江苏土壤中微量元素供给情况以及与作物生长的关系——Ⅰ.苏南地区

微量元素泛指土壤中含量很少的化学元素,一般具有双重意义,既可以包括土壤中所有的含量很低的元素,也可以专指其中具有生物学意义的元素。     

贵州开阳地区新元古代灯影组白云岩风化成土剖面微量元素地球化学特征

硒是人体必需的微量元素,土壤中的硒含量受基岩的控制,研究土壤中硒的分布情况,对合理开发利用土地资源具有重要意义。通过对开阳地区红粘土剖面的结构、颜色、微量元素、稀土元素分布特征研究,提出红粘土层可划分为两层:底部为暗紫褐色粘土,含有很高的Se元素及其它微量元素和稀土元素;顶部为紫红色粘土-灰黄色粘土,Se元素以及其它微量元素、稀土元素含量较低。基岩是红粘土剖面中硒元素的物质来源,其是土壤中硒含量的主要控制因素,另外,Fe含量、pH值、有机质也是微量元素包括硒元素、稀土元素富集的重要的控制因素,硒元素在铁质层和红粘土底部超常富集,这两层中硒含量分别是中国土壤硒平均含量的14.35倍和34.78倍。     

复垦土地土壤有效微量元素分布特征研究

为了分析矿区不同复垦条件下,复垦土地土壤中有效微量元素的的分布特征,采用实地试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究不同复垦时间和复垦措施条件下土壤铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)4种微量元素有效态含量的时空变化规律。结果表明,在复垦土地恢复过程中,不同的微量元素含量变化表现出了不同的特征;恢复时间的延长有利于土壤有效微量元素的恢复和增加;当土壤恢复时间超过8a以后,有效微量元素含量接近或超过自然状态下土壤中的含量。不同治理措施对土壤有效微量元素含量及其分布也有较大影响,覆土+灌草种植等合理的人为治理活动能够提高土壤中有效态微量元素的含量。     

三工河流域绿洲土壤微量元素有效含量特征分析

土壤微量元素的含量与分布特征是反映特定地区环境状况的一个重要因素,对土地资源的合理开发和利用具有重要意义.本研究以天山北坡三工河流域冲积平原型绿洲为研究区,选择盐土、潮土和灰漠土3种土壤类型,分析其B、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu等微量元素的有效含量特征.结果表明:⑴以"全国农业系统的土壤速效微量元素丰缺指标"为标准,土壤有效Mn含量属于极低水平,有效Zn和Fe含量属于中等水平,有效Cu属于丰富水平,有效B属于极富水平;⑵三工河流域绿洲土壤中有效Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu含量与土壤pH呈负相关关系;土壤有机质对有效Fe、Cu含量影响很大;有机质和Mn的关系不明显,这和湿润地区研究结果存在显著差异;⑶不同的土壤类型对于土壤有效B、Zn和Fe的含量影响显著;潮土中微量元素的有效含量与盐土、灰漠土中含量相比有显著差异.     

土地整理对土壤有效态微量元素的影响

以重庆丰都县三坝乡土地整理项目为研究对象,研究土地整理前后的土壤有效态微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌、硼含量及分布特征,并进一步探讨其变化的原因。结果表明:(1)土地整理后土壤有效态铁、锰、铜、锌、硼的含量均下降,其中有效铁含量下降最明显,较整理前减少72.7%;土地整理改变了土壤有效态微量元素(除有效硼外)的剖面分布规律,使离散程度降低,使各土层中微量元素的含量趋于均匀。(2)土壤有机质、pH和速效养分能影响微量元素的分布。土地整理后土壤有机质含量的下降能显著降低表层(0-20cm)土壤中有效态微量元素含量,其中土壤有效铜含量受其影响最为明显,相关系数r为0.773;随着土壤pH的增加,表层(0-20cm)和亚表层(20-40cm)中有效态微量元素含量降低,其中有效铁含量受pH影响较为显著;土壤中有效磷含量的下降是造成表层和亚表层土壤有效态微量元素含量下降的另一原因,速效钾对底层(40-60cm)土壤中有效态铁和有效态锌含量有一定的影响,相关系数分别为0.494和0.510,土壤中碱解氮含量的变化对有效态微量元素含量影响不大。     

不同土壤类型有效微量元素的空间特征——以张掖市临泽县为例

以临泽县土壤(0—20cm)中有效Mn,Zn,Fe,Cu,B微量元素为研究对象,运用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法研究了不同土壤类型有效微量元素的空间分布特征,绘制了空间分布图,最后根据甘肃省耕层土壤养分分级标准对临泽县有效土壤微量元素进行综合评价。结果表明:盐渍土、灰棕漠土、流动风沙土普遍缺有效微量元素,泥炭沼泽土、灌耕厚立土、草甸盐土中的有效微量元素含量相对较高;临泽县土壤中有效微量元素含量整体上处于中等水平,为了当地农业生产的需要,可以提高微肥用量和改善微肥的施用措施来增加土壤中微量元素含量。     

上海土壤中微量元素的含量与分布的研究

植物必需的微量营养元素锌、锰、钼、硼、铜在土壤中供给不足或过剩时,都可能引起植物、动物及人体生理功能失调,生长发育受阻,诱发出各种特殊的生理病害。明确土壤中微量元素含量分布规律及其有效性问题,有助于采取措施来调剂微量元素的供应水平,对于农业生产的发展,以及维护人类和动物的健康,都具有重要的意义。本文就1978-1979年关于上海土壤中微量元素的含量分布及其有效性问题的研究,作一总结。     

太原市土壤中微量元素状况

从１９８０至１９８９年，我们对太原市不同成土母质，不同类型土壤微量元素的含量进行了分析研究。结果表明，花岗岩母质是有效态微量元素含量较高的母质，砂页岩中有效铜、铁含量最高，黄土母质的微量元素含量均低；有效锌、硼（包括盐化潮土）、锰、铜、铁含量在淋溶褐土和棕壤等土壤中较高，而在褐土性土、石灰性褐土、粗骨土、潮土、盐化潮土等土壤含量较低；在太原市土壤中，有效态微量元素含量一般偏低。     

四川盆地土壤中微量元素的含量分布及其有效性的研究

四川盆地是一个古老的农业区,但其土壤中的微量元素,尚未曾作过专门研究。本文研究了四川盆地土壤中微量元素硼、锌、铜、锰、铁的含量分布状况和影响其有效性的某些因子。结果表明:各元素的总含量较高,但有效硼的含量很低,有效锌和锰的含量在多数土壤中亦较低,有效铜和铁的含量却较丰富。土壤中各微量元素的含量因土而异,其有效性受pH和有机质含量的影响,各有效态微量元素的含量均是pH<7的高,而pH>7则低,且与有机质含量呈显著正相关关系。水稻土中各有效态微量元素(除硼以外)的含量一般高于同母质发育的旱地。     

福建主要耕作土壤有效锌含量分布及影响因素分析

针对当前农业生产中忽视微量元素补充、土壤微量元素含量不均等问题。在福建省8个设区市采集耕作土壤样品23477个,统计了耕作土壤有效锌含量及分布,分析了种植类型、土壤类型、地形地貌、母质类型、土壤pH值、有机质含量等因素对土壤有效锌含量的影响。结果表明:福建省耕作土壤有效锌含量平均为2.86     

Multielement analysis of natural waters by neutron activation,group chemical separations,and gamma-ray spectrometric techniques

A multielement analytical technique of thermal neutron activation of frozen water samples has been developed and applied to the studies of natural waters. A rapid group chemical separation utilizing ion exchange resins and a precipitation step to reduce ²⁴Na and 42K interferences, followed by γ-ray analysis of the fractions with Ge (Li) and multiparameter NaI (TI) systems, permits the simultaneous measurement of a large number of trace constituents. Samples of river water, rain water, processed sewage water and Greenland ice were analyzed for 19 trace elements — Ag, As, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Se, Se, U, and Zn. These data have been used in studies of trace element concentration factors in aquatic biota, precipitation scavenging processes, and environmental pollution.     

SPATIAL REsolUTION AND CALIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO NARROW PROBE GAMMA-RAY TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL BULK DENSITY IN SITU

Two dual-probe gamma-ray transmission systems using caesium-137 sources were examined. The performance of a small Geiger-Muller detector was compared in respect to spatial resolution and calibration characteristics with an NaI(TI) crystal detector fitted to a thermally stabilised narrow photo multiplier with variable photon energy discrimination. The NaI(TI) detector had progressively better depth resolution with increasing discrimination threshold and more linear calibration relationships than the GM detector. The calibration linearity and sensitivity with the GM detector were strongly dependent on the mass thickness of the probe wall tubing. Count rate was not dependent on soil composition with either system. The GM detector system provided a satisfactory instrument of restricted performance. For good spatial resolution near the surface a narrow photo multiplier with thermal stabilisation overcame some of the difficulties previously found with NaI(Tl) detectors.     

Distribution of 32 Elements in Organic Surface Soils: Contributions from Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants and Natural Sources

Data are presented for 32 elements (Li, Be, B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Hf, Tl, Pb, Bi) in organic-rich surface soils in Norway, based on samples from 464 sites. By considering geographical distributions based on isopleths, results from factor analysis, and ANOVA of median values from 12 different geographical regions, the contributions from natural and anthropogenic sources are estimated for each element. Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants from areas out of Norway is a dominant source for Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi and also a strongly contributing factor for Zn, As, Mo, and Tl. Also V, Ni, Cu, and Ge are somewhat affected, but other factors dominate for these elements. Local point sources of pollution provide significant contributions to soil concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, and Cd. The local bedrock is the overriding source of Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Rb, Zr, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, and probably of Ge and Ag. Surface enrichment by root uptake in plants and return to the soil surface by decaying plant material is particularly evident for Mn, Zn, Rb, Cs, and Ba. These elements show no clear difference between south and north in the country, indicating that their plant uptake does not depend on latitude. In the case of B and Sr, atmospheric deposition of marine aerosols is an important source. Rb and Ag, and to a less extent Mn, Ga, and Ba, appear to be depleted in soils near the coast presumably due to cation exchange with airborne marine cations.     

Assessment of soil structure repair due to wetting and drying cycles through 2D tomographic image analysis

Soil structure is very important in agriculture since it affects soil and plant root attributes, such as root system distribution, soil water and nutrient transport, and heat transfer. Degraded soil structures may be repaired by wetting and drying cycles due to changes in the soil pore system. Gamma-ray computed tomography (CT) was used as a tool to evaluate the effect of wetting/drying cycles on soil structure repair, using samples collected in aluminum cylinders. A first-generation tomograph with an ²⁴¹Am source and a 7.62 cm × 7.62 cm NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal detector coupled to a photomultiplier tube were employed. Image analysis and tomographic unit profiles showed that CT can provide an insight into sample structure in order to evaluate repairs and so improves the use of this tool in relation to the judgement of the quality of measured soil physical properties.     

Multielement analysis of Canadian wines by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multivariate statistics

Trace element fingerprints were deciphered for wines from Canada's two major wine-producing regions, the Okanagan Valley and the Niagara Peninsula, for the purpose of examining differences in wine element composition with region of origin and identifying elements important to determining provenance. Analysis by ICP-MS allowed simultaneous determination of 34 trace elements in wine (Li, Be, Mg, Al, P, Cl, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U) at low levels of detection, and patterns in trace element concentrations were deciphered by multivariate statistical analysis. The two regions were discriminated with 100% accuracy using 10 of these elements. Differences in soil chemistry between the Niagara and Okanagan vineyards were evident, without a good correlation between soil and wine composition. The element Sr was found to be a good indicator of provenance and has been reported in fingerprinting studies of other regions.     

Multi-element analysis of South African wines by ICP-MS and their classification according to geographical origin

Wines from three important wine-producing regions, Stellenbosch, Robertson, and Swartland, in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, were analyzed by ICP-MS and the elemental composition used in multivariate statistical analysis to classify the wines according to geographical origin. The method is based on the assumption that the provenance soil is an important contributor to the trace element composition of a wine. A total of 40 elements were determined in 40 wines. Of these, 20 elements: Li, B, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, Sc, Mn, Ni, Ga, Se, Rb, Sr, Nb, Cs, Ba, La, W, Tl, and U showed differences in their means across the three areas. In a stepwise discriminant analysis procedure, functions based on linear combinations of the log-transformed element concentrations of Al, Mn, Rb, Ba, W, and Tl were generated to correctly classify wines from each region. In an alternative approach, a pairwise discriminant analysis procedure, not previously used in wine provenance studies, was tested. In this procedure, the classification was done in three steps, with each step classifying a wine as coming from a certain region or not. The combination of elements characterizing wines from a particular region was different in each region. The discriminant functions were based on the following elements: Al, Mn, Rb, Ba, and W for Stellenbosch; Se, Rb, Cs, and Tl for Robertson; and Al, Mn, Rb, Sr, Ba, and Tl for Swartland. After this procedure, the classification of the wines into one of the groups was 100% successful.     

用微量元素对东北大米产地识别的技术

为探讨元素指纹分析技术对东北三省大米产地识别的可行性,筛选出可以区分不同产地大米的标志元素,该研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,ICP-MS）测定东北三省主要水稻产区土壤-作物籽实中Li、B、Be等23种微量元素含量,利用相关分析、方差分析、偏最小二乘回归分析等多种分析方法对不同产地大米及土壤中微量元素含量进行分析,建立识别东北三省大米产地的判别模型。结果表明：大米中Mo、Zn含量与土壤中Mo、Zn含量呈显著正相关（P<0.01）;3个省份大米中Ga、Pb、Sr、Zr、Ba元素分布表现出一致性,而另外18种元素表现出显著差异性（P<0.05）。对18种显著差异元素建立产地识别模型,发现正交偏最小二乘回归分析和多层感知器神经网络分析建立的判别模型能较好地对东北三省大米进行有效区分和识别,多层感知器神经网络分析中整体检验组的综合正确判别率为96.3%;在Fisher判别分析中利用逐步判别法筛选出的7种元素建立的判别模型能有效识别东北三省大米产地,判别正确率为93.8%。研究表明基于微量元素含量特征能够对东北三省大米产地进行有效识别,可为保护地区特色产品提供技术参考。     

Red soils derived from limestone contain higher amounts of trace elements than those derived from various other parent materials

The concentrations of 48 trace elements (Li, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, In, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U) in 14 soils derived from limestone, sampled at three sites, are compared with the concentrations in 500 soil samples derived from a variety of other parent materials. The 500 samples were collected from 75 sites nationwide in order to include the wide range of common soil types in Japan. Most analytical results were obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), but Cr, As, Br, Zr, Sn, and I concentrations were determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), because the acid dissolution techniques employed in this study were found to be incapable of recovering these elements completely. In order to examine the reliability of analyses, the concentrations of many elements were also determined by EDXRF, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Box and whisker diagrams (Tukey plots), constructed using log-transformed values of each element, show clearly that geometric means of nearly all the trace elements in soils derived from limestone are higher than those in soils derived from other parent materials. The only exceptions are Sr, Ag and Eu, though statistical analysis (Student’s t-test) shows that the differences for these three elements were not significant at p < 0.05. Similarly, the observed differences of geometric means for Sc, Br and Ba between limestone soils and other types of soils were also not significant at p < 0.05. It can be concluded, therefore, that the concentrations of the above-mentioned 48 trace elements in soils derived from limestone are significantly higher than those in other types of soils, with the exception of Sc, Br, Sr, Ag, and Ba, though it was necessary to exclude 81 soil samples, developed on scoriaceous (basaltic) volcanic ash from Mt. Fuji, as an exceptional group for comparisons of V and Cu, as these soils contain higher levels of these two elements. The above results can be attributed to the gradual accumulation of trace elements in the limestone soils due to the intense weathering processes.     

Accumulation and distribution pattern of macro- and microelements and trace elements in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay berries

This paper describes the accumulation pattern of 42 mineral elements in Vitis vinifera L. berries during development and ripening and their distribution in berry skin, seeds, and flesh around harvest time. Grape berries were sampled in two different vineyards with alkaline soil and analyzed using a ICP-MS. Although elemental amounts were significantly different in the grapes from the two vineyards, the accumulation pattern and percentage distribution in different parts of the berries were generally quite similar. Ba, Eu, Sr, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn accumulate prior to veraison. Al, Ce, Dy, Er, Ga, Gd, Ho, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sn, Zr, Th, Tm, U, Y, and Yb accumulate mainly prior to veraison but also during ripening. Ag, As, B, Cd, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ge, Hg, K, Li, Na, P, Rb, Sb, Se, and Tl accumulate progressively during growth and ripening. With regard to distribution, Ba, Ca, Eu, Fe, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn accumulate mainly in the seeds, Al, B, Ga, Sn, and the rare earths analyzed, except for Eu, accumulate mainly in the skin, and Ag, As, Cd, Cs, Cu, Ge, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Na, Rb, Sb, Se, Th, Tl, U, and Zr accumulate mainly in the flesh. A joint representation of the accumulation and distribution patterns for the elements in the berry is also given.     

The desorption of silver and thallium from soils in the presence of a chelating resin with thiol functional groups

Silver (Ag) and thallium (Tl) are non-essential elements that are toxic to many biota at trace levels, but are rarely studied in soil environments. Ag sorbs strongly to soils, especially those rich in organic matter whereas Tl sorption is influenced by clay content. However, the mobility and bioavailability of Tl and Ag are ultimately affected less by the soil sorptive capacity than by the ease with which these elements desorb from soils. In that context, the strength of Ag and Tl sorption to illite-rich mineral soils with differing textures and an organic peaty-muck soil, from New York State, was investigated by studying their desorption using, as a sink for the metals, a resin (Duolite G-73) containing a thiol functional group. Desorption was monitored over time (1 h, 4 weeks) from soils previously equilibrated with Tl⁺ or Ag⁺ for 24 h (steady-state) or for up to 1 year. Within 24 h, 60% of the sorbed Tl was recovered by the resin. Within 2 weeks, 80–100% of the Tl desorbed from all four soils equilibrated for both 24 h and 1 year periods. Ag was not effectively recovered from the resin. However, qualitative review indicates that more Ag was desorbed after the 24 h sorption period than after the 1 year period. More Ag desorbed from the sandy soil than from the peaty-muck soil or the mineral soils with higher clay contents. However, within two weeks silver was mobilized from the peaty-muck soil. The observed release of Ag and Tl from soils, coupled with their toxicity at trace levels to a broad range of soil organisms, suggests that they may pose an environmental concern when present in soils at elevated concentrations.