广州地区茶树根际线虫的调查与鉴定

经对广州、从化茶树根际线虫的调查结果显示 ,广州地区茶树根际有 6种寄生线虫 :粗筛纹垫刃线虫(Coslenchus costatus)、双角螺旋线虫 (Helicotvlenchus dignonicus)、加利福尼亚螺旋线虫 (H .californicus)、厄萨拉斯螺旋线虫 (H .exallus)、双宫螺旋线虫 (H .dihystera)和生根真滑刃线虫 (Aphelenchus radicicolus)。记述了它们的形态鉴定特征、线虫标本采集地和其生物习性及分布。茶树是粗筛纹垫刃线虫、加利福尼亚螺旋线虫、厄萨拉斯螺旋线虫和生根真滑刃线虫的新寄主记录     

肾状线虫属重要种类的鉴定和特征描述

记述了目前世界上认可的肾状线虫属(Rotylenchulus sp.)已知的10个种的重要鉴定特征、世界分布和寄主范围。这10个种包括越南肾状线虫(R.anamictus)、短管肾状线虫(R.brevitubulus)、北方贝肾状线虫(R.borea-lis)、短尾肾状线虫(R.clavicaudatus)、离异肾状线虫(R.leptus)、大囊肾状线虫(R.macrodoratus)、长肾状线虫(R.macrosoma)、微小肾状线虫(R.parvus)、肾形肾状线虫(R.reniformis)和甘蔗肾状线虫(R.sacchari)。并对其最具经济意义的两种线虫的特征进行了描述。     

中国4省(区)葡萄根际剑线虫属和针线虫属种类的鉴定

从中国广西、陕西、山东、宁夏4省(区)36个葡萄品种的230份葡萄根际土样中鉴定出4种剑线虫和1种针线虫,分别为Xiphinema americanum,X.insigne,X.hunaniese,X.elongatum和Paratylenchus audriellus. ,其中X.elongatum为葡萄上的新记录种;P.audriellus在中国属首次记录,葡萄为其新寄主植物。     

生物熏蒸用于治理蔬菜根结线虫病的研究

将甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)、芥菜(B.juncea)和雪里蕻(B.junceavar.multiceps)的叶及芥菜疙瘩(B.napifor-mis)的块根组织以3.5 kg/m²的量分别施入密封于棉纱缸中的严重感染根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的土壤中,在25℃和32℃下熏蒸6 d后对活体线虫的测定结果表明,在25℃下用上述4种材料熏蒸后活体线虫数量分别比对照减少80%、85%、87%和91%。32℃下的熏蒸效果明显优于25℃下的熏蒸效果,各处理土壤中均未发现活体线虫,而无处理对照土壤中的活体线虫数量为1 540条/kg土壤。对各类添加物增效作用的调查结果表明,添加麦麸的增效作用最明显。田间试验结果表明,植物材料单独或与添加物混合使用对根结线虫病的防效均显著高于太阳能和土壤还原消毒法的防效。其中芥菜添加麦麸在开花期和盛果期的防效分别为65.2%和66.0%,与对照药剂98%棉隆可湿性粉剂的防效无显著差异;各植物材料熏蒸效果大小依次为芥菜>雪里蕻>芥菜疙瘩>甘蓝。     

新疆果树寄生线虫新记录属、种记述

通过对新疆北部和东部主要果品产地果树寄生线虫种类的调查和鉴定 ,发现新平滑垫刃属 (Neopsilenchus Thorne&;Malek ,)、小环线虫属 (Criconemella de Grisse&;Loof,)、杆垫刃属 (Rhabdotylenchus Xie,Feng ,Li&;Yin ,)及广东杆垫刃线虫 (R guangdongensis Xie,Feng,Li&;Yin ,)、剑针属 (Xiphidorus Monteiro)及萨拉弟尔剑针线虫 (X. saladillenis Chaves&;Coomans,)、钩状垫刃线虫 (Tylenchus hamatus Thorna and Malek ,)、普通丝尾垫刃线虫 [Filenchu svulgaris (Brzeski)Lowmsberyet Lownsbery]、阿布那玛螺旋线虫 (Helicotylenchus abunaami Siddiqi,)、裂片盘旋线虫 (Rotylenchus lobatus Filipjev,)为新疆主要果树上寄生线虫的新记录属和新记录种。     

昆明市白车轴草上蓟马种群动态调查

对昆明市白车轴草上蓟马种类及其周年种群动态进行了调查。白车轴草上蓟马主要有西花蓟马(Fran-kliniella occidentalis)、丽花蓟马(F.intonsa)、八节黄蓟马(Thrips flavidulus)、端大蓟马(Megalurothrips distalis)、稻单管蓟马(Haplothrips aculeatus)和烟蓟马(T.tabaci),有时会出现黄胸蓟马(T.hawaiiensis)、玉米黄呆蓟马(Anaphothrips obscurus)、苏丹呆蓟马(A.sudanensis)和云南纹蓟马(Aeolothrips yunnanensis)。本文分析了前6种蓟马的周年种群动态,重点阐述了外来有害生物西花蓟马,该虫主要在3~6月发生,是此期间白车轴草上的蓟马优势种。     

玉米地昆虫及捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究

南宁市郊玉米地害虫、捕食性昆虫、蜘蛛及中性昆虫由90科315种组成,害虫、蜘蛛及捕食性昆虫是玉米地节肢动物群落组成及功能作用的主要群落。禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)、玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、六斑月瓢虫(Menochilus sexmaculata)、龟纹瓢虫(Propylaea japonica)、食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)、锥腹肖蛸(Tetragnatha maxillosa)、八斑鞘腹蛛(Coleosoma octomaculatum)、类奇异獾蛛(Trochosa ruricoloides)和脉娲蛛(Wadicosa fidelis)等是群落的主体。分析了4个亚群落的时空格局及数量变动规律以及天敌对害虫的控制作用。     

南京地区夏大豆田蚜虫的消长与大豆花叶病毒(SMV)病的流行

南京地区夏大豆田的定殖蚜虫主要是大豆蚜(Aphis glycines)。1987和1988两年黄皿共诱到29种蚜虫,其中以大豆蚜数量最多,是传播SMV的主要介体,其他介体蚜虫有:绣线菊蚜(A.citricola),豆蚜(A.craccivora)、棉蚜(A.gossypii)、萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)、桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)、麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)和二叶草彩斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii)。1987年蚜虫迁飞峰出现在大豆花期以前,2周后田间出现发病高峰,SMV发病增长率与蚜虫迁飞量呈显著的线性正相关(P<0.01);1988年蚜虫迁飞峰发生在大豆花期以后,其迁飞量与SMV的流行无显著线性相关(P>0.05)。     

青海省海东地区小麦赤霉病致病菌种及致病性研究

1993～1995年在青海海东地区采集1005个麦类赤霉病标样 ,鉴定结果表明其分别属于镰刀菌属的 7个种 ,其中禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)出现频率为54.3% ,接骨木镰刀菌 (F .sambucinum)出现频率为19.3% ,锐顶镰刀菌(F .acuminatum)、燕麦镰刀菌(F .avenaceum)和黄色镰刀菌(F .culmorum)出现频率均为6.5%,三线镰刀菌(F .tricinctum)和茄病镰刀菌(F .solani)为3.2%。对小麦穗部致病力测定结果 ,禾谷镰刀菌为“强” ,接骨木镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌为“中-强” ,三线镰刀菌为“弱-中” ,黄色镰刀菌、锐顶镰刀菌和燕麦镰刀菌为“弱”     

云杉落针病测报技术研究

在舟曲沙滩林场设立固定标准地,进行云杉落针病病菌孢子捕捉和病情调查,用回归预测法对病害进行预测。结果表明:病害流行与降雨、气温关系密切。以前1年4～7月月平均气温(X₁)、月平均降雨量(X₂)、月平均相对湿度(X₃)、温雨比(X₄)、温湿比(X₅)为自变因子,用多元线性回归建立预测模型。模型预测准确、精度高。     

Persistence of four dominant psammophyte species in central Inner Mongolia of China under continual drought

Clarifying the persistence time of seedlings of dominant species under continual drought will help us understand responses of ecosystems to global climate change and improve revegetation efforts.Drought tolerance of four dominant psammophytic shrub species occurring in different environments was studied in the semi-arid areas of Inner Mongolian grasslands.Seedlings of Hedysarum laeve,Caragana korshinskii,Artemisia sphaerocephala and Artemisia ordosica were grown under four air temperature regimes(night/day:12.5/22.5℃,15/25℃,17.5/27.5℃ and 20/30℃)within climate(air temperature and humidity)controlled,naturally lit glasshouses with a night/day relative humidity of 70%/50%.Pots were watered to field capacity for each temperature treatment.Soil water condition was monitored by weighting each pot every day using an electronic balance.Date of seedling death for each treatment was recorded and the dead plants were harvested.Plant dry weights were determined after oven drying at 80℃ for 3 days.Two Artemisia species had higher growth rates than H.laeve and C.korshinskii,and the growth of all four species increased with increasing temperatures.The two Artemisia species had the highest leaf biomass increment,followed by C.korshinskii,and then H.laeve.Shoot biomass increment was higher for A.ordosica and C.korshinskii,intermediate for A.sphaerocephala and lowest for H.laeve.C.korshinskii had the highest root biomass increment.The final soil water content at death for all four species varied from 1% to 2%.C.korshinskii,A.sphaerocephala,H.laeve and A.ordosica survived for 25-43,24-41,26-41,and 24-37 days without watering,respectively.C.korshinskii,A.sphaerocephala,H.Laeve,and A.ordosica seedlings survived longer at the lowest temperatures(12.5/22.5℃)than at the highest temperatures(20/30℃)by 18,17,15 and 13 days,respectively.Increased climatic temperatures induce the death of seedlings in years with long intervals between rainfall events.The adaptation of seedlings to droughts should be emphasized in revegetation efforts in the Ordos Plateau,Inner Mongolia.     

Seasonal patterns of spore deposition of heterobasidion species in four forests of the Western alps

ABSTRACT Patterns of spore deposition by Heterobasidion species were studied between the spring of 1998 and December 2000 in four forests in the western Alps using woody traps. The maximum spore deposition rate (DR) ranged from 169 to 1,550 spores m(-2) h(-1). Although spores were captured from February to October at most sites, inoculum concentration consistently peaked in the late summer or early fall. In one of the four study sites, similar patterns of DR were recorded in 2 years of sampling. A significant correlation (r = 0.654, P = 0.001) was found between DR and the average minimum air temperature in the 4 weeks before sampling. Approximately 1,200 spores were isolated and identified at the species level by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Single-spore isolates were consistently clampless, indicating the sampled airspora was almost exclusively composed of haploid basidiospores. No significant variations of basidiospore frequencies were detected for either H. abietinum or H. annosum among sampling periods. However, the frequency of H. parviporum spores was always significantly higher in the summer. These findings suggest different patterns of sporulation among Heterobasidion species.     

Multiplex real-time PCR assays for the detection and identification of Heterobasidion species attacking conifers in Europe

Four species of the destructive forest pathogen Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.) are present in Europe: H. annosum sensu stricto (s.s.), H. abietinum and H. parviporum are native species, while H. irregulare is a non-native invasive species currently reported only in Italy, yet recommended for regulation throughout Europe. In this study, real-time PCR detection tests were developed for each of the four species, which can be used simultaneously or individually thanks to probes labelled with species-specific fluorescent dyes. The different performance criteria of each assay were evaluated, and it was determined that they were theoretically capable of detecting amounts of DNA corresponding to 311, 29 and 29 cell nuclei in H. annosum s.s., H. irregulare and H. parviporum, respectively. The specificity of each assay was assessed with a wide set of strains. Real-time PCR tests successfully detected Heterobasidion species from 36 fruiting bodies taken from the forest, as well as from artificially inoculated or naturally infected wood samples. The multiplex real-time PCR assays developed in this study could have practical applications both in forest management and in phytosanitary monitoring.     

Parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae family and their natural hosts in Jordan

A field survey of the Orobanchaceae family members and their hosts in Jordan was carried out from 2003 to 2007. The intensity of parasite infection on different hosts and the severity of the infestation were evaluated. The results showed the presence of seven species of Orobanche and three species of Cistanche . The Orobanche species were found parasitizing 86 plant species belonging to 24 botanical families. Most of the species attacked by Orobanche were from the Compositae (20 species), Solanaceae (11 species), Leguminosae (nine species), Umbelliferae (seven species), Cruciferae (seven species), Cucurbitaceae (four species), Labiatae (four species), and Rosaceae (four species) families. Other families were represented by one-to-three species. Cistanche attacked 20 species of forage wild shrubs, fruit trees, and forest trees of seven families, mostly belonging to the Chenopodiaceae (seven species) and Leguminosae (three species) families. Previously unreported hosts for both genera include: Amygdalus communis , Olea europaea , and Quercus coccifera , which were parasitized by Orobanche palaestina ; A. communis , O. europaea , Prunus armeniaca , and Prunus persica , which were parasitzed by Orobanche cernua ; O. europaea and A. communis , which were parasitzed by Orobanche schultzii ; Haloxylon persicum , which was parasitzed by Cistanche lutea ; Punica granatum , Alhagi maurorum , Casuarina equisetifolia , Centaurea postii , and Prosopis farcta , which were parasitzed by Cistanche tubulosa ; and Achillea spp., Anabasis syriaca , H. persicum , Haloxylon salicornicum, Suaeda spp., and Zilla spinosa , which were parasitzed by Cistanche salsa . Certain Orobanche species were completely destructive to the cultivated crops. The results indicated the high potential of both parasitic genera to spread and to attack new hosts, while the threat they impose to agriculture in Jordan will probably result from poor management and deficiences in farmers' training.     

Comparative host suitability to Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus vulnus in Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera)

Nine Myrobalan plum clones ( Prunus cerasifera ) obtained from in vitro propagation were tested for host suitability to four root-knot nematode (RKN) isolates ( Meloidogyne incognita (2), M. javanica (1), and M. hispanica (1)) and one root-lesion nematode (RLN), Pratylenchus vulnus , isolate. The clones are characterized according to the Ma major resistance genes that control resistance to M. arenaria , M. incognita and M. javanica and are categorized into five resistant (R) and four host (H) clones to these RKN species. As expected, the clones ranged, regardless of the RKN species or isolate, into the same distinct R (P.2175, P.1079, P.2980, H.17 and H.21) and H (P.2794, H.18, H.23 and P.16.5) groups for RKN resistance. The P. vulnus tests showed that all the clones had higher final populations than initial populations ( P _f :  P _i > 1) and that P _f :  P _i ratios were equivalent in each RKN resistance group (R or H). Consequently, resistant alleles of RKN Ma genes in Myrobalan plum have no major effect on RLN multiplication. Our data must be taken into account for breeding strategies aimed at incorporating multiple resistance to both RKN and RLN in Prunus spp.     

瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用

为了明确4种主要捕食性瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及其与优势寄生性天敌烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用,在室内条件下测定了七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对烟蚜的捕食效能和异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用。结果表明,4种瓢虫捕食烟蚜后均能正常完成发育,发育历期分别为异色瓢虫(17.11 d)七星瓢虫(16.25 d)六斑月瓢虫(13.69 d)龟纹瓢虫(12.73 d),其中异色瓢虫的4龄幼虫期最长,达4.15 d,显著高于其他瓢虫;异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫完成生长发育对烟蚜的总捕食量分别为687.0、635.6、359.2和253.2头,各瓢虫间差异显著。在烟蚜茧蜂和异色瓢虫的共存系统中,增加异色瓢虫的数量,异色瓢虫和烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的个体控制数量均会降低;增加烟蚜茧蜂的数量,显著降低了种内的个体寄生量,但对异色瓢虫的控蚜作用无明显影响。该研究结果将为合理利用天敌昆虫组合控制烟蚜提供技术依据。     

五种蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

采用室内饲喂法研究了棉蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、白杨毛蚜、桃粉蚜和菜缢管蚜对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响,并以所获相关数据组建生命表。结果表明:异色瓢虫的世代存活率、净增殖率在以白杨毛蚜和菜缢管蚜为食物时较高,分别为86.7%、78.3%和158.5、271.7;平均单雌产卵量在以桃粉蚜和菜缢管蚜为食物时较高,分别为1396和1835粒;内禀增长率除以白杨毛蚜为食物时较低外(0.06),其它四种均接近(0.10～0.13)。综合评价,五种蚜虫中菜缢管蚜是饲养异色瓢虫最为理想的食物。     

Population structure and species delimitation of rice white tip nematode,Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), in China

Aphelenchoides besseyi is a major nematode pathogen in rice known as the causal agent of white tip disease. In the present study, A. besseyi was recovered from 32 seed samples collected from the major rice-growing regions in China. Nine mitochondrial COI haplotypes and 95 ITS genotypes were identified, suggesting a high genetic diversity and endemism level of A. besseyi in China. Therefore, A. besseyi is likely to have experienced a long history of host–parasite coevolution in China, rather than being recently introduced from other countries. The results of population structure analysis indicated the presence of four clusters within Chinese A. besseyi, but these did not correspond to their geographic distribution. Haplotype H2 was found to be the most widespread. Haplotypes H9 and H13 were most genetically divergent and have been recognized as two cryptic species by molecular species delimitation methods, and with limited support from morphometric measurements. The COI-based phylogeny suggested the ability to parasitize rice has independently evolved at least four times in the genus Aphelenchoides.     

新疆猪毛菜属植物多样性及其地理分布特征

猪毛菜属(Salsola L.)是藜科中最大的属之一,在新疆植物区系和植物资源开发利用中占有重要地位。通过对新疆猪毛菜属32种植物的果时花被片附属物和叶片解剖结构的特征及其地理分布的分析,结果表明:①果期花被片附属物可分为两类,其中具翅状附属物的形态更加丰富;②得到4种叶片解剖结构类型,包括C3-SYMP型、C3-C4中间型、C4-SALS+H型和C4-SALS-H型。依据叶片解剖结构类型判断,新疆猪毛菜属中C4植物占绝大多数;③在新疆分布的猪毛菜属种类以草本植物居多,其生境主要以旱生和盐生环境为主;④猪毛菜属植物分布在新疆的6个地理分布地区,其中以准噶尔亚地区分布最多,塔城伊犁亚地区分布次之;⑤新疆猪毛菜属植物与国外邻近地区的共有种明显多于国内邻近地区。     

不同保护性耕作下冬小麦田杂草滋生情况调查研究

采用随机调查的方法,对不同保护性耕作处理下冬小麦田间杂草的种类和数量进行调查研究,发现不同的耕作处理对杂草种类和数量的消长有很大的影响.传统耕作、免耕、秸秆深松覆盖、高留茬深松覆盖四种处理,以免耕条件下杂草的种类和数量最多,秸秆深松覆盖、高留茬深松覆盖是控制冬小麦田间杂革滋生的一种有效措施.不同保护性耕作处理使冬小麦田间杂草种类与各杂草相对丰度均发生变化,各处理间Shannon多样性指教(H')和Mamclef物种丰富度指数(D)均存在差异,其原因可能是由于不同保护性耕作处理造成各处理间生态环境、土壤养分和土壤水分的不同,各种杂草的生长因而受其不同影响所致.