0～49日龄肉仔鸡消化参数的变化规律研究

作者通过测定10、14、17、21、28、35、42和49日龄肉仔鸡体重和采食量，嗉囊、腺胃和肌胃及空肠食糜的pH，小肠的长度，腺胃和肌胃食糜中胃蛋白酶水平以及空肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性等指标，研究0～49日龄肉仔鸡消化参数的变化规律。并探讨这几种消化参数发育与肉仔鸡生长间的关系。研究结果表明：肉仔鸡体重、采食量以及小肠长度随日龄的增加逐渐增加，体重、采食量和小肠长度的增幅分别于42、28和35日龄左右达到最大，然后呈逐渐降低趋势。嗉囊和胃pH有随日龄增加的趋势，但增幅不大。肉仔鸡空肠pH在生长过程中比较稳定，介于5．79～6．16之间。胃蛋白酶随日龄的增加而逐渐增加，于28日龄达到峰值，随后有降低的趋势。28日龄以后各日龄胃蛋白酶水平仍高于21日龄以前。空肠内淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶随日龄增加逐渐增加，并分别于35、21、14和14日龄达到峰值，随后逐渐降低。与达到峰值前酶活相比，达到峰值后各种酶活水平仍高于或接近峰值前酶活水平。小肠发育程度和消化酶水平可能会对肉仔鸡生长产生影响。     

海兰灰蛋鸡生长期部分消化参数变化规律的研究

试验旨在研究蛋鸡生长期部分消化参数的变化规律,选择1日龄海兰灰蛋鸡120只,分别在5、9、14、21、28、35、42、49、56、63、77、91日龄测定消化道p H值、小肠和胰腺周增幅,十二指肠和空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶及盲肠内的纤维素酶活性,分析其变化规律。结果表明:海兰灰蛋鸡腺胃肌胃、十二指肠、空肠、盲肠、胆汁p H值分别在2.55~3.89、6.01~6.66、6.25~6.47、6.44~7.33和6.38~7.90之间;小肠长度和胰腺重量周增幅分别于28和42日龄左右达到最大;十二指肠和空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶达到峰值的时间分别为35、35、42日龄和35、28、35日龄;盲肠纤维素酶活性于49日龄达到峰值;空肠内各日龄脂肪酶、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别比十二指肠高5.3倍、8.2倍及2.0倍。     

羔羊小肠pH及主要消化酶发育规律的研究

对小尾寒羊羔羊小肠不同部位(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)pH及淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶和乳糖酶的活性进行了测定，结果表明：羔羊小肠不同部位内容物pH不同，回肠pH显著高于空肠，空肠和回肠pH显著高于十二指肠，羔羊1月龄后，小肠各段pH变化不大；小肠不同部位淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性不同，空肠段淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性高于十二指肠和回肠段，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性增加，3月龄后各消化酶活性变化差异不显著(P＜O．05)；羔羊小肠不同部位乳糖酶活性不同，空肠乳糖酶活性显著高于十二指肠和回肠，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠乳糖酶活性逐渐降低。     

乳鸽早期消化特性研究

试验通过研究2~10日龄乳鸽体重、消化器官重量、血清蛋白质代谢、胰腺和小肠黏膜消化酶活性等指标的变化规律,揭示乳鸽消化道早期发育特性。选取出壳后2、4、6、8、10日龄白卡奴乳鸽30羽(每个日龄6羽),屠宰取样。结果表明:1)日龄对乳鸽早期体重(含卵黄重)、腺胃、肌胃、肝脏、胰腺、小肠的器官重量和器官指数;血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿酸、尿素氮含量;胰腺淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶总活性,脂肪酶比活性,小肠黏膜二糖酶(蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶)及碱性磷酸酶总活性和比活性均影响显著(P0.05)。其中,发育模式随日龄变化表现为线性增加的指标包括:肝脏、胰腺、小肠的器官指数(P0.01);体重,肌胃、腺胃、胰腺、肝脏、小肠的器官重量(P0.01);血清总蛋白和白蛋白含量(P0.01);胰腺淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶总活性,胰腺脂肪酶比活性(P0.05);小肠黏膜二糖酶(麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶)和碱性磷酸酶总活性和比活性(P0.01)。血清尿酸、尿素氮含量,胰蛋白酶比活性发育规律表现为线性下降(P0.05)。腺胃和肌胃的器官指数表现为先上升后下降(P0.05)。2)肠段对乳鸽小肠黏膜麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶总活性影响显著(P0.05)。3)日龄与肠段的交互作用对麦芽糖酶总活性、蔗糖酶总活性和蔗糖酶比活性影响显著(P0.05)。结果提示,随着日龄变化,乳鸽机体蛋白质代谢能力不断增强,沉积水平不断提高,消化系统发育迅速,生长速度高于机体生长,自身胰腺和小肠黏膜水解酶活性不断增强,10日龄时,机体发育水平显著提高。因此,2~10日龄阶段是乳鸽出壳后消化生理机能趋于完善的重要阶段。     

谷氨酰胺对肉鸡肠道发育及小肠消化酶活性的影响

将180只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分成3组,设3个重复,每组60只,1组为对照组,2、3组为试验组,分别饲喂添加0%、0.2%、0.4%谷氨酰胺的基础日粮,试验期42 d,探讨了外源性谷氨酰胺对AA肉仔鸡小肠生长发育和消化道酶活性的影响.结果表明,在肉鸡饲料中添加外源性谷氨酰胺,能促进小肠的生长发育,显著增加肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠重量、长度以及肠道指数(P＜0.05),提高小肠蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性(P＜0.05);谷氨酰胺的适宜添加剂量为0.2%.提示谷氨酰胺可作为肠道促生长添加剂在肉鸡饲料中使用,其适宜添加剂量为0.2%.     

断奶仔猪营养性腹泻及预防措施

１断奶仔猪的消化生理特点１．１消化道尚未发育完全断奶仔猪消化道的重量和容积都较小，发育不完全。以南湖猪为例：３０日龄时，大肠重量和长度也只有６０日龄时的２７．７％、５０．９％；小肠重量和长度也只有６０日龄时的３１．９％、６０．４％；胃、肝、胰的重量也只有６０日龄时的２３．０％、１０．２％、１０．７％。详见消化道发育情况表：１．２消化酶系尚未健全，消化液缺乏仔猪胃内除凝乳酶外，胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶的分泌都较少，只有在２～３个月时，才能达到成年猪的水平。１．３胃酸分泌不足由于仔猪的胃发育不完全，出现胃…     

樱桃谷雏鸭消化参数变化规律研究

本试验旨在研究0～42日龄樱桃谷雏鸭消化参数的变化规律.试验以240只0-42日龄樱桃谷雏鸭为研究对象,分别测定3,5,7,14,21,28,35和42日龄肉鸭食管膨大部、肌胃、小肠各段及盲肠组织的pH值,小肠各段及盲肠的长度,肌胃食糜中的胃蛋白酶水平,十二指肠、空肠、回肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶的活性以及盲肠食糜中纤维素酶的活性等.结果表明:①雏鸭小肠长度随日龄的增加逐渐增加,小肠增幅于7日龄左右达到最大,然后呈逐渐降低趋势;②食管膨大部、肌胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠的pH值分别为5.057～6.685,2.670～4.003,6.012～6.375,6.047～6.512,6.302～6.901.其随日龄的变化幅度不大,并随日龄的增加趋于稳定;③胃蛋白酶随着日龄的增加而增加,在14日龄时达到高峰值,然后逐渐降低;脂肪酶、肠道淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别在7、14和28日龄达到峰值,且空肠和回肠内容物的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均高于十二指肠;盲肠中纤维素酶活性随着日龄的增加而增加.结果表明,7～14日龄是樱桃谷雏鸭消化道发育和消化酶分泌的关键时期.     

0～14日龄乳鸽小肠主要消化酶发育规律的研究

以0～14日龄雄乳鸽为研究对象,测定3日龄、8日龄和14日龄乳鸽十二指肠和空肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随年龄的变化趋势。结果表明：十二指肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随日龄增加而呈上升趋势,脂肪酶活性在3～8日龄显著降低,8～14日龄活性升高;空肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶和脂肪酶活性先降低后升高,而胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性先升高后降低,并在8日龄时达到峰值。     

复合短链脂肪酸对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响及相关作用机制的探讨

试验旨在研究复合SCFAs对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响及其相关的作用机制。120只AA肉仔鸡随机分成2组(复合SCFAs添加组和对照组),每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加复合SCFAs组的肉仔鸡的体增重、耗料量、胰腺相对重量分别提高了4.4%、5.6%、16%(P<0.05),小肠淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶的活性分别提高了48.5%和37.3%(P<0.05),降低了十二指肠中大肠杆菌的数量(P<0.05)以及血清中葡萄糖和胰岛素的含量(P<0.05)。日粮中使用复合SCFAs可以提高肉仔鸡小肠消化酶活性,减少消化道中大肠杆菌的数量,改善肉仔鸡的生产性能。     

不同形式铬对肉仔鸡生产性能、营养物质代谢和器官重的影响

本试验以肉仔鸡为对象 ,研究了３种铬源对肉仔鸡生产性能、营养物质代谢和组织器官重的影响。采用２８０只１４日龄ＡＡ肉仔鸡 ,随机分成１０组 ,每组４重复（公母各半） ,每重复７只鸡。其中１组为对照组 ,饲喂基础日粮 ,其余９组添加０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ 水平的氯化铬、蛋氨酸铬、烟酸铬 ,试验期３周。结果表明 :①铬对３、４周龄肉仔鸡的采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化率无显著影响。０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ 和１．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ氯化铬显著提高了第５周肉仔鸡的采食量（Ｐ＜０．０５） ;０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ 蛋氨…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.