,通过定期测定双季稻田N₂O通量和土壤酶活性,探讨灌溉模式和施氮处理对稻田N₂O排放通量与土壤酶活性的影响,分析了N₂O排放通量与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明:TR和DR模式稻田N₂O排放通量较CR模式分别提高92.82%和175.95%,FN3处理稻田N₂O排放通量较FN2处理降低39.7%。与CR模式相比,TR模式的土壤脲酶活性、DR模式的土壤羟胺还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性升高。双季稻田N₂O排放通量与土壤脲酶（晚稻田相关系数0.38;早稻田相关系数0.63）、硝酸还原酶（晚稻田相关系数0.33;早稻田相关系数0.61）和羟胺还原酶（晚稻田相关系数0.63;早稻田相关系数0.73）活性呈显著正相关。可见,不同灌溉模式和施氮处理显著影响土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性和双季稻田N₂O排放通量,在生产中应通过稻田水氮管理减少N₂O排放,以提高氮肥利用率。     

不同形态氮添加对毛竹林土壤N2O排放的影响

  【目的】  氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放是亚热带地区氮损失的主要途径,我们研究了不同形态含氮化合物对土壤N₂O排放的影响。  【方法】  以毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林土壤为研究对象进行了室内培养试验。设置土壤中添加KNO₃、NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl、KCl处理,以去离子水作为对照(CK),在25oC黑暗条件下培养。在培养0.5 h,1、3、5、7、14、28、60天,测定土壤N₂O排放速率,铵态氮(NH₄+-N)、硝态氮(NO₃?-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性氮(WSN)含量,采用荧光定量PCR技术测定了土壤氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)、氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)、nirS、nirK、nosZⅠ、nosZⅡ基因丰度。  【结果】  培养第60天,氮添加与KCl添加处理均显著增加了土壤DOC含量,NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl处理显著增加了WSN含量,但显著降低了土壤pH。氮添加及KCl添加处理均增加了土壤AOA、AOB、nirK基因丰度,降低了nosZⅠ、nosZⅡ基因丰度。氮添加处理N₂O排放速率均在培养第14天达到峰值,且相较于CK处理均增加了N₂O累积排放量,KNO₃、NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl和KCl处理累积排放量的增幅分别为524.3%、771.1%、652.7%、98.6%。N₂O排放速率与NO₃?、WSN、nirK基因丰度呈显著正相关,而与pH、nosZⅠ、nosZⅡ基因丰度呈显著负相关。  【结论】  铵态氮添加能显著促进毛竹林土壤N₂O的排放,其效果高于硝态氮,NH₄NO₃作为混合氮,外源性NH₄+-N、NO₃?-N同时输入对土壤N₂O排放的促进作用比单独添加NH₄+-N、NO₃?-N更显著,但并未出现叠加效应。     

不同有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响

【目的】探讨本地区主要类型有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响,为不同类型有机肥的科学施用提供理论依据。【方法】2014年10月—2015年9月在山东省中国农业科学院禹城试验基地进行了冬小麦–夏玉米田间小区试验,供试小麦品种为‘济麦22’,玉米品种为‘郑单958’。在常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/季) 基础上,设化肥 (CF)、鸡粪 (CHM)、猪粪 (PM) 和牛粪 (CM) 单施以及化肥分别与3种有机肥配施处理 (化肥氮分别占25%、50%、75%),13个处理;加倍施氮量下,有机肥和化肥单施 (DCF、DCHM、CPM、DCM) 4个处理;1个不施肥处理 (CK),共计18个处理。测定了小麦和玉米产量、N₂O排放通量和NH₃挥发通量。【结果】常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/hm2) 下,单施鸡粪或猪粪的小麦、玉米产量与化肥相当,单施牛粪比化肥处理减产。分别与CF、CHM、PM、CM相比,DCF、DCHM、DPM处理无增产效果,DCM处理玉米表现为增产。猪粪和鸡粪与化肥各配施比例处理的小麦、玉米产量间无显著差异,且均与单施化肥处理相当;牛粪与化肥配施处理的小麦产量随化肥配施比例的提高而提高,玉米产量各配施比例处理间无显著差异。CF处理周年NH₃挥发量为39.63 kg/hm2,是单施有机肥处理的37～53倍;单施化肥处理的NH₃排放系数接近9%左右,单施有机肥处理的NH₃排放系数只有0.2%左右。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年NH₃挥发总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到75%时,周年NH₃挥发总量与单施化肥处理相当。CF处理的周年N₂O排放总量为2.85 kg/hm2,高于单施有机肥处理,三种有机肥N₂O周年排放量由大到小依次为猪粪 (2.51 kg/hm2)>鸡粪 (1.91 kg/hm2)>牛粪 (1.85 kg/hm2) 处理;加倍施用化肥和有机肥的N₂O排放量平均为常规施氮量的1.5倍以上。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年N₂O排放总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到50%时,周年N₂O排放总量达到或超过了单施化肥处理。CF处理N₂O排放系数为0.4%左右,有机肥处理N₂O排放系数为0.3%左右。有机肥处理的NH₃挥发和N₂O排放主要发生在小麦季,化肥处理主要发生在玉米季。加倍施肥均会明显增加NH₃挥发总量和N₂O排放总量,但不影响二者的排放系数。【结论】不同粪肥与化肥配施对作物产量、田间N₂O排放和NH₃挥发的影响有明显差异。推荐施肥量下,鸡粪或猪粪不配施或配施少量化肥 (< 50%) ,牛粪配施75%左右的化肥可实现与化肥相当的作物产量,同时减少农田氮肥气态损失。     

黏土矿物混合生物炭包膜尿素的制备及其氮素污染减排潜力

为促进氮肥高效利用,实现氮素污染减排,选用膨润土和生物炭作为包膜材料,结合硝化抑制剂制备包膜尿素。设置包膜尿素淋溶模拟试验收集淋溶液,结合静态箱法收集N₂O,通过分析NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N淋失量和N₂O排放通量对包膜尿素氮素污染减排潜力进行了评估。结果表明:（1）膨润混合土生物炭包膜尿素（F₄）NH₄⁺-N淋溶损失率最低,较纯化肥尿素（F₁）NH₄⁺-N淋溶损失率降低19.76%。（2）硝化抑制剂型膨润土生物炭包膜尿素（F₅）NO₃^--N淋失率最低,较F₁降低16.74%。（3）F₅同时具有最优的N₂O减排效果,N₂O排放量较F₁降低77.8%。F₅氮素减排效果最优,其减排机制在于一方面硝化抑制剂可以从化学过程控制硝化和反硝化进程,延缓尿素酰胺态氮的水解和铵态氮的硝化,在降低NO₃^--N淋失的同时可以实现N₂O减排。另一方面F₅的包膜材料膨润土和生物炭可以通过吸附作用将更多的NH₄⁺-N富集在土壤表层,从而显著降低NH₄⁺-N淋失。综上所述,硝化抑制剂型膨润土生物炭包膜尿素氮素污染减排潜力最优,可使NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N和N₂O分别减排15.24%,16.74%和77.8%。     

控释氮肥与水溶肥配施减少设施土壤N2O排放的机理

【目的】控制N₂O排放是提高氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要任务。在滴灌条件下,研究以控释氮肥替代尿素基施减少设施土壤N₂O排放的机制,并探讨减少氮肥投入的可能性。【方法】在大棚内布设小区试验,供试番茄品种为‘盛世辉煌’,氮肥40%基施,60%分3次随水滴灌追施。试验以不施氮肥为对照 (CK),设:常规化肥用量 (基施尿素,总N量440 kg/hm2,U);常规化肥用量减氮20% (基施尿素,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%U);控释氮肥常规用量 (基施控释氮肥,总N量440 kg/hm2,CRU);控释氮肥常规用量减氮20% (基施控释氮肥,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%CRU) 4个处理。施底肥后15天内每天取气体样1次;追肥后每2天取气体样1次,连续取样3次;其余时间间隔5～7天取气体样1次。静态箱–色谱法测定土壤N₂O排放通量;在定植后40、80和120天取土样测定土壤理化性质;用实时荧光定量PCR检测相关功能基因数量变化;收获后测产。【结果】控释氮肥与水溶肥配施导致基肥N₂O排放峰值出现时间从第8～13天延迟到第28～32天,并且显著降低了其N₂O排放峰值,所有处理追水溶肥后均在3～5天出现N₂O排放峰值,而控释氮肥与水溶肥配施降低了此阶段N₂O排放峰值。相同氮肥施用量条件下,控释氮肥与水溶肥配施显著降低了基肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,降低了追肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,显著降低了番茄生长季土壤NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量与微生物功能基因AOA amoA、AOB amoA和nirK数量,降低了nirS数量。与U处理相比,CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,生长季土壤N₂O累积排放量减少了24.8%,差异显著,同时显著降低了N₂O排放强度;与–20%U处理相比,–20%CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,N₂O累积排放量减少了22.1%,亦显著降低了N₂O排放强度 (P < 0.05)。【结论】在常规用氮量和减氮20%用量下,以缓释氮肥代替尿素基施,不仅可显著增加番茄的产量和效益,还显著推迟了番茄生长初期N₂O释放高峰的出现,减少了整个生育期N₂O的排放强度和累积排放量。其主要原因在于缓释氮肥有效控制了土壤中NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量的变化,进而减少了与硝化和反硝化相关的微生物数量。在使用缓释肥做基肥时,适当减少氮肥投入不会降低番茄的产量。     

施氮方式与添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂对稻季NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响

【目的】分析施肥方式及添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂对稻田NH₃挥发和N₂O排放的影响,基于稻田NH₃和N₂O减排的效果评价优化施肥措施的可行性。【方法】在太湖地区开展为期两年的稻季田间小区试验,供试脲酶抑制剂为N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂为对羟基苯丙酸甲酯(MHPP),用量为施氮量的1%。设置6个处理：1)不施氮肥对照(CK);2)表施尿素N 300 kg/hm² (当地常规施肥,CN);3)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²(RNB);4)尿素N 225 kg/hm²,50%表施,50%深施(RND);5)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP(RNB+DI);6)尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP,50%表施,50%深施(RND+DI)。每次施肥后两周内,用密闭式抽气法监测稻田NH₃挥发,在水稻生育期内用静态箱—气相色谱法监测稻田N...     

施氮量对海南燥红壤和砖红壤N2O/CO2排放的影响

利用室内培养实验,分析燥红壤和砖红壤中分别施加N0（不添加氮素）、N1（氮添加量为100mg·kg⁻¹）、N2（氮添加量为200mg·kg⁻¹）和N3（氮添加量为300mg.kg⁻¹）4个水平氮后对土壤性质及N₂O、CO₂排放的影响。结果表明：氮肥添加显著降低了土壤pH和有机碳含量。相较于N0,燥红壤N1、N2和N3处理pH和有机碳降幅分别为8%～18%和4%～12%,砖红壤降幅分别为5%～23%和3%～15%;添加氮肥后各处理土壤全氮含量显著增加,燥红壤和砖红壤分别增加15%～54%和13%～52%。氮施入增加了土壤NH₄⁺−N和NO₃⁻−N含量,各处理土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均表现为N3>N2>N1>N0。氮添加促进土壤N₂O和CO₂排放,相较于N0,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂累积排放量分别增加1176%～2425%和124%～281%,砖红壤分别增加1054%～1887%和138%～256%。施氮量和土壤类型是影响农田土壤N₂O和CO₂排放的重要因素。土壤N₂O和CO₂排放与施氮量呈线性显著相关,减少施肥是降低土壤N₂O排放最直接和最有效的措施。与砖红壤相比,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂排放对氮素添加的响应更敏感。     

Absorption and transport of Na and Cl in rice cultivars differing in their tolerance to salinity: An examination of the effects of ammonium and potassium salts

The absorption and transport of Na and Cl from 0.1 mM and 10 mM ²²Na labelled NaCl or ³⁶Cl labelled KCl were examined in 15 days old seedlings of 3 cultivars of rice differing in their tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm (N)₂S on their uptake were studied. It was found that in general, the salt‐tolerant cultivars BR and PNL‐1 absorbed more Na and translocated a lesser proportion of it to the shoot, compared to the salt‐sensitive IR‐8, from 0.1 mM NaCl. The presence of (N)₂S reduced the uptake of Na in all the cultivars. It was also found that the presence of 100 ppm K, KN or NNreduced Na absorption from 0.1 mM NaCl significantly in all the cultivars, and the translocation to shoot in BR‐ Chloride transport from 0.1 mM NaCl was reduced by (N)₂S in all the cultivars. The 3 cultivars differed significantly in the rates of absorption and transport of Na and Cl. The results indicate that PNL‐1 which is a cross of IR‐8 X BR, has inherited the salt tolerance trait from BR. Lower rates of Na translocation to the shoot can be used as an index of salt tolerance in rice.     

An examination of the total analysis of major elements in soil samples

Recently conventional chemical analyses were mostly replaced by instrumental analysis. Although results from both methods were examined in details after the samples had been solubilized or extracted by appropriate techniques, the solubilization method was considerably altered so as to be convenient for the following analysis. In atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), for example, fusion technique was mostly inadequate because of the higher salts concentration in the obtained solution. The use of H₂SO₄ must also be avoided in acid digestion for SO₄ ^2- precipitates with Sr²⁺ or La³⁺ which must be added to eliminate interferences in the succeeding procedure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the whole scheme including sample treatments to evaluate the suitability of instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the suitability of the methods which have been employed in our laboratory was examined by analyzing 9 rock standards.     

Availability and extractability of soil manganese in a liming experiment

Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂, CH₃COONH₄, hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄ as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂ and CH₃COONH₄‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.     

Plant canopy effects on litter accumulation and soil microbial biomass in two temperate forests

The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in canopy structure and litter composition affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in oak versus mixed fir-beech stands. Mean litter biomass was greater in mixed fir-beech stands (51.9t ha⁻¹) compared to oak stands (15.7t ha⁻¹). Canopy leaf area was also significantly larger in mixed stands (1.96m² m⁻²) than in oak stands (1.73m² m⁻²). Soil organic carbon (C _org) and moisture were greater in mixed fir-beech stands, probably as a result of increased cover. Soil microbial biomass carbon (C _mic), nitrogen (N _mic), and total soil nitrogen (N _tot) increased slightly in the mixed stand, although this difference was not significant. Overall, mixed stands showed a higher mean C _org/N _tot ratio (22.73) compared to oak stands (16.39), indicating relatively low rate of carbon mineralization. In addition, the percentage of organic C present as C _mic in the surface soil decreased from 3.17% in the oak stand to 2.26% in the mixed stand, suggesting that fir-beech litter may be less suitable as a microbial substrate than oak litter.     

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM AN ALKALINE SALINE SOIL CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND AMENDED WITH ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED COW MANURE: A GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT

Sludge derived from cow manure anaerobically digested to produce biogas (methane; CH₄) was applied to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in a nutrient-low, alkaline, saline soil with electrolytic conductivity 9.4 dS m^?1 and pH 9.3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission increased 3.1 times when sludge was applied to soil, 1.6 times when cultivated with maize and 3.5 times in sludge-amended maize cultivated soil compared to the unamended uncultivated soil (1.51 mg C kg^?1 soil day^?1). Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from unamended soil was -0.0004 μg nitrogen (N) kg^?1 soil day^?1 and similar from soil cultivated with maize (0.27 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1). Application of sludge increased the N₂O emission to 4.59 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1, but cultivating this soil reduced it to 2.42 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1. It was found that application of anaerobic digested cow manure stimulated maize development in an alkaline saline soil and increased emissions of CO₂ and N₂O.     

Comparative study on effective and ineffective nodules of leguminous plants

It is well known that nitrogen fixation is mainly dependent upon the combination between rhizobial strain and host plant species, though it is also affected by the environmental condition. The site of association between the host and rhizobia is the root nodule. It is, therefore, quite natural that special attention has hitherto been focused on it. A typical symbiotic relationship is going on in effective nodule, while a parasitic relationship prevails in ineffective one. Between such types of nodules there must be some differences with respect to the inner structure as well as the metabolism in them. Experiments were made to compare the morphological change of rhizobia, the amount and distribution of starch, the kinds of free amino acids in effective nodule with those in ineffective one. To obtain materials, soybean, pea, red clover, and genge (Astragalus sinicus L.) Were used with their own effective and ineffective strains of rhizobia, respectively.     

陕西省几种代表性土壤NH4+吸附、解吸动力学特征研究

采用连续液流法测定了五种土壤吸附、解吸ＮＨ＾＋４的动力学性质。研究表明：（１）ＮＨ＾＋４吸附、解吸平衡时间及反应速率，平衡时的吸附、解吸量及吸附平衡常数均随土壤粘粒和ＣＥＣ不同而变化；（２）不同动力学模型及同一模型对不同土壤的拟合性不同。     

Denitrification potential in a grassland subsoil: effect of carbon substrates

We examined the potential of a subsoil to denitrify nitrate under optimal anaerobic conditions in a laboratory-based incubation when supplied with a range of C substrates of increasing recalcitrance. Both topsoil and its associated subsoil were supplied with nitrate and either glucose, starch or cellulose. Microbial respiration and the evolution of N₂O and N₂ were measured. The subsoil supported low amounts of microbial activity and responded only to the glucose treatment; with less than one-fifth of the N₂O production measured in the top soil. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the denitrification potential of this particular subsoil is relatively low and that only simple carbohydrates could be utilised readily by the resident microorganisms.     

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of upland black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior Alaska

Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO₂ flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO₂ flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO₂ flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO₂ flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH₄ uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH₄ uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N₂O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N₂O-N m^?2 h^?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.