黑河干流中游灌区节水改造效果分析

根据黑河干流中游地表水和地下水多次转化和重复利用的水资源利用特点,分析了中游灌区的节水量计算方法.在此基础上,计算了黑河干流中游灌区近期治理中所采取的各项节水措施获取的相应节水量,通过比较各项节水措施获取的节水量与其相应的投资,分析不同节水措施在各灌区的节水效果,从而提出适合不同类型灌区的节水措施.     

渠井结合灌区真实节水量计算方法

国内外对于灌溉节水量研究，已由传统节水量向真实节水量发展。首先阐述了真实节水基本概念和计算方法，在此基础上，提出渠井结合灌区真实节水量由直接节水量、间接节水量、袭夺潜水蒸发量等三部分构成，并对黑河中游友联灌区真实节水量及参数的敏感性进行了计算，最后对各种措施的节水效果、方法的适用条件及存在的问题进行了分析。     

黑河干流中游灌区节水量计算方法初探

灌区实施节水灌溉,减少了灌溉取水量,同时也减少了回归水量。根据节水量的组成将节水分为灌溉取水节水量和资源型节水量,并分析了两种节水量的计算方法。在此基础上,分别计算了黑河流域近期治理中中游灌区各项节水措施的相应取水节水量和资源型节水量。通过对比分析得出,黑河流域近期治理中提出的中游灌区的节水目标为流域尺度上的节水量,灌区的节水量应采用资源型节水量的计算方法进行计算。     

灌区优化调度的节水作用浅析

以1个水库灌区为例，从节水的3个作用分析了灌溉水资料在时间和空间上优化调度的2个模型。优化调度不仅能减少灌区水量损失，提高水分生产效率，还能在提高灌区水分生产效率方面起明显的作用。这类节水技术对于缓解我国农业供水危机具有重要的现实意义，是节水技术的一个发展方向。     

高新技术在灌区续建配套与节水改造中的应用

在灌区建设中，为达到省钱、省力、高效、节能的目的，提出了在灌区节水改造中的应大力推广应用新材料、新技术、新工艺、新办法的思路。介绍了核子密度仪、新型防渗材料、施工新工艺以及先进的测水量水技术在灌区续建配套与节水改造工程中的应用。     

高效节水灌溉技术在景电灌区中的应用

水资源匮乏是我国长期面临的问题,在水资源缺乏问题越来越严重的形势下,节水工作越来越受到社会各界的高度关注.基于此,笔者结合甘肃省景泰川电力提灌灌区(下文简称"景电灌区")中的实际问题,指出了节水工作对灌区提出的要求.节水灌溉技术是灌区为了节约水资源,通过最少的用水量实现单位灌溉水量的农作物提高产值与产量的措施.笔者分析...     

我国大型灌区现状及续建配套与节水改造规划对策

针对目前我国大型灌区水量偏少，灌区与工业、城市用水矛盾日益突出和灌水技术粗放等问题，提出了对灌区进行续建配套与节水改造的对策，如对灌区规模进行复核，对灌溉用水量重新进行推求，重新确定渠道设计参数，另外还提出要重视解决灌区运行与管理方面的问题。     

基于水平衡测试的石门水库灌区用水效率与提高措施分析

汉中石门水库灌区是汉中平原大型灌区，通过水平衡测试分析典型灌区用水效率、研究提高用水效率的措施，对实最严格水资源管理制度的模式、经验与做法具有十分重要的意义。通过对灌区开展点、线、面式的水平衡测试，掌握了灌区水量分配、输水、用水设施运行情况、用水总量和各区域用水之间的定量关系。从测试数据入手，计算灌溉用水效率，结合灌区地貌、作物分布、渠道衬砌等多方面因素，分析灌区灌溉用水效率，研究提高措施。结果表明，灌区在丘陵地区种植水稻与低级渠道输水渗漏是灌区用水损失较大的因素，为灌区提高用水效率与节水方案制定提供了重要依据。     

灌区优化调度的节水作用浅析

以 1个水库灌区为例 ,从节水的 3个作用分析了灌溉水资源在时间和空间上优化调度的 2个模型。优化调度不仅能减少灌区水量损失 ,提高水分生产效率 ,还能在提高灌区水分生产效率方面起明显的作用。这类节水技术对于缓解我国农业供水危机具有重要的现实意义 ,是节水技术的一个发展方向     

引沁灌区节水改造规划中水量平衡分析研究

引沁灌区属大型山岭灌区,经过长年的运行,老、滑、塌、漏问题严重,河南省计划投资９９１万元进行节水改造。为了搞好节水改造规划,对该灌区规划水平年（２００５年、２０１５年）的可供水量、需水量和水量供需平衡进行了分析研究。     

棉花滴灌田间盐分变化规律的初步研究

以田间实验为基础对棉花滴灌土壤盐分的变化规律进行了分析研究。结果表明：滴灌为浅灌且可控性强，不会产生深层渗漏，土壤含盐量在整个滴灌期较低。盐分在空间的分布主要受蒸发和湿润区范围的影响，灌水量的增加有助于土壤脱盐。这些结果对在生产实践中控制滴灌水量和治理盐碱具有指导意义。     

干旱区农业灌溉耗水计算方法

农业灌溉耗水研究是流域水文模拟与水资源评价、灌区规划与灌溉水管理的基础研究工作。从农业耗水的机理、三水转化关系入手,对农业灌溉耗水的概念进行了界定,并从流域与灌区2个尺度对计算方法进行探讨,提出了便于应用的计算方法及评价指标。     

三江平原井灌水稻水分生产函数模型及敏感指数变化规律研究

通过田间试验，按照井灌水稻生充阶段设置不同处理水平模式，通过不同模型分析选择。建立了适合三江平原地区井灌水稻的水分生产函数模型。并对敏感指数在全生育期内变化规律做进一步研究。为井灌水稻非充分灌溉条件下的灌溉制度优化提供基础依据。     

安徽淮北平原井灌几个问题的探讨

安徽淮北平原宜井灌溉面积占总耕地面积近80%。从该区井灌水量平衡分析入手，指出在一般干旱年份（P=75%）淮北平原井灌区的灌溉率（可灌面积/耕地面积）仅为54%左右，即使考虑短期超采，缺水率仍达23%；由于存在两类不均匀系数，井灌的实际可开采程度只有可开采地下水资源量的70%左右，考虑这一因素的影响，对井灌区的地下水资源量进行了校核，结果表明对于一次灌溉而言井灌区的地下水实际可开采量大于灌溉需水量，完全能满足灌溉开采的需求；同时，推荐了该区合理的机井数量、布井方式及井点密度，并就井灌工程建设和地下水的开发利用提出了几点建议。     

黄河上中游大型灌区推广管道输水发展节水灌溉的可行性分析

通过对黄河上中游水资源特点及大型灌区目前存在的主要问题的分析，结合管道输水灌溉技术特点及目前国内外发展概况，提出了黄河上中游大型灌区推广管道输水发展节水灌溉的思路，并通过试验示范工程进行了技术经济论证。同时认为黄河上中游大型灌区推广管道输水发展节水灌溉具有有利的条件，节水效益十分显著，对解决该区水资源供需矛盾，促进当地工农业持续稳定发展，以及缓解黄河中下游的水危机具有重大的战略意义。     

论新疆平原灌区土壤盐碱化与水资源开发

通过对灌区土壤盐碱化及治理阶段的分析可以看出,灌区土壤盐碱化的严重程度与水资源开发利用的方式和程度是密切相关的,是灌区水盐不平衡所致。为此,在以水资源合理开发利用为中心的灌区水土资源利用规划中,应将维持绿洲水盐平衡的水量视为“生态用水”,将盐份聚集地视为“生态用地”。实现流域水土资源合理配置,是新疆平原灌区土壤盐碱化治理的关键。     

Simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for winter wheat and maize in seasonal frost areas

Continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer maize is the main cropping pattern in North China Plain lying in a seasonal frost area. Irrigation scheduling of one crop will influence soil water regime and irrigation scheduling of the subsequent crop. Therefore, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and maize should be studied as a whole. Considering the meteorological and crop characteristics of the area lying in a seasonal frost area, a cropping year is divided into crop growing period and frost period. Model of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer (SMHT) for the frost period and model of soil water transfer (SWT) for the crop growing period were developed, and used jointly for the simulation of soil water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for a whole cropping year. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiment of winter wheat and maize in Beijing, China. Then the model was applied to the simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling with different precipitation and irrigation treatments. From the simulation results, precipitation can meet the crop water requirement of maize to a great extent, and irrigation at the seeding stage may be necessary. Precipitation and irrigation had no significant influence on evaporation and transpiration of maize. On the other hand, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat mainly depends on irrigation standard. Irrigation at the seeding stage and before soil freezing is usually necessary. For high irrigation standard, four times of irrigation are required after greening. While for medium irrigation, only once (rainy year) or twice (medium and dry years) of irrigation is required after greening. Transpiration of winter wheat is very close for high and medium irrigation, but it decreases significantly for low irrigation and will result in a reduction of crop yield. Irrigation with proper time and amount is necessary for winter wheat. Considering irrigation quota and crop transpiration comprehensively, medium irrigation is recommended for the irrigation of winter wheat in the studying area, which can reduce the irrigation quota of over 150 mm with little water stress for crop growth.     

Reuse of drainage water in irrigation with the aid of 0-1 linear programming

Water management for irrigation in areas with high water scarcity includes not only domestic wastewater treatment but also practices for the reuse of drainage water during the irrigation period. The main problem that concerns the reuse of drainage water for irrigation is the accumulation of salts due to the effluents existing in the soil. In this paper an optimization technique is proposed for the management of drainage water that uses, in combination, a soil-water-plant model (SWAP) and a mixed 0-1 linear programming method. The optimization routine was applied to the irrigation network of Alfeios River in Western Greece, an area that is characterized by high precipitation imbalances between winter and summer months.     

河北省山区农业节水灌溉发展趋势与展望

为了缓解河北省山区农业用水压力,寻求适合河北省山区主要灌溉作物的节水灌溉方式,系统分析了河北省山区水资源的现状,通过实地调查、相关资料的搜集与整理,从灌溉面积、灌溉形式、灌溉用水量几方面分析了研究区1980~2003年农田灌溉的发展情况,得出其发展趋势。并以各分区主要灌溉作物为例,对不同节水灌溉方式下的节水灌溉面积、作物产量、灌溉水分生产效率的变化进行比较,分析得出使各分区主要灌溉作物达到节水、高产效果的灌溉方式。     

A Framework for Valuing Ecological Services of Irrigation Water – A Case of an Irrigation-Wetland System in Sri Lanka

In many countries, irrigation water is usedfor several purposes other than irrigatingfield crops. In Sri Lanka, irrigationwater from canals, wells, and reservoirs isused for domestic purposes, industry,livestock, and fisheries, and it alsocontributes to sustain the environment. However, policy makers and water managersin irrigation systems only take intoaccount water used for irrigating the fieldcrops and sometimes water used for domesticpurposes. Owing to the failure torecognize the different uses and users ofwater, the water in irrigation systems hasbeen undervalued. This paper presents theenvironmental impact of irrigation and aframework for valuing water for itsmultiple and often competing uses,especially focusing on water uses forecological services, in this case wetlands.The south coastal area of Sri Lanka wasselected as a site for a case study, including2,610 ha of irrigated area and adownstream wetland area of 2,250 ha whichhas five lagoons. This wetland areacombines coastal, marine and freshwaterecosystems in a tropical environment inwhich distinct plant and animal speciescoexist in a delicate balance. All users ofwater and other resources, and theirenvironmental problems were identified. Thispaper discusses the policy and managementimplications of valuing water for competinguses.