聚果榕与大果榕隐头果内雌花花柱分布方式及与其传粉蜂间的关系

榕属植物与传粉榕小蜂都依靠榕果内的雌花繁育后代,因此它们之间存在着竞争资源的冲突.测量雌雄同株榕树聚果榕与雌雄异株榕树大果榕雌花期的雌花花柱长度,分析其资源分配方式.结果表明:聚果榕雌花花柱长度呈单峰分布,而大果榕呈双峰分布.在雄花期,聚果榕传粉榕小蜂与种子分别倾向占用不同花梗长度的雌花:种子多靠近果壁,传粉榕小蜂的后代多存在于靠近果腔的雌花子房内,形成空间上的分离.大果榕的种子与传粉榕小蜂则分别产生于雌雄株隐头果中,实现了完全的空间隔离.就此而言,雌雄异株榕树大果榕在解决资源分配的竞争冲突中具有更大的优势.     

榕小蜂传粉行为对其繁殖的影响

在西双版纳热带雨林中,对叶榕的传粉榕小蜂不同运载花粉的过程对寄主榕果和自身后代的繁殖都有影响.传粉榕小蜂主动为对叶榕传粉,在雌株上的榕果内,榕小蜂传粉使雌花受精发育成种子,榕小蜂不能在雌果中繁衍后代;在雄株上的榕果里,只有雄花和榕小蜂寄生的雌花,而不能产生种子.从雄花期榕果内出来的传粉榕小蜂雌蜂,飞到其它雄树上寻找雌花期的榕果产卵繁殖后代,经过飞翔的一只雌蜂在一个榕果内制造瘿花353.93±91.72朵,最终发育到成虫期的榕小蜂数量为每果283.28±101.42只,平均瘿花率和成蜂率分别是0.26和0.81.通过控制实验阻断繁殖雌蜂的飞行过程,一只雌蜂在一个榕果内可制造瘿花446.74±60.06朵,完成发育的榕小蜂数量是386.15±87.46只,平均瘿花率和成蜂率分别是0.31和0.88.显然,飞行运载花粉的代价直接减少了传粉榕小蜂繁育后代的数量.     

聚果榕雄花前期隐头果内小蜂瘿花分布格局的初步研究

雌雄同株榕树聚果榕隐头果内的瘿花在雄花前期分层明显,根据花梗长度的不同,可分为3层:靠近果腔的内层(花梗长度为5.13±0.65 mm),中层(花梗长度为3.60±0.47 mm)以及靠近果壁的外层(花梗长度为1.32±0.15 mm).3个层次的瘿花子房大小明显不同,内层瘿花子房显著大于中层和外层子房.各种小蜂所占据的瘿花子房大小也存在较大差异:Platyneura testacea显著大于其它各类小蜂所在子房的大小,P.mayri的瘿花子房大小与Apocrypta. westwoodi和Apocrypta sp.差别不大,却显著大于P. agraensis与传粉榕小蜂.传粉榕小蜂所在的瘿花子房倾向于分布在内层以及中层,而非传粉小蜂则多居于外层瘿花子房中,造瘿者P. testacea所在的瘿花分布格局与其它非传粉小蜂的不同,而与传粉榕小蜂的相似.无论是造瘿类还是寄生类非传粉小蜂对榕树种子和传粉榕小蜂种群发展均不利.     

西双版纳热带雨林聚果榕小蜂季节性变化规律

聚果榕是西双版纳热带雨林生态系统中的一个优势树种。聚果榕和它的传粉媒介昆虫聚果榕小是一种高度协同进化,互相依赖才能繁殖各自后代,互惠共生的生物。聚果榕必须依靠聚果榕小蜂的传粉才能获得有性繁殖;而聚果榕小蜂又必须依赖聚果榕的短柱头雌花作为繁殖后代的场所,才能获得种群的繁衍。研究结果表明,聚果榕小蜂的种群随季节变化而变化,雨季种群数量高,干季种群数量低,但进入同一榕果内繁殖产卵的雌蜂数量则相反,雨季数     

福州笔管榕传粉生物学特征

【目的】研究福州笔管榕传粉生物学特征,为城市绿化和热带雨林生物多样性保护提供数据和科学支持。【方法】以福州地区的30株笔管榕为样本,对其传粉生物学进行研究。【结果】1)笔管榕不同植株的年结果批次不同(每年每株0～5批次),以年结果1～2批次为主,榕果发育株内同步,株间有时同步,有时异步,无发育期交叠的现象。笔管榕榕果的发育具明显的季节性,在日照短、温度低的秋冬季(11月至翌年的2月),榕果发育周期(A期至E期)通常需要2～5个月;而在日照长、温度较高的春夏季(3—10月),榕果发育明显变快,其发育周期仅需要1～2个月;2)每年单株笔管榕一般发生1～2次换叶。初春夏末是笔管榕落叶的高峰期,新叶在落叶后1～2周内萌发,老叶的脱落与新叶和果芽的萌发之间具关联性,叶通过光合作用为榕果萌发与发育提供良好的物质基础;3)笔管榕雌花期单果进蜂数量以1～3只占绝对优势,使个体小、数量多的榕果能够获得有效进蜂,既保证了榕树的结实率,也避免因过多的传粉小蜂拥挤在榕果狭小空间内相互打斗而造成的小蜂死亡和产卵效率低下。进入榕果的传粉小蜂均有不同程度的伤残;4)雌花期榕果内雌花的花柄(含子房柄)越短,其花柱(含柱头)的长度越长,反之亦然,从而使雌花柱头基本处于同一平面上,便于传粉小蜂的传粉与产卵,而雌花子房错落分布,使榕果有限空间得以充分利用。传粉小蜂产卵器的平均长度显著长于雌花花柱的平均长度(P＜0.001),表明笔管榕传粉榕小蜂产卵器可达到绝大部分的雌花子房。【结论】笔管榕与其传粉小蜂之间形成互惠共生、高度统一的协同进化关系。     

福州细叶榕传粉生物学

在福州地区选取85株细叶榕,对其传粉生物学进行研究.细叶榕榕果发育过程可划分为5个时期:雌前期、雌花期、间花期、雄花期和花后期.细叶榕雌花有长花柱、短花柱之分,柱头较长且弯曲,每个柱头独立,没有形成有利于小蜂传粉和产卵的联合柱头平台,雄花迟熟.细叶榕常年挂果,每年的4--8月为花序芽萌发高峰期,单株每年结果1～4次.细叶榕榕果从雌前期到花后期的发育时间长短与水热条件密切相关,在较为干冷的10月至翌年3月,细叶榕榕果发育较慢,一个发育周期通常需要3-6个月；在较为湿热的4-9月,榕果发育明显变快,一个发育周期仅需1-2个月.榕果的发育呈现株间、株内异步,花序发育周期交叠的现象频繁发生.细叶榕雌花期单果进蜂数量以1-2只占绝对优势,使个体小、数量多的榕果能够获得有效进蜂,既保证了传粉小蜂在榕果狭小空间内的有效传粉,也保证了榕树自身的正常结实,是榕-蜂协同进化的结果.福州细叶榕榕果内有17种小蜂,隶属于小蜂总科中的6个科(亚科),其中榕小蜂科的Eupristina verticillata是细叶榕唯一的传粉者,在榕小蜂群落结构中占绝对优势.细叶榕种子产出率明显较低,仅为13.64％,可能是其柱头未形成联合柱头平台,以及非传粉小蜂种类和数量较多的缘故.细叶榕可能通过增加年花期数(结果批次)来增加种子的产出,以确保自身的繁衍.本研究结果为城市绿化和热带雨林生物多样性保护提供科学依据.     

福州大叶榕的传粉生物学

在福州地区选取了10株大叶榕,对其传粉生物学进行研究。大叶榕花序果发育株内同步,株间异步,花序果发育过程可划分为5个时期:雌前期、雌花期、间花期、雄花期和花后期。大叶榕常年挂果,在每年的1—2月和6—7月有2个明显的花序芽萌发高峰期,单株每年结果1～3次。大叶榕花序果从雌前期到花后期的发育时间长短因季节而异:冬季和春季(12月—翌年5月)发育较慢,最长的持续近130天;夏秋季(6—11月)发育较快,间花期明显缩短,从雌前期到花后期仅需约80天。大叶榕雌花期单果进蜂数量以1只占绝对优势,使个体小,数量多的花序果能够获得有效进蜂,既大幅提高了小蜂的传粉效率,也保证了花序果的高结实率。大叶榕花序果内有7种小蜂,隶属于小蜂总科中的7个科(亚科),其中榕小蜂科的冠缝榕小蜂是大叶榕唯一的传粉者,其传粉方式为主动传粉。首次发现姬小蜂寄生于榕果的现象。大叶榕花序果中传粉小蜂和非传粉小蜂的种类和数量呈现明显的季节性变化,冬季和春季榕果内小蜂的种类和数量较多,传粉榕小蜂是优势种,榕果种子结实率高;夏秋季小蜂种类和数量略少,Camarothorax bismasculinus小蜂和Sycophila sp.小蜂是优势种,此期榕果结实率极低,对大叶榕的繁殖利益有较大的负面影响。本研究结果可为城市绿化和热带雨林生物多样性保护提供科学依据。     

西双版纳榕树及其隐头果内的小蜂群落

榕属的4个亚属在西双版纳均有分布,目前已报道榕树69种、亚种和变种,占全国已报道榕树种类的69.4%,其中榕亚属23个种和变种:白肉榕亚属4个种:聚果榕亚属2种和变种;无花果亚属41个种、变种和亚种。在榕树隐头果内生活着种类专一的传粉榕小蜂和一些非传粉小蜂。西双版纳地区目前已分类鉴定29种榕树的30种传粉小蜂和170多种非传粉小蜂,其它榕树种类及其隐头果内的小蜂种类还未获得活体标本而没有确切的分类定名。传粉小蜂与非传粉小蜂以及各种非传粉小蜂之间相互影响,并影响着榕树与传粉小蜂形成的共生体系,它们共同构成了榕树隐头果内复杂的小蜂群落。对榕树隐头果内小蜂群落的研究目前还处于初级阶段,主要都集中在传粉小蜂的研究上,非传粉小蜂的研究国内外都较少,且对于各种小蜂之间的关系以及它们与榕树之间的关系,还需更深入、具体的生态学、生物学、遗传学、分子生物学等各方面的综合研究。     

一生相伴 榕树与榕小蜂的生命故事

榕树和传粉榕小蜂是世界上目前所知互惠共生关系最为密切的一类生物,它与丝兰和丝兰蛾、蚂蚁和金合欢被认为是地球上最典型的3类协同进化关系最为密切的生物,而榕树和榕小蜂又比后两类协同进化关系更为密切,已经发展到一对一的高度协同进化程度,即一种榕树只允许一种榕小蜂传花授粉,一种榕小蜂也仅只为一种榕树传花授粉,罕见有例外。这样高度的协同进化也意味着一种物种的消失,面临着另外一种物种也同时灭亡的危机。     

木瓜榕和对叶榕上昆虫群落结构

在西双版纳热带雨林中的木瓜榕和对叶榕两个种群内共采集昆虫标本20088号，其中访问木瓜榕的昆虫有8目21科33属，共40种，在对叶榕上采集到37种昆虫，隶属于7目21科32属。两种榕树的昆虫群落组成特点表现为：害虫种类多，种类达群落总种数的94．6％－97．0％，但个体数量少，主要是鳞翅目、鞘翅目及同翅目等类群的昆虫；许多昆虫既喜食榕果又可危害叶片，部分种类仅取食叶片和蛀干；这些类群中在隐头花果内外活动的昆虫种类最多，达54％，数量上占到93．1％－94．3％。益虫种类少，则个体数量多，尤其是传粉榕小蜂和群数量占绝对优势（86．4％－90．2％），它的成功传粉影响着榕树群落的构建和稳定。     

Seed and wasp production in the mutualism of figs and fig wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries(near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no competition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator‘s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps ineluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.     

希蒙得木开花特性初步研究

在四川金沙江干热河谷地带栽培的希蒙得木一年四季均可开花,但主要集中在1月~2月和6月~7月,而且仅春季开的花才可能授粉坐果。雄株开花时间早于雌株。在2 a生时,植株开花率达98%。影响希蒙得木开花坐果的主要气候因子是空气相对湿度。在旱季采取灌溉措施可以显著提高植株坐果率,种子产量是未灌溉植株的7倍以上。     

Cutting management ofCalliandra calothyrsus in the wet season to maximize dry season fodder production in the central highlands of Burundi

Calliandra calothyrsus was cut back at monthly intervals during the rainy season between January and May to determine which period of cutting gives the highest quantity and quality of dry matter in August, the peak of the dry season, when a lack of fodder is most acute. In both 1992 and 1993, the highest quantity of dry season production was obtained from the plots that were harvested in February, six months before the driest month. Crude protein content of the dry season fodder was not significantly influenced by the time of harvest in the rainy season. How the fodder produced in the dry season is to be used to satisfy the digestible protein needs of 3.5 goats for a 90-day period in the highlands of Burundi and how the leafy biomass harvested in the rainy season is to be used to support crop production are discussed.Deceased     

Consequences of dry-season seed dispersal on seedling establishment of dry forest trees: Should we store seeds until the rains?

We examined the following hypotheses: (i) seeds of dry forest trees have high pre- and post-germination mortality by desiccation due to the time between seed dispersal and germination and to irregular rains at the onset of the rainy season; (ii) seedlings from seeds dispersed in the dry season which survive the dry spells are larger at the end of the first rainy season than those dispersed in the rainy season because the former have more time to grow. We evaluated the possible trade-off between few large seedlings (resulting from natural dispersal) × many small seedlings (resulting from delayed dispersal) on seedling survival during the dry season. We sowed eight tree species in a greenhouse in September, simulating the natural dispersal timing (before the rains), and in November, when rains are more constant. Because shading can counteract the effects of desiccation, we applied three levels of shade (10%, 40% and 72% of PPFD). From September 2005 to December 2006, we provided the daily precipitation of a median year from a major patch of dry forest in Central Brazil. At the end of the rainy season, a subset of seedlings was collected for growth measurements (dry mass) and the remainder was left to follow the dry season survivorship. The lower germination expected for seeds dispersed in the dry season and in full sun was not confirmed for species that had some dormancy. The delayed dispersal was advantageous for the initial establishment of fast germinating species, but it was irrelevant or even disadvantageous for others. Also, the greenhouse weather was certainly milder than the natural environment, reducing the potential for mortality by desiccation. The growth of the four species of higher dormancy were not affected by timing of seed dispersal, while three out of four fast germinating species had higher root biomass when dispersed in the dry season. The growth during the rainy season did not affect seedling survival during the dry season. Keeping seeds to sow when rain is constant might be a good strategy to increase the establishment of fast-germinating tree species.     

木瓜榕的性表达和繁殖特点

木瓜榕雌雄异株,种群内一年四季均挂有果实,果量雌多雄少,其中雌树有2次显著的挂果高峰,占了全年挂果量的80％;雄树挂果多集中在10月至下一年的3月份。木瓜榕隐头花果发育进程中,在间花期雌雄果明显分异,雄果发育期长,74％的隐头果能正常成熟;雌果完成生活周期所需时间短,发育中落果率较高,仅22％的隐头果能成功生产种子。木瓜榕隐头果还受5种非传粉小蜂的作用,它们寄生于传粉小蜂或者与之竞争资源,进而影响到寄主木瓜榕的传粉授精和种子生产。     

雷州半岛尾巨桉旱季径向生长特征及其影响因素分析

【目的】量化认识旱季尾巨桉的径向生长动态及其影响因素,为提高桉树林的木材产量及其科学经营提供数据支持及理论指导。【方法】应用DC3型径向变化记录仪对5.5年生尾巨桉旱季径向生长进行连续监测,同步观测林内外各环境因子,分析旱季径向变化与各个因子之间的相关关系。【结果】受树干水分平衡因素的影响,旱季晴天尾巨桉的树干径向日变化呈现出规律的周期性波动,其日最大值出现在9:00—10:00,而最小值出现在16:00—18:00;雨天树干呈持续膨胀后保持不变,最大值较晴天晚约2h。旱季尾巨桉树干径向累积增长为波动性上升过程,可分为相对稳定期、快速增长期及失水收缩期3个阶段。在整个旱季内,各个时期径向生长的主导影响因子不同,其中土壤含水量、土壤温度和大气温度是影响尾巨桉旱季径向生长的主要因素。【结论】土壤水分和温度是影响尾巨桉旱季径向生长的主要因素,若旱季能够通过采取提高土壤温度和土壤含水量(灌溉等)等有效的经营措施,将对尾巨桉树干的径向生长起到促进作用。     

乌兰察布市兴和县山区春季雨季造林与管理措施的浅析

文章针对乌兰察布市兴和县山区利用春季雨季的有利时机,搞好造林,提高造林成活率,春季雨季造林技术及管理粗浅的想法。     

杉木种子发育生理、涩籽成因及降低败育措施的研究

对杉木种子发育生理及涩籽形成原因的研究结果表明：随着胚的分化发育,雌配子体（胚乳）和胚的干质量、体积及生物分子（总核酸、蛋白质和类脂）含量均不断增加,一直持续到种子成熟。败育的杉木涩籽中存在着凝集素类物质,它的存在与败育无关,而在贮藏蛋白的形成中的作用。败能的杉木涩籽中只积累较多的脱落酸,说明了败育涩籽的衰败和失活。根据研究结果提出了减少杉木种子败育的措施。     

印度阿萨姆帮丘陵林地优势种竹子群聚开花情况:物候学、再生、对农村经济的影响以及保护

We recorded gregarious flowering of three bamboo species viz. Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa tulda and Melocanna baccifera during rainy season from early March to late May, 2008 at lowland forest of Bajali area of Indo-Burma hotspot region. A regular method of field sampling of various forest types was used to map the bamboo species in Assam, India. Moreover, people’s perception on bamboo blooming was investigated at 17 sample plots covering 258 respondents inhabiting at the site at an average of 15 in each plots. A floral clump (inflorescence) emerged and developed into a giant panicle comprising of numerous florets. Two types of seeds viz. bacca and caryopsis were recorded in different species. Viviparous germination was noticed in few bacca seeds produced by M. baccifera and this has unusual occurrence in bamboo. Seed viability test shows that 75% caryopsis seeds were viable; these seeds had the potential of germination and can be used for mass regeneration. Most local respondents believe that bamboo flowering can result in population explosion of rodent, therefore, they think bamboo flowering is positively correlated with famine. This traditional belief results in massive destruction of bamboo clumps, which significantly impacts on rural economy.