生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分与有效养分及果实产量、品质的影响

试验研究生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分和有效养分含量及果实产量品质的影响结果表明,生草栽培7～11月份干旱时期可提高果园土壤含水率;生草栽培初期降低果园土壤有效氮、磷、钙、镁、锰、铜和锌等矿质养分含量,但生草栽培2年后土壤有效氮、钾、铁和锌等矿质养分含量高于清耕对照。生草栽培可提高果实产量和果实可溶性固形物含量,降低果实柠檬酸含量,且种植百喜草比白三叶效果更明显     

柑桔施有硫酸钾和氯化钾效果研究Ⅰ 对树体生长、产量和品质的影响

分别在湖北省柑桔主产区通山、宜昌秭归进行为期4年的柑桔施用硫酸钾（SOP）和氯化钾（MOP）试验。结果表明，施钾能有效地提高叶绿素值、促进树体生长、提高果实产量和改善品质。SMP和MOP对柑桔产量的影响在三个试验点表现不尽相同，其中通山、宜昌点MOP增产效果高于SOP，而在秭归点则相反，这种差异与土壤钾、硫含量和施用的其他肥料品种有关。两种品种的钾肥均能改善果实品质，SOP作用略高于MOP。连续年施用MOP未见对柑桔生长、产量和品质产生不良影响。     

十堰猕猴桃果园生草生态效应的分析

为探究生草对十堰猕猴桃果园的生态效应,以长平塘村和高岭村的猕猴桃果园为研究对象,进行自然生草和人工生草,人工生草选择白三叶和黑麦草,比较分析人工生草和自然生草对土壤养分、杂草种类和数量以及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,相对自然生草,人工生草可以有效降低果园内的杂草种类和数量,提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,降低碱性土壤的pH值,其中种植黑麦草效果更好;人工生草和自然生草在改善土壤温度、提高果树产量和改善果实品质方面无显著差异。在长平塘村和高岭村,相比自然生草和种植黑麦草,种植白三叶可以大幅降低猕猴桃果园内的杂草种类和数量;在高岭村,人工生草可以显著提高土壤的湿度(P0.05);随着种植时间的延长,相对自然生草和种植白三叶,种植黑麦草提高土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的效果更为显著。研究表明,相比自然生草和种植白三叶,十堰市猕猴桃果园更适合种植黑麦草。     

柑桔施用硫酸钾和氯化钾效果研究 I对树体生长、产量和品质的影响

分别在湖北省柑桔主产区通山、宜昌和秭归进行为期 4年的柑桔施用硫酸钾 (SOP)和氯化钾 (MOP)试验。结果表明 ,施钾能有效地提高叶绿素值、促进树体生长、提高果实产量和改善品质。SOP和MOP对柑桔产量的影响在三个试验点表现不尽相同 ,其中通山、宜昌点MOP增产效果高于SOP ,而在秭归点则相反 ,这种差异与土壤钾、硫含量和施用的其他肥料品种有关。两种品种的钾肥均能改善果实品质 ,SOP作用略高于MOP。连续 4年施用MOP未见对柑桔生长、产量和品质产生不良影响。     

柑桔施用硫酸钾和氯化钾效果研究Ⅰ对树体生长、产量和品质的影响

分别在湖北省柑桔主产区通山、宜昌和秭归进行为期4年的柑桔施用硫酸钾(SOP)和氯化钾(MOP)试验.结果表明,施钾能有效地提高叶绿素值、促进树体生长、提高果实产量和改善品质.SOP和MOP对柑桔产量的影响在三个试验点表现不尽相同,其中通山、宜昌点MOP增产效果高于SOP,而在秭归点则相反,这种差异与土壤钾、硫含量和施用的其他肥料品种有关.两种品种的钾肥均能改善果实品质,SOP作用略高于MOP.连续4年施用MOP未见对柑桔生长、产量和品质产生不良影响.     

侵蚀坡地果园不同生草方式对土壤和果树生长的影响

采用径流小区法研究果园不同生草方式对土壤侵蚀、土壤肥力、果树生长、果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明，带状覆盖与敷盖、全园覆盖、带状覆盖3种不同的生草方式都能有效控制土壤侵蚀，且都有改良土壤肥力的效果；全园覆盖严重影响果树生长，其果实产量最低、品质最差；净耕处理尽管果树长势好、产量最高、品质较好，但土壤流失严重。综合分析认为，带状覆盖与敷盖措施是较好的侵蚀坡地果园生草方式，值得推广。     

避雨栽培对番茄产量及品质的影响

通过田间试验研究避雨栽培对番茄产量、品质的影响。结果表明,避雨栽培能改善番茄生长环境,降低番茄发病率,增加番茄产量,改善果实品质。与露地栽培相比,产量提高了40.2%,果实Vc含量增加2.42%,可溶性糖含量增加0.53%,可溶性固形物增加0.35%。     

生态施肥技术对桔园土壤生态环境和柑桔产量及品质的影响

根据柑桔树体对土壤生态环境和营养元素的季节性需求变化特点,综合考虑各营养元素间的平衡、有机养分与无机养分之间的协调、土壤生物和土壤物理性状的改善,提出不同因子组合处理,进行了3年定位试验。结果表明:新型生态施肥技术,对桔园土壤生态环境和柑桔产量、品质有明显的效果,有效地提高了土壤有机质、全N、P、K和速效N、P、K含量,以速效P增幅最大,三年增26.92%~40.0%;除能提高所施用微量元素含量水平外,还提高土壤有效态Fe、Cu含量水平;土壤容重三年降低了0.04 g cm-3~0.10 g cm-3,总孔隙度增加10.4%~16.8%,通气孔隙增加19.9%~30.1%,全容水量增加7.0%~12.1%;有效地改善了柑桔的品质,增加了果实的单果重、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量以及Vc含量。     

柑桔园套种及其效益分析

红壤丘陵区柑桔圈套种黑麦草和紫云英的研究表明,套种可提高光能利用率,减少水土流失,改善土壤肥力,提高柑桔产量和改善品质等;使春季土壤升温减慢,影响幼柑桔树春夏季生长。推广套种技术时应加强对套种柑桔园的栽培管理,处理好牧草利用、水土保持、土壤培肥与柑桔生产的关系,以提高生态及经济效益。     

磷、钾营养对柑桔果实产量、品质和贮藏性的影响

采用田间试验以柑为材料研究了连续4年施用磷、钾肥后对柑桔果实的产量、品质和贮藏性的影响。结果表明,施用磷、钾肥,尤其磷、钾肥配施可显著提高柑桔果实的单果重和产量,以及采收时果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、还原糖含量、糖/酸比和维生素C(Vc)含量,降低可滴定酸含量;并且可以有效地降低柑桔果实在贮藏过程中的失重率和烂果率,减缓糖分、酸度和Vc含量的下降。磷钾营养对于提高柑桔果实的耐贮性和维持贮藏过程中果实的风味和营养品质有一定的作用。     

柑橘mRNA差异显示技术体系建立

明柳甜橘是从春甜桔自然芽变中选育出来的新品种,本研究以春甜橘和明柳甜橘的叶片为试验材料,首先提取春甜橘和明柳甜橘叶片的总RNA,经3种锚定引物（HT11A,HT11C,HT11G）反转录成3类cDNA,再利用相应的锚定引物和34个随机引物（HAP1-HAP34）组成引物对,反转录cDNA进行差异显示PCR扩增,将扩增产物经6％的变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后进行银染,获得了比较清晰的差异条带,然后回收差异条带并进行克隆,初步分离获得一些春甜橘和明柳甜橘差异基因,建立了柑桔mRNA差异显示技术,为进一步分析导致柑橘芽变的分子机理奠定基础。     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Soil Micronutrients and Citrus Growth

By using nutritional diagnosis of citrus leaves and determining soil micronutrients,the relationship between soil micronutrients and citrus growth in southern China has been studied.Studies showed that there was a significant positive correlation between available micronutrients (such as Zn,Mo,Cu)in the soil and the corresponding nutrients in citrus leaves.Thus,one can roughly learn of the sufficiency or deficiency of certain nutrients in soils by analyzing citrus leaves.Rational spray of Zn B or Mo fertilizer not only improved citrus yields but also increased the total sugar of Satsuma mandarin and of Xinhui orange by 2.9 and 17.2% respectively compared with the control.Spraying Mo fertilizer increased the vitamin C content of Satsuma mandarin juice by 4.7%-8.4%,maturated fruits 7-10 days earlier and gave the peel a brighter color.The ultramicroscopic characteristics of Zn-deficient citrus leaves were investigated under an electron microscope.Results showed that the Zn-deficient leaf cell was characterized mainly by poor cytoplasm,endoplasmic reticula and ribosomes and by big starch grains in the chloroplast.As a result of spraying Zn fertilizer the structure of the cell returned to normal,the cytoplasm became rich and the amount of chloroplast increased.There also appeared a great deal of multiform endoplasmic reticula,thus promoting the photosynthesis of Zn-deficient plants.This provides a cytologico-theoretical basis for fertilization of high-yielding citrus trees.     

Citrus Growth and Rhizosphere Properties

Fifteen citrus varieties (four varieties of limes/lemons, three varieties of mandarins, and eight varieties of sweet oranges) were tested in a row-to-row multireplicate field experiment on Typic Rhodustalf. Pre-bearing growth behavior of different citrus varieties showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) with respect to canopy volume (1.221 m³ with Bearss lemon and 0.220 m³ with Cara Cara Navel) governed by changes in different rhizospheric properties (soil-available nutrients, soil microbial population, and soil microbial biomass nutrients). Response in canopy volume was more governed by soil microbial biomass nutrients [carbon (C_mic), nitrogen (N_mic), and phosphorus (P_mic)] followed soil microbial population and soil available nutrients in decreasing order. Indices developed through diagnosis and recommendation integrated system further helped in partitioning interrhizosphere nutrient deficiencies. These studies suggested that (i) biological properties of rhizosphere soils of limes and lemons were of much superior quality and (ii) rhizospheric biological properties are transformed according to plant species and variety.     

柑桔抗溃疡病品种叶细胞膜脂组分的研究

柑桔溃疡病（ｃｉｔｒｕｓｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｌｃａｎｋｅｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＣＢＣＤ）是由ＸａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓＰｖ．ｃｉｔｒｉ（ＸＣＣ）引发的。本研究检测了抗ＣＢＣＤ柑桔品种和对Ｘｃｃ敏感品种叶细胞膜脂组分及含量。抗病品种及敏感品种之叶细胞膜脂种类相似，主要为磷脂酰胆碱（ＰＣ）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（ＰＥ）、磷脂酰甘油（ＰＧ）和磷脂酰肌醇（ＰＩ），其中ＰＣ和ＰＥ占总量的７５％以上，尤以ＰＣ居首。抗病品种ＰＣ、ＰＥ、ＰＧ、ＰＩ总含量（１．２４～１．６５ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ）明显小于敏感品种（２．３２～５．０８ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ）；抗病品种磷脂分子中的不饱和脂肪酸（油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸）与饱和脂肪酸（软脂酸和硬脂酸）的比率也小于敏感品种。抗ＣＢＣＤ品种和对ＸＣＣ敏感品种的叶细胞膜都含有显量的游离甾醇（０．５９～１．０１ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ）和痕量的甾醇酯。检出的游离甾醇主要有β－谷甾醇、菜油甾醇和羊毛甾醇，其中以β－谷甾醇含量最高，占总甾醇量的６０％以上。抗病品种的游离β－谷甾醇比敏感品种高３０％左右。各抗病品种叶细胞膜脂中的游离甾醇与总磷脂的比率（０．５２～０．７４）均显著高于敏感品种（０．１２～０．２８）。     

抗菌肽Shiva A基因在转基因柑橘无性繁殖后代中的遗传与表达分析

为进一步明确外源基因在转基因柑橘无性繁殖后代中的遗传稳定性及目标性状表现,本研究以转双价抗菌肽基因(ShivaA-cecropinB)纽荷尔脐橙(Citrus Sinensis Osbeck)无性繁殖后代植株为材料,通过PCR扩增,Southern杂交和实时定量PCR检测,以及温室抗病性评价分析等,对抗菌肽ShivaA基因在转基因柑橘后代株系中的遗传稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,外源抗菌肽Shiva A基因在转基因及其无性后代中能够稳定整合与表达.Southern杂交分析表明,ShivaA基因在无性繁殖后代基因组中为1个拷贝,而在T0代中为2个拷贝,由此推测T0代植株为混合嵌合体.定量PCR分析表明,ShivaA基因在To代中的表达水平低于其无性繁殖后代.本研究中外源基因的表达与拷贝数的多少成负相关.研究结果为开展转基因柑橘安全性评价提供了有用的实验材料,积累了有效的实验数据.     

湖南省柑橘园土壤营养状况及其对叶片养分的影响

为了解湖南省柑橘园土壤及叶片养分丰缺状况,对湖南省82个柑橘主产区土壤和植株叶片的矿质元素含量进行分析测试,运用曲线回归方法分析了土壤酸碱性与土壤肥力间相关性,采用典型性相关分析方法研究了土壤与叶片养分的定量统计关系。结果表明:全省86.75%的柑橘园土壤pH为酸性至强酸性,78.31%的土壤有机质含量处于适宜水平,有效氮、磷、钾缺乏土壤比例分别为15.66%、69.88%和27.71%,柑橘叶片全氮、磷、钾缺乏比例分别为12.35%、16.05%和18.52%。曲线回归分析结果显示,土壤养分含量与pH存在密切的关系,土壤有机质(Y_1)、碱解氮(Y_2)、有效磷(Y_3)、速效钾(Y_4)与pH(X)的拟合关系分别为:Y_1=2.15X~2–24.17X+85.53(R~2=0.53)、Y_2=0.255X~2–3.17X+91.29(R~2=0.36)、Y_3=5.51X~2–66.37X+208.22(R~2=0.43)、Y_4=5.59X~2–37.24X+213.43(R~2=0.40)。典型性相关分析结果显示,土壤养分含量水平的高低对叶片中其他养分含量也存在明显的影响,柑橘园土壤养分指标(X_1:pH;X_2:有机质;X_3:碱解氮;X_4:有效磷;X_5:速效钾)与叶片养分指标(Y_1:氮;Y_2:磷;Y_3:钾)的拟合模型分别为:U_1=–0.390X_1+0.909X_2+0.398X_3+0.269X_4–0.297X_5,V_1=0.792Y_1+0.637Y_2–0.132Y_3。在园区培肥管理时,应注意调节土壤酸碱度,因土酌情采取增施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥等综合平衡施肥措施。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地坡地橘园与梯田橘园土壤水分变化特征

为探明喀斯特坡地改为梯田后土壤水分的变化特征,以典型喀斯特坡地橘园和梯田橘园为研究对象,对不同深度土层(0—70 cm)土壤含水量进行1年 (376天)的连续监测。结果表明:(1)梯田橘园平均土壤含水量(32.64%)与坡地橘园(33.05%)差异很小,梯田橘园表层(0—10 cm)土壤含水量(43.35%)显著高于坡地橘园(34.24%),两者土壤水分均呈现旱季变化相对平缓、雨季波动较为剧烈的变化规律,梯田橘园表层土壤含水量与下层有明显差异,而坡地橘园各土层土壤含水量差异较小。(2)不同雨量的降雨事件中,梯田橘园各土层含水量总体增长幅度较坡地橘园大;停雨后24 h内,梯田橘园表层土壤含水量的衰退速度较坡地橘园慢,但停雨后1周内,梯田橘园各土层含水量衰退速度总体较坡地橘园快。(3)梯田橘园与坡地橘园的平均相对可利用水分分别为0.37与0.38,与非喀斯特地区相比,梯田在喀斯特峰丛洼地的保水效果相对不明显。研究结果可为定量评价喀斯特地区坡改梯措施的保水效益提供一定的科学依据。     

Antimutagenic activity of polymethoxyflavonoids from Citrus aurantium

The methanol extract from Citrus aurantium showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide). The methanol extract from C. aurantium was successively re-extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water. A dichloromethane fraction showed a suppressive effect. The suppressive compounds in the dichloromethane fraction were isolated by SiO(2) column chromatography and identified as tetra-O-methylscutellarein (1), sinensetin (2), and nobiletin (3) by EI-MS and (1)H- and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. These compounds suppressed the furylfuramide-induced SOS response in the umu test. Gene expression was suppressed 67%, 45%, and 25% at a concentration of 0.6 micromol/mL, respectively. The ID(50) value (50% inhibition dose) of compound 1 was 0. 19 micromol/mL. These compounds were assayed with other mutagens, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which requires liver metabolizing enzymes, activated Trp-P-1, and UV irradiation. These compounds showed of all mutagen-induced SOS response in the umu test. In addition, compounds 1-3 exhibited antimutagenic activity in the S. typhimurium TA100 Ames test.     

Betaines in fruits of Citrus genus plants

Numerous compounds, many of them osmolytes, were quantified in natural juices and in frozen concentrate juices from fruits of plants of the Citrus genus. L-proline, N-methyl-L-proline (hygric acid), N,N-dimethyl-L-proline (stachydrine), 4-hydroxy-L-prolinebetaine (betonicine), 4-hydroxy-L-proline, γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba), 3-carboxypropyltrimethylammonium (GabaBet), N-methylnicotinic acid (trigonelline), and choline in the fruit juices of yellow orange, blood orange, lemon, mandarin, bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), chinotto (Citrus myrtifolia), and grapefruit were analyzed by sensitive HPLC-ESI-tandem mass spectrometry procedure. It was found that the most represented osmolytes in the juices, that is, L-proline, stachydrine, and betonicine, can be quantified with minimal sample preparation and short analysis time (about 1 min) also by flow injection analysis (FIA) ESI-MS/MS with the same results as obtained by HPLC ESI-MS/MS. In all of the juices, discrete amounts of choline and trigonelline were present. Conversely, GabaBet was always below detection limits. Notably, N-methyl-L-proline and 4-hydroxy-L-prolinebetaine, which were discovered for the first time in the juice of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit), are also present in all of the citrus juices examined.