Relationship between spring triticale physiological traits and productivity changes as affected by different N rates

There is still a lack of knowledge about the physiological traits of spring triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm.) and their relationship with grain yield and protein content under the conditions of the environmental Zone Nemoral 2. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among the physiological indices, grain yield and protein content as affected by nitrogen (N) rates. The correlation among leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll index (SPAD), canopy greenness index (CGI), leaf area duration (LAD) and grain yield as well as direct and indirect effects of those traits on the yield were investigated using a path analysis. Grain yield, protein content and physiological indices were significantly (P?≤?.01) affected by N fertilization. N₉₀ level was the best compromise for the yield and physiological indices. The interaction of all physiological indices influenced the grain yield by 27–39%, protein by 42–44%. SPAD and LAI had greater influence on grain yield and grain protein than CGI and LAD. SPAD had positive direct dominant (the highest) effect on the yield only at BBCH 59 and BBCH 69 (50% of the tested cases). LAI was responsible for 19–39% of the correlation between yield and physiological indices. The physiological indices can be used for spring triticale growth modelling and agronomic management for improved productivity and grain quality. SPAD and LAI values, established at BBCH 45–69, can be used for grain yield prediction and those estimated at BBCH 69 can be used for grain protein prediction.

Abbreviations BBCH: Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (decimal system for a uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of all mono- and dicotyledonous plant species); CGI: canopy greenness index; GS: growth stage; LAD: leaf area duration; LAI: leaf area index; SPAD: chlorophyll index (soil plant analysis development)     

Allelopathic potential of bread wheat helps in suppressing the littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) at its varying densities

In this 2-year field study, we investigated the allelopathic effects of three wheat cultivars (Shafaq-06, Faisalabad-08 and Sehar-06) against different density levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 plants m^?2) of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.). Crop was sown on 1 and 3 December during 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 cropping seasons, respectively. The results showed that wheat cultivar Shafaq-06 produced more phenolic compounds at all density levels of littleseed canarygrass during both years, which caused more inhibition of littleseed canarygrass growth. More suppressive advantage of cultivar Shafaq-06 against littleseed canarygrass was responsible for its better morphological and yield related traits, and grain yield than cultivars Faisalabad-08 and Sehar-06. Among the tested cultivars, cultivar Sehar-06 had minimum allelopathic potential in suppressing littleseed canarygrass. In crux, Shafaq-06 possesses allelopathic potential to suppress littleseed canarygrass and may be used for breeding future wheat cultivars with high allelopathic activity for better weed suppression.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on zinc absorption and translocation in winter wheat

Zinc (Zn) deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake is a global nutritional problem, so increasing Zn concentrations in crops is a challenging and high-priority research task. A field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on Zn absorption and translocation in winter wheat during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 crop seasons, in Xinzheng City, Henan Province, China. N was applied at four levels (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha^?1) and Zn was applied at two levels (15 and 30 kg zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO_4·7H₂O) ha^?1]. The results indicated that reasonable N application increased grain yield, total Zn accumulations, and Zn concentrations of each plant part of winter wheat. Furthermore, appropriate N application increased Zn distribution proportions in grains and decreased Zn distribution proportions in roots, stems, leaves, and spikes, and enhanced Zn removal from roots, stems, leaves, and spikes to grains. Meanwhile, reasonable N combined with higher Zn application had a better effect on Zn absorption and Zn translocation to grain of winter wheat. The results suggested that suitable quantity of N fertilizer combined with higher Zn application is an important measure to obtain both higher grain yield and grain Zn concentration in winter wheat production.     

Late spring nitrogen applications on wheat on a poorly drained soil

Many of the poorly drained clayey soils of the Mississippi River delta region in Arkansas are used for soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Oftentimes, excessive rainfall occurs between the last N application and physiological maturity, resulting in soil conditions conducive to denitrification. Studies were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate late N applications on five wheat cultivars on a Sharkey silty clay (very fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertic Haplaquepts) at Keiser, AR. A linear‐move irrigation system was used to maintain excessive soil moisture conditions throughout the spring growing season to best insure denitrification conditions. After the recommended spring N was applied, N as urea was applied at rates of 0, 34, and 68 kg ha^‐1 at growth stage (GS) 9 in 1989 and GS 10 in 1990. Ammonium nitrate was also evaluated at the 34 kg N ha^‐1 rate. Grain yield, yield components, whole‐plant N concentration, grain N content, and whole‐plant N uptake were evaluated. Grain yield increased each year with late N applications. The optimum N rate was 34 kg ha^‐1 with no difference between the N sources, urea and ammonium nitrate. The yield component accounting for this grain yield increase were kernels per spike in 1989 and kernel weight and kernels per spike in 1990. Whole plant N concentration increased each year and grain N content increased in 1990 with the late N application. The N sources affected N nutrition similarly.     

氮素形态对强筋和中筋小麦产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究不同氮素形态对强筋和中筋小麦植株生长、籽粒蛋白质含量及产量的影响,为选择适宜氮肥种类、提高氮素利用率提供科学依据.[方法]选用强筋小麦'藁优2018'和中筋小麦'济麦22'在河北邢台进行田间试验.在相同施氮量下,设置5个氮源处理:不施氮肥(CK)、酰胺态氮肥(Urea)、铵态氮肥(NH4+-N)、硝态氮肥(...     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and irrigation on quality characteristics in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In order to evaluate irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilization on quality characteristics of wheat cultivars, a field experiment was carried out using split-plot factorial design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Quchan, Iran (2010–2012). Main plots were assigned with four irrigation regimes; I1, 90 mm; I2, 130 mm; I3, 170 mm based on evaporation from a class A pan; and I4, water deficit stress during post-anthesis stage; sub-plots were assigned with four levels of nitrogen (N1, 0; N2, 70; N3, 140; and N4, 210 kg ha^?1); and three wheat cultivars (V1, Mihan; V2, C-87-6; and V3, C-87-11) were used as factorial. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization increased some quality characteristics. Under water deficit (I4), gluten index, grain protein content, grain yield, and sedimentation volume decreased. Significant interactions between irrigation regimes and both nitrogen levels and cultivars were observed.     

Yield and protein quality of five soft red winter wheat cultivars as affected by nitrogen fertilization rate

Abstract

This study reports the relationship between N levels (22, 56 and 112 kg/ha) and its effect on yield and protein quality for five cultivars of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). The objective was to determine the relationship of amino acid content and total protein at various levels of N. The 56 and 112 kg N/ha rates resulted in higher wheat yields than the 22 kg N rate over the 3 yr. mean. A cultivar x N level interaction for yield occurred when certain cultivars did not respond to higher N rates in 1972. Total seed protein increased with each increase in If. Increasing N levels generally resulted in a higher amlno acid content of the seed. Cultivar effects were found for 6 of the 17 amino acids (threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine and lysine) indicating that cultivars differed in total amino acid content. Cultivars Arthur and Holley gave the greatest response (percentage amino acid) to N application. Coker 68–8 was intermediate in response while Coker 68–15 and Blueboy showed small inconsistent responses to H application.     

江淮历代冬小麦主栽品种生产力与氮肥效率的比较

于2007～2009年在江苏省丹阳市,以江淮地区20世纪50年代至今冬小麦代表性主栽品种为材料,设置两个氮肥水平,研究该区冬小麦生产力与氮肥效率的变化特征.结果显示,冬小麦生物学产量随年代变迁呈现递减趋势,低氮水平下1980年之前品种的生物量显著高于1980年之后的品种.冬小麦籽粒产量呈现递增趋势,高氮水平下1980年之前品种的籽粒产量明显低于1980年之后的品种.1980年之前品种的生产力对氮肥的响应不明显,而1980年之后品种的生产力则随施氮量增加而明显提高.1980～1990s品种与2000s品种之间的生物量与籽粒产量差异均不显著.低氮水平下,不同年代品种间的茎叶氮含量、籽粒氮含量、地上植株氮积累量、籽粒氮积累量和氮偏生产力无明显变化趋势;高氮水平下,上述各氮指标均随年代变迁而呈现递增趋势,尤其是植株氮积累总量和氮偏生产力显著提高.1980～1990s品种的各氮指标与2000 s品种的相应指标之间无明显变化趋势.冬小麦品种的演变过程是遗传改良与氮肥施用增加的互促过程,现代品种在高氮水平下呈现出增产优势.     

Diazotroph community structure and abundance in wheat–fallow and wheat–pea crop rotations

Biological input of nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere by free-living diazotrophs can help alleviate fertilizer use in agricultural systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of N fertilizer and winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop on the community structure and abundance of free-living diazotrophs in a two year study of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) no-till production system in Eastern Oregon, USA. Based on quantification of the nifH gene, diazotroph abundance was strongly influenced by plant species and the crop year in which the soil samples were collected. A greater amount of nifH copies was recovered in 2012 compared to 2011 either as copies per gram soil or normalized to the abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The quantity of genes was greater under pea than wheat in 2012 although no difference was observed in the preceding year. The nifH gene abundance was positively correlated to ammonium concentration in 2011 and bacterial abundance in 2012. Nitrogen application did not influence diazotroph abundance in the top 0–5 cm; however the abundance was reduced by application at the lower 5–10 cm depth under wheat crop. The diazotroph community structure appeared to be influenced more by N fertilization rather than plant species with the exception of wheat in 2012. Changes in the community structure over the two years were greater for fertilized than unfertilized soil. Collectively, these data suggest that year-to-year variability had a greater influence on diazotroph communities rather than specific parameters of plant species, fertilization, total N, total organic C, or soil pH. Multi-year studies are necessary to define the specific drivers of diazotroph abundance, community structure and function.     

不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为了解氮素对冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程的影响,2010~2011年在河南温县试验基地进行田间试验,供试品种为平安8号和豫麦49-198(分别用PA-8和YM49-198表示),在120、180、240、360 kg·hm-24个施氮水平(分别用N120、N180、N240、N360表示)下,研究不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征参数的影响。结果表明:施氮显著增加粒重并具有增产效应,施氮增加粒重的原因主要是延长活跃灌浆期和增加灌浆速率。适宜施氮量对增加快增期的灌浆天数效果显著,两个品种N240处理快增期对最终粒重的贡献率达到了58%,而且提高了灌浆后期的灌浆速率,N180和N240处理表现为明显高于其他处理。说明氮素具有调节灌浆速率、灌浆活跃生长期及灌浆3期划分的作用,提高粒重效果明显。     

强筋和中筋小麦氮肥适宜基追比例研究

  【目的】  研究不同氮肥基追比例对小麦籽粒蛋白组分、氮素利用效率和产量的影响,为黑龙港流域小麦高效施用氮肥提供理论依据。  【方法】  以济麦22和藁优2018为供试品种进行了2年小麦田间试验。以不施氮肥(N₀)为对照,在等氮肥用量条件下设氮肥基追比3∶7 (N_3:7)、4∶6 (N_4:6)、5∶5 (N_5:5)和6∶4 (N_6:4) 4个处理,氮肥追施在拔节期随灌溉一起进行。分析小麦生长关键时期的植株干物质和氮素积累量、籽粒总蛋白质含量及蛋白组分含量、氮肥效率和籽粒产量。  【结果】  随氮肥基追比例的提升,两小麦品种的植株干物质和氮素积累量均呈先增后减的趋势。随生育期的推进,两小麦品种的植株干物质积累速率呈先升后降的趋势,而氮素积累速率呈“升―降―升”的趋势。拔节至挑旗期是小麦干物质和氮素积累的主要阶段,至成熟期藁优2018和济麦22分别以N_4:6和N_5:5处理的干物质和氮素积累量最高。N_4:6处理的藁优2018具有最高的籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白含量,籽粒总蛋白质含量较其他处理显著增加3.66%～10.76%,籽粒产量是其他处理的1.07～1.13倍,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥回收率和氮肥农学效率均显著提升。N_5:5处理的济麦22籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白质含量分别较其他处理高2.55%～4.78%、4.11%～16.92%、3.42%～10.39%、1.35%～10.32%和2.95%～10.06%,籽粒产量是其他氮肥处理的1.03～1.08倍,氮肥回收率显著增加。在挑旗—成熟期,藁优2018的氮素积累速率与济麦22相比较高,籽粒蛋白组分含量较济麦22高出1.17%～5.72%;而济麦22各氮肥处理的籽粒产量比藁优2018增加5.4%～15.21%。  【结论】  满足小麦氮素积累特性的氮肥基追比有利于小麦的高产优质。中筋小麦 (济麦22) 品种在挑旗至成熟期氮素积累速率变小,氮肥基追比为5∶5较为适宜,而强筋小麦 (藁优2018) 品种氮素积累速率大,氮肥基追比提高到4∶6,可以促进小麦高产和增加蛋白含量。     

Does Lupinus angustifolius L. need sulfur fertilization under central European conditions?

In order to answer the question of whether narrow‐leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) needs sulfur (S) fertilization under central European conditions, field trials were carried out at several sites in Germany on long‐term (> 10 years) organically cultivated arable land from 2012 to 2014. The effect of S‐containing fertilizers kieserite, gypsum, epsom salt, and elemental sulfur on S accumulation, yield, yield structure, and nitrogen (N) accumulation in narrow leaf lupin as well as the recovery of fertilized S was investigated. Under the given conditions, the fertilization did not influence seed yields. The S accumulation in shoots ranged from 11.8 kg ha^?1 to 14.1 kg ha^?1. The bulk of the absorbed S was accumulated in the straw (average S harvest index: 0.40). The N : S ratio in the youngest open leaf at BBCH 60–65 was about 20 and the corresponding S concentration was 0.24% in the leaf dry mass. The apparent recovery efficiency of S (RE) of kieserite, gypsum, and epsom salt, whose S form is generally plant‐available, was low with 4.0%, –2.1%, and 6.6%, respectively. The S requirement of the lupin was obviously completely filled by plant‐available S from the soil as well as atmospheric S deposition in all tested environments. Application of kieserite, gypsum, and epsom salt resulted in a partially significant increase in S concentration of seeds and straw, and also partly significantly narrowed the N : S ratios in the plants but did not increase yield. Application of elemental S did not lead to an increase in plant S concentration in the year of application.     

Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

Grain yield,growth response,and water use efficiency of direct wet-seeded rice as affected by nitrogen rates under alternate wetting and drying irrigation system

ABSTRACT

The present investigation aimed to determine the effectiveness of different nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield, growth, and water use efficiencies of direct wet-seeded rice and to create a relationship of N rates with growth parameters and dry matter production at different stages. The experiments compared six rates of nitrogen (0, 40,80,120,160, and 200 kg ha^–1N) replicated thrice in randomized complete block design in two conjunctive years of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute farm, Gazipur.The highest grain yield of 7.85 and 7.22 t ha^?1 was observed in N₂₀₀ treatment in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. The relationship (R²) of total dry matter with leaf area index , leaf area duration, and crop growth rate indicated strong association during booting stage to achieved maximum dry matter during harvest. Water use efficiency varied 87–91% in different N levels.     

Content and uptake of phosphorus and copper by spring wheat: Effect of environment,genotype, and management

Copper (Cu) deficiency in grain crops grown on the Canadian Prairie has increased recently, while nearly 50% of the soils have low available phosphorus (P) levels. This study was conducted to quantify the variation in Cu and P uptake among some common Canadian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars due to the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and the environment. The effects of N fertilizer application at 0,50, and 100 kg N ha^‐1 and seeding in early May or mid‐May on the P and Cu contents of four wheat cultivars were determined in an experiment conducted over two years at Fort Vermilion (58°24'N, 116°0’ W). Cultivar and N fertilizer produced similar variances in P concentration. Phosphorus uptake was increased by N fertilizer, but was not affected by the cultivars tested. Nitrogen fertilizer produced four times as much variability in Cu concentration and uptake as did the effect of genotypes. Date of sowing within the recommended time frame had no effect on plant P and Cu contents. There was no treatment interaction effect on plant P or Cu content. In a second experiment, situated near Grande Prairie (55°10'N, 118°48'W) and conducted over two years, P and Cu uptake and concentrations were determined for 10 agronomically diverse spring wheat cultivars. The range was 1.2‐ to 1.4‐fold for P and 1.5‐ to 1.7‐fold for Cu concentration. Plant Cu, but not plant P, was correlated with grain yield (r=0.64 to 0.86), suggesting that either varietal differences in Cu uptake may affect yield or prior selection for yield may have resulted in the selection for Cu‐efficient plants as well. Environmental, i.e., site‐year, effects on plant P, and particularly Cu concentrations, were larger than the varietal effects in both studies. These studies indicate that selection of Canadian wheat cultivars should be based on their yield potential rather than their efficiency in Cu or P uptake since crop nutrition can be more readily managed by optimal fertilization.     

Soil nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat affected by straw management and nitrogen application in the Yangtze river basin of China

Straw incorporation is a useful management practice in sustainable agricultural systems to improve soil fertility and to reduce air pollution from straw burning. A three-year field experiment was conducted under two rice straw managements and four nitrogen (N) application rates in Rugao, China during 2010–2013, to examine whether straw management practices integrated with fertilizer N applications affect crop yield, N balance and N use efficiency in the wheat season of rice-wheat cropping systems. The results showed that straw incorporation had positive effects on plant N uptake and grain yield. This may be attributed to the greater soil water content and lower amount of seasonal rainfall. However, straw incorporation resulted in lower soil inorganic N and more N surplus at the early growth stage. Grain yield had a significant relation with wheat N uptake from sowing to jointing and from jointing to anthesis with straw incorporation. Therefore, our results suggest that in adjusting the ratio of basal and topdressing N fertilizer, it is important for the supply of optimum N to the crop and to maintain grain production with straw incorporation.     

春季施氮方式对小麦子粒灌浆的调控及其生理机制

以河北平原区主栽品种石新733和石麦12为材料,研究了春季节水灌溉条件下,等氮量下春季不同追施方式对小麦子粒灌浆特性的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,在适宜追氮量条件下,与拔节初期一次施氮处理（SF）相比,拔节初期和挑旗期两次施氮（DF）使灌浆期间强、弱势子粒的玉米素（Z）+玉米素核苷（ZR）含量、体积、鲜重和干重增加,但以弱势花子粒的增加幅度较大。DF提高了灌浆期间植株上位叶的可溶蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和叶绿素含量,增加了灌浆期间的单茎绿叶面积和叶／粒比值;使成熟期供试品种的千粒重、单株穗粒重和抗旱性强的品种石麦12 产量均显著增加,表明春季分次施氮具有改善小麦子粒灌浆和增产的作用。研究还表明,分次施氮增大子粒库容和改善子粒灌浆特性与氮素后移增加子粒的Z+ZR含量有关。植株光合和群体质量的改善是分次施氮下供试品种强弱势子粒,尤其是弱势子粒粒重增加的重要生理基础;施氮方式对不同抗旱性小麦品种光合特性和子粒灌浆的调控效应有所不同。     

Comparisons among cultivars of wheat,hulless and hulled oats: Dry matter,N and P accumulation and partitioning as affected by N supply

A better understanding of the impact of fertilizer nitrogen (N) on biomass and N accumulation, and their partitioning into different plant components is needed to optimize crop yield and quality. A field experiment with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), hulless (Avena nuda), and hulled (Avena sativa) oats was conducted for 3 years in Ottawa, ON, Canada, to determine the crop responses to N addition (0, 75, and 150 kg N ha^–1). Biomass, N, and phosphorus (P) accumulation and partitioning into different plant components were examined during the growth season. Lodging score was determined for all crops when it occurred and again at harvest. During the growth season, both hulless and hulled oats and the wheat cultivar showed almost similar patterns of N and P accumulation with maximum contents at late grain filling or at harvest. Plant N concentration was up to 60 g kg^–1 during the seedling stage, decreased gradually with advancing growth stages, and was lowest at harvest. Nitrogen treatments significantly increased plant N and P contents. At heading stage, N treatments enhanced dry matter (24%–45%), N (35%–135%), and P (27%–45%) contents in plant components (i.e., culm, leaf, and head), but also enhanced crop lodging, especially in oats. Both hulled and hulless oats had higher total plant N (5%–35%), N : P ratio, and dry‐matter content in leaf (6%–43%) and head (0%–129%) along with higher P (up to 27%) in culm than the wheat cultivar. The wheat cultivar accumulated greater dry matter and higher N content in kernels than both hulled and hulless oats at harvest. Both hulled and hulless oat cultivars exhibited similar lodging susceptibility to N addition (75 or 150 kg N ha^–1), produced lower dry weight and lower kernel N, and hence lower grain yield than the wheat cultivar. The larger vegetative dry‐matter accumulation at heading coupled with higher P content in culms under high‐N‐supply conditions may be related to severe lodging in oat cultivars.     

Early season nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat

Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is widely used as a winter cover crop to conserve soil residual nitrogen (N) in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. Cereal rye, however, has agronomic drawbacks that may make other winter small grain crops more desirable alternatives. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a small grain that could substitute for cereal rye as a cover crop because it would give growers the flexibility of using it as a cover crop or growing it to maturity. There is currently little information on early season N accumulation of winter wheat cultivars, which is critical for the success of a small grain cover crop. To determine the degree of variation in early season N accumulation and early season biomass yield in soft red winter wheat in the mid‐Atlantic region, twenty‐five commercially available cultivars were evaluated at Beltsville, MD in the 1996/1997 and 1997/1998 growing seasons. Acereal rye cultivar ("Wheeler") was included as a cover crop control. Samples of plant tissue were taken at Feekes growth stage 5 and at physiological maturity each year. There were significant differences among cultivars for early season N accumulation and biomass yield. A large group of wheat cultivars had similar early season N accumulation and biomass yield as the cereal rye cover crop control. This suggests that some cultivars of winter wheat may be as effective as cereal rye as a winter cover crop. Early season N accumulation was highly correlated (r=0.90***) with early season biomass yield rather than with plant N content. These results indicate that soft red winter wheat has potential as a dual grain and cover crop and could be considered an alternative to cereal rye as a winter cover crop for conserving residual soil nitrogen in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States.     

基于15N标记的干旱区滴灌肥料氮的去向和效益研究

【目的】采用¹⁵N示踪法,研究滴灌肥料氮与土壤氮素的转化和去向以及在土壤中的残留分布,为新疆滴灌春小麦氮肥优化管理提供科学依据。【方法】试验于2019年在石河子大学农学院试验站进行,供试春小麦材料为强筋型‘新春38’(XC38)和中筋型‘新春49’(XC49)。试验设7个施氮(N)水平：300、285、270、255、240、225和0 kg/hm²,分别记作N300、N285、N270、N255、N240、N225和N0处理。每个试验小区内,安装未封底的PVC管(直径11 cm,高65 cm),管内施用与该处理等量的¹⁵N标记尿素。于小麦成熟期,测定PVC管内植株样品与土壤样品中的¹⁵N丰度,同时在小区内测定产量,计算氮素利用效率。【结果】两品种春小麦吸收的氮素来自肥料的比例为30.49%～36.06%,对土壤氮的依赖程度在60%以上。随着氮肥施用量的降低,对土壤氮的依赖程度逐渐增加。¹⁵N标记氮肥在土壤中的总残留率为24.05%～31.60%,主要集中在0—40cm土层,土...