木材阻燃研究进展

综述了木材阻燃改性研究进展, 包括浸注法、喷涂法、贴面法、热压法、复合法、辐射法、超声波法、离心转动法、高能喷射法等木材阻燃处理技术与磷类阻燃剂、硼类阻燃剂、酚类阻燃剂、FRW型阻燃剂等木材阻燃剂。     

单板辊压同步浸注液体技术的研究

将杨木单板置于液体介质中同步进行辊压与浸注,探讨影响液体浸注量的工艺因素.结果表明:该方法可用于气干单板与饱水单板的有效浸注.随单板压缩率增大、浸渍时间延长,浸注量提高;可根据单板压缩率控制浸注量,气干单板及饱水单板适宜的压缩率分别为30％～60％、＞50％,浸渍1～4 min,辊压循环3～5次;辊压线速度较低时有利于液体的有效浸注,但需兼顾生产效率.     

平压浸注填充PF树脂工艺对杨木增重率的影响研究

为探讨浸注工艺对木材增重率的影响,以PF树脂为浸注材料,以树脂浓度、压缩次数、保压时间、浸渍时间和压缩率为试验因素,采用单因素试验方法在平压浸注装置上对杨木试件进行了浸注填充。结果显示:2次压缩较1次压缩,杨木木材增重率增加了20. 2%;保压时间从0 min延长至10 min,杨木木材增重率增加了11. 5%;浸渍时间从1 h延长至2 h,杨木木材增重率提高了8. 8%;再增加压缩次数、延长保压时间和浸渍时间,杨木木材增重率均变化不大;而杨木木材增重率随PF树脂浓度和杨木木材压缩率增加呈线性增加,PF树脂浓度与压缩率对杨木木材增重率具有显著影响。因此选择压缩次数为2次,保压时间为10 min,浸渍时间为1 h,PF树脂浓度与杨木木材压缩率由改性木材的用途决定。     

几种木材干燥方法机理及其对木材浸注性的影响*

木材干燥是木材工业应用中必不可少的一环 ,木材的浸注性或渗透性又是关系到木材改性成功与否的重要前提。因此 ,开展不同干燥方法对木材浸注性或渗透性影响的研究 ,将对开展低质人工林木材功能性改良、提高其质量和利用价值的新技术与新方法的研究 ,具有重要理论指导作用。文中就高温干燥、高频 /真空干燥、微波干燥、冷冻干燥和大气干燥等干燥方法的机理及其对木材浸注性或渗透性影响的研究工作进行了全面综述     

辊压预处理条件对蒙古栎干燥速率及纹孔结构的影响

[目的]针对木材干燥耗时长、效率低的问题,以改变司职水分疏导功能的木材分子关键部位的微观结构为手段,通过改善木材的渗透性和水分的流动性,建立易于水分移动的新路径,达到缩短木材干燥时间的目的.在描述蒙古栎导管分子细胞壁构造变异的形态、数量和程度以及表征处理材在常规蒸汽干燥全程和各阶段干燥速率变动的基础上,探索并建立辊压预处理工艺条件、构造特征变异与干燥速率三者的相关关系.[方法]依托木材的黏弹性和水分移动机制,以蒙古栎为试材,对其含水率47％～55％、900 mm(长)×100 mm(宽)×30 mm(厚)的径切板和弦切板施行2个压缩方向(径向和弦向)、3种压缩率(10％,20％和30％)和3种压缩次数(1,4和9次)的辊压预处理,使用环境扫描电子显微镜(Fei Quanta 200)观察研究辊压处理材的导管分子微观构造特征变异,并在常规蒸汽干燥全程和各阶段测试和分析处理木材的干燥速率变动规律.[结果]环境扫描电镜观察表明,辊压压缩预处理使蒙古栎导管分子纹孔膜破裂和细胞壁出现裂隙,可形成水分移动的微观新路径;随着压缩率增大、压缩次数增加,纹孔膜破裂的数量和程度、细胞壁破坏的规模和尺寸增加,木材的渗透性和水分的流动性得到改善,缩短木材干燥时间.在常规蒸汽干燥的6个阶段和干燥全程,辊压预处理材的干燥速率均大于未处理材;压缩率和压缩方向相同时,干燥速率随压缩次数的增加而增大;压缩方向和压缩次数相同时,干燥速率随压缩率的增加面加快;压缩率和压缩次数相同时,径向压缩的弦切板干燥速率快于弦向压缩的径切板.[结论]以试材初含水率50％、终含水率15％计算,辊压预处理材的全程干燥时间均少于未处理材,弦向压缩径切板干燥时间缩短6.67％～23.64％,径向压缩弦切板缩短4.55％ ～ 13.02％.辊压预处理可在蒙古栎试材内部形成微观的水分移动新路径,改善水分的渗透性和流动性,缩短木材干燥时间.     

辊压处理对大青杨木材干燥性能的影响

以大青杨(Populus ussuriensisKom.)为试材,径向和弦向为施力方向,进行压缩率为10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的辊压处理,以时间为变量、含水率为函数研究在100℃条件下辊压处理对木材干燥性能和构造特征的影响。结果表明:未见木材表面损坏,宏观特征与素材无明显差异;微观特征发生改变,导管分子的纹孔、纹孔膜发生损坏和破裂,导管、木纤维细胞壁出现折痕和微观裂隙,变异特征随着压缩率的增大而加剧。辊压处理试材达到同一含水率的时间均少于素材,随着压缩率的增加,干燥时间减少,当含水率降到30%时,干燥时间可缩短5.05%～19.64%;当含水率降到10%时,可缩短2.57%～23.92%。辊压处理试材含水率下降速度随着压缩率的增加而增大,与素材相比,提高了6.89%～47.39%。     

木材渗透性可控制原理研究

本文研究了木材渗透性可控制机制,探寻了渗透性可控制原理。结果表明,影响渗透性高低的最主要因素为纹孔膜微孔半径和数量,微孔大而多者,渗透性高;微孔愈小,微孔里气-液界面上毛细管张力愈高,对液体流动的影响愈大,浸注愈难,欲使浸注液深注入木材,必须施一与此微孔半径相应足以克服此张力的压力。若欲改善低渗透树种木材的难浸注性,似应从纹孔入手,用化学的、物理的和生物的等方法增大和增多有效纹孔膜微孔半径和数量,以减小毛细管张力,降低使用压力,增大流量率,提高渗透性。     

压缩率对杉木浸注的影响

在5%～40%压缩率范围内的8种条件下,进行杉木压缩处理,分析处理材的渗透性与浸注性能。结果表明:1)压缩杉木的浸注量随着压缩率增大而增大,压力释放即时完成70%以上的浸注量,此后达到最大浸注量的时间,随着压缩率的增大而增加;2)压缩处理能有效改善杉木的渗透性,但压缩率对渗透性影响不显著;3)压缩处理杉木浸注性能的改善,是渗透性提高和可浸注空间增大的共同作用。在工业化生产中,可以通过压缩率来控制浸注量。     

热固性树脂真空加压浸注工艺条件的研究

以西南桦和械木为研究对象，探索不同种类的热固性树脂和不同浸注条件与树脂浸入量和改性材尺寸稳定性的关系。研究结果表明，不同树脂，甚至同一树脂对不同树种的木材具有不同的浸注性，其浸入量随加压浸注时间的延长而增加；木材心边材对树脂的接收能力有所不同；木材性能的改善程度因树种和树脂浸入量而异。     

辊压浸注浸渍树脂致木材力学性质变异

使用脲醛和酚醛两种浸渍树脂对大青杨板材实施辊压浸注处理,对不同工艺条件处理材的增重率和主要力学性能指标进行了测试和分析。结果表明:增重率随着树脂质量分数、辊压压缩率和压缩次数的增加而增大,浸注脲醛树脂的增重率在0.85%~12.92%之间,浸注酚醛树脂的增重率在2.01%~15.16%之间。与未处理材相比,辊压浸注脲醛树脂处理材的硬度提高了1.63%~11.32%,耐磨性提高了3.80%~21.77%,抗弯强度提高了5.16%~19.08%,抗弯弹性模量提高了4.20%~15.65%,冲击韧性提高了2.66%~15.50%;浸注酚醛树脂处理材以上五种指标依次提高了4.21%~11.89%、3.11%~23.17%、7.60%~19.85%、6.46%~16.32%和4.81%~14.78%。     

Response of colour and hygroscopic properties of Scots pine wood to thermal treatment

The effect of heat treatment on the surface colour and hygroscopic properties of pine wood were investigated in this study. Boards of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) were subjected to thermal treatment at 200°C, for 4, 6, and 8 h. The change of equilibrium moisture content and density values of the specimens in order to facilitate the understanding of the treated material behavior. The colour parameters L*, a* and b*, used to depict the total colour change (Δ E) of wood surface, were shown to change proportionally to the treatment intensity. Moreover, swelling in the tangential and radial directions and absorption of the specimens appeared to be enhanced in great extent by the thermal treatment process. The mean value of swelling percentage in the tangential direction decreased 10.26%, 17.22%, and 19.60% for specimens treated for 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively, referring to the final measurement after 72 h of immersion. In radial direction, mean value of swelling percentage decreased 19.56%, 32.75%, and 34.65% for treated for 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively, after 72 h immersion, which attests the decrease in swelling and improvement in the hygroscopic behavior of Scots pine wood.     

Detection of the effective refractive index of thermally modified Scots pine by immersion liquid method

The purpose of this study was to determine the effective refractive index of thermally modified Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood specimens as a quantitative measure regarding the change of wood density which is due to the thermal modification. The refractive index of thermally modified Scots pine wood was obtained by introducing pine wood powder into an immersion liquid and measuring light backscattering with a homebuilt multifunction spectrophotometer. The present method provides useful information that in principle can be applied, for example, in the optimization of the thermal modification process and inspection of the quality of thermally modified wood.     

Wettability and liquid sorption of wood investigated by Wilhelmy plate method

The wettability of Scots pine veneers was investigated with different approaches using the Wilhelmy plate method. The probe liquids were water and octane, which differ; in that, water is able to swell the wood sample, whereas octane does not. Novel approaches based on the Wilhelmy plate method to study wettability, liquid penetration, and swelling behavior of wood veneers are introduced. First, immersion to constant depth was performed, and liquid uptake with time was evaluated. Different kinetic regimes, the fastest one associated with contact angle changes and the slowest regime associated with liquid sorption by capillary and diffusion, were observed. Two other approaches, imbibition at constant depth (with initial deeper immersion) and full immersion, were utilized in order to keep the contact angle constant during measurements. Dynamic wettability studies were done by a multi-cycle (10–20 cycles) Wilhelmy method. Based on this, the time-dependent swelling of wood and changes in sample perimeter could be obtained. Generally, water showed higher absorption than octane. In all wettability studies, and for both probe liquids, the penetration process starts with a fast initial sorption, which is followed by swelling in the case of water.     

木质材料激光表面处理研究进展

激光以其能量密度高、运行轨迹自如、方向性好等优点,被广泛用于木质材料切削加工以及表面处理等领域。其中,木质材料激光表面处理,即利用激光热/光电子效应促进材料发生物理、化学变化,以实现改性的目的。笔者对木质材料激光表面处理原理、激光类型与用途以及激光表面处理技术特点与应用领域等内容的研究现状进行了综述与分析。现有研究表明:材料对于不同波长激光的吸收系数差异明显,基于此特性可实现木质材料表层激光选择性消融,以满足不同应用场合的加工需求;其次,激光功率、激光扫描路径密度以及进给速度等激光工艺参数,决定了表面处理过程中能量密度及分布,进而影响木质材料表面改性强度与深度,通过对激光参数的优化可实现木质材料表面部分性能(如表面颜色、润湿性、功能性结构等)的精准改性。最后,还探讨了木质材料激光表面处理领域研究现状与趋势,阐明了研究的科学意义和未来研究方向,以期为创新木质材料表面处理技术、实现其提质增效提供理论指导,也为拓宽激光技术在木质材料加工领域的应用范围提供思路。     

ACQ-D中山杉防腐胶合板加工工艺研究

笔者研究了中山杉防腐胶合板的加工工艺。以ACQ-D为木材防腐剂,分别用不同方法对单板进行防腐处理,然后热压成胶合板。结果表明:中山杉防腐胶合板密度要高于未经防腐处理的普通中山杉胶合板,且中山杉防腐胶合板含水率与胶合强度均达到室外用胶合板I类要求。胶合板弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度普遍偏低。不同方法处理单板对胶合板载药量影响很大,其中满细胞法最高,浸泡法和双真空法相近,涂刷法最低。     

溶胶-凝胶法功能性改良木材研究进展

基于木材天然的双重毛细管系统结构,金属醇盐可在木材"微/纳米容器"内进行溶胶-凝胶反应最终制备木材-无机复合材料。在溶胶-凝胶改良木材过程中,以金属醇盐为主要组分的前驱体溶液可通过涂覆、浸渍/真空加压浸渍、微波/超声波辅助等方式对木材进行改性,且木材密度、基材初始含水率、溶胶反应体系、溶胶粒径、溶胶pH值等对木材溶胶-凝胶改性效果都会有一定的影响。文中主要从制备方法和影响因素2个方面对溶胶-凝胶法功能性改良木材的研究现状进行归纳总结,并提出溶胶-凝胶功能性改良木材的应用前景和发展方向。     

Thermo-hydro and thermo-hydro-mechanical wood processing: An opportunity for future environmentally friendly wood products

Abstract

This state-of-the-art report presents the basic concepts of some of the thermo-hydro (TH) and thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) wood processes that are in use today, i.e. heat treatment, compression of wood in the longitudinal or transverse direction and wood welding. The reasons for the growing interest in TH and THM techniques are discussed, and the development of the different concepts, from first ideas to current status, is briefly presented. The physical and chemical changes that occur in wood during TH and THM processing according to the latest research are also presented. Finally, developments that are close to or already have an industrial application are presented, and the challenges for further development of the heat treatment, compression and wood welding processes are discussed. The TH processing of wood is based entirely on water and heat, and a THM process incorporates an additional mechanical force. The purpose of wood transformation by a TH or a THM process is to improve the intrinsic wood properties, to acquire a form and functionality desired by engineers without changing its eco-friendly characteristics or hindering its further use in the total material life cycle. Only a few of the recently developed techniques, e.g. heat treatment, wood welding and various densification applications, have been industrialized to some extent. There are many reasons for this relatively low transfer of the research results to a full up-scaled industrial production. Some of them are related to unsolved problems at the laboratory level on small-sized samples and others are related to the scaling-up processes in industry. Furthermore, the ageing of heated wood leads to deterioration with time, in some cases there is an unpleasant odour, the strength of the wood decreases substantially and the wood becomes more brittle. These are new challenges which need to be resolved by the collaboration of researchers from the different scientific domains of academia, research institutes and industry.     

木材功能化阻燃剂研究进展

一剂多效是木材阻燃剂的主要发展方向。文中分别对常用的木材功能化阻燃剂和阻燃处理工艺的国内外研究进展进行了综述,包括磷氮硼阻燃剂、金属化合物阻燃剂、树脂阻燃剂、纳米阻燃剂和微胶囊阻燃剂及新型浸渍法、表面改性法和溶胶-凝胶法等阻燃处理工艺,讨论了木材阻燃研究的发展趋势。     

常温下落叶松材的渗透性

落叶松林改性处理的关键是研究它的渗透性。本实验是在常温加压条件下通过加压时间的改变来考察浸注深度和湿增重的变化，以探索处理工艺与渗透性的关系。     

Structural mechanism and effect of hole compressibility on mechanical strength of MFLB

We have studied the structural mechanism of micron flaky wood fiber light density board (MFLB), of which voids are an important structural characteristic. A new parameter called hole compressibility (η) was added to study the characteristics of MFLB further, in order to produce various levels of hole compressibility. A set of hot pressures was applied, and uniform parts at cross-sections of MFLB were selected to study the effects of hole compressibility on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of MFLB by microscopic analyses. The results showed that MFLB (0.3 g/cm³ in density) processed at various hot pressures (from 1.6 to 2.2 MPa) all meet the norms of the Japan Light Particleboard Industrial Standard JISA 5908, where η ⩽ 0 ranging from −0.0487 to −0.068. The critical value of hole compressibility at which the strength began to decrease was also obtained. We compared the void distribution, size and shape at different void contents and hole compressibility and discussed the effects of hole compressibility on MOE and MOR of MFLB as well. To a certain density of raw material and micro-fiber of a certain thickness, the strength of MFLB can be decreased with an increase in hole compressibility. When the hole compressibility of MLFB exceeds a certain critical value, loading at a lower level will decrease MOR and MOE of MFLB considerably. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(6): 123–127 [译自: 林业科学]