Predicting survival of planted Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings on dry,low-elevation sites in southwestern Oregon

Four equations were developed for predicting the probability of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) survival for the first (0–1) and first to third (1–3) growing seasons after applying mulching, scalping, or artificial shading (shade cards) treatments in plantations in southwestern Oregon, U.S.A. Variables describing conifer size, levels of competing vegetation, presence of silvicultural treatments, site factors, and climate factors were collected from 13 sites ranging from 0 to 6 years after planting and examined as potential predictors of survival. Age, stem diameter, a competition index for shrubs, severity of growing season at time of treatment, average annual precipitation, aspect, and slope angle were predictors of Douglas-fir survival during 0–1 and 1–3 growing seasons after treatment; the presence of silvicultural treatments was also a predictor only during the first growing season after treatment. Age, aspect, and slope angle were predictors of ponderosa pine survival over both 0–1 and 1–3 growing seasons after treatment; height-diameter ratio, competition indices for herbs, shrubs, and hardwoods, silvicultural treatment, severity of growing season at time of treatment, and average annual precipitation were also predictors only during the first growing season after treatment; crown width was a predictor of survival only during 1–3 growing seasons after treatment. When significant in the models, predicted probability of survival increases with treatments, less severe weather conditions, diameter, crown width, age, and precipitation; probability decreases with increasing height-diameter ratio and competition indices for herbs, shrubs, and hardwoods.     

Tree allometry, leaf size and adult tree size in old-growth forests of western Oregon

Relationships between tree height and crown dimensions and trunk diameter were determined for shade-tolerant species of old-growth forests of western Oregon. The study included both understory and overstory species, deciduous and evergreen angiosperms and evergreen conifers. A comparison of adult understory species with sapling overstory species of similar height showed greater crown width and trunk diameter in the former, whether the comparison is made among conifers or deciduous trees. Conifer saplings had wider crowns than deciduous saplings, but the crown widths of the two groups converged with increase in tree height. Conifer saplings had thicker trunks than deciduous saplings of similar crown width, possibly because of selection for resistance to stem bending under snow loads. The results suggest that understory species have morphologies that increase light interception and persistence in the understory, whereas overstory species allocate their biomass for efficient height growth, thereby attaining the high-light environment of the canopy. The greater crown widths and the additional strength requirements imposed by snow loads on conifer saplings result in less height growth per biomass increment in conifer saplings than in deciduous saplings. However, the convergence in crown width of the two groups at heights greater than 20 m, and the proportionately smaller effect of snow loads on large trees, may result in older conifers equalling or surpassing deciduous trees in biomass allocation to height growth.     

施肥对乡土树种川滇桤木幼林生长特征的影响

对1a生川滇桤木幼林进行施肥试验。结果表明,施肥对川滇桤木苗木的幼林生长有显著影响。1a生幼林施肥处理下的苗高、地茎和冠幅生长量分别比对照增长13．01％、20．37％和11．52％,且差异显著;2年后肥料效应对地径影响显著,比对照增长21．13％;对苗高、冠幅的作用减弱,分别比对照增长6．97％和7．20％。1a生和2a生幼林施肥处理下,茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重、根系鲜重、根系干重的平均生长量均明显高于未施肥处理的对照,且差异显著;叶片相对含水量也高于对照,且1a生幼林茎叶的相对含水量差异显著,而2a生幼林差异不显著。2a生川滇桤木新造幼林根系从0．2～1．5cm范围内均有分布,其中0．20～0．45cm范围根系最多;0．46～0．59cm范围内次之;0．60～0．99cm和1．00～1．50cm范围内最少。     

华南地区7种阔叶树种早期生长表现

在广东省西江林场的7种阔叶树种幼林内设置标准地,对其幼林期的生长表现进行研究.结果表明:米老排和灰木莲的地径、树高及冠幅与树高显著相关,地径与冠幅相关不显著;西南桦、火力楠和降香黄檀的地径、树高、冠幅三者间都显著相关;黑木相思的地径与树高及冠幅显著相关,冠幅与树高相关不显著;红花荷的地径、树高、冠幅的生长均无显著相关;...     

Large mulches and manual release enhance growth of ponderosa pine seedlings

Woody and herbaceous vegetation that captures scarce soil moisture often kills or stunts the growth of conifer seedlings in young plantations in the Sierra Nevada of California. Two methods for excluding this vegetation are to apply large (3-m×3-m), long-lasting (at least 5 years) mulches around the seedlings soon after planting, or to repeatedly grub seedlings of competing vegetation in study plots. Both techniques were tested and proved to be effective, significantly increasing ponderosa pine diameter and height relative to the control and to seedlings surrounded by small paper mulches. The effective treatments were large enough to enable conifer seedlings to capture site resources unimpeded by competing plants. Eight species of shrubs, seventeen forbs, four grasses, and one fern grew naturally on the study site.Results suggest that the forester now has two biologically effective means for controlling unwanted vegetation and for attaining rapid early pine growth in environments similar to the study area. Although more expensive, the large heavy polyester mulches ($9.90 per seedling over 5 years) give the forester an alternative to manual release ($2.05 per seedling over 5 years).     

马尾松大径材优良家系幼林期生长表现

2011年于大型水库周围的湖南省青羊湖国有林场营造马尾松大径材家系试验林,造林半年和1年3个月后分别观测其幼林期的生长表现。结果表明:马尾松大径材家系幼林期的地径、树高以及冠幅生长量的差异均达到了极显著水平,不同家系地径、树高、冠幅的变异系数均在19%以上。不同年份间不同家系地径的变异系数大于树高的,地径的变异系数在年度间变化不明显,而树高的变异系数则2012年的明显小于2011年的。27个大径材优良家系造林1年3个月后,以80、425、38、34的生长表现最好,其树高、胸径和冠幅均生长良好;27个家系的树高生长量均超过了国家标准1年生树高的生长量,全部家系的平均树高远远超过国家标准1年生树高的生长量;34号家系的树高超过了国家标准2年生树高的生长量。马尾松大径材家系幼林期各生长性状,包括2011年地径、2012年地径、2011年树高、2012年树高、2012年冠幅等,除2011年地径与树高相关性不显著外,其余各因子间的相关性均达显著或极显著水平。     

Effects of thinning intensity on species diversity and timber production in a conifer (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation in Japan

In conifer plantations, enhancement of species diversity has become an important management goal. Although thinning is a useful method to enhance diversity, determining optimum thinning intensities may be rather complicated because of potential trade-offs among a broad array of management goals (e.g., recovery of biodiversity, increasing individual tree sizes, increasing net primary production, saving management costs). To evaluate the optimum thinning intensity by analyzing these relationships, we conducted a thinning experiment with three different thinning intensities—unthinned, 33% thinned, and 67% thinned—in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation in 2003, and investigated the number, diameter at breast height (DBH), and diversity of hardwoods (height?>?1.5?m) in 2008, and the growth of conifers over five?years. In hardwoods, the number of individuals, number of species, mean DBH, and total basal area were greatest in the 67% thinned treatment, irrespective of successional status. However, Shannon’s diversity index did not differ among the three treatments due to a disproportionate increase with thinning intensity in the abundance of a mid-successional species, Cornus controversa. Diameter growth of conifers was also highest in the 67% thinned and lowest in the unthinned treatment, whereas the reverse was true for stand volume increment. These results suggest that intensive thinning is a reliable method to convert conifer plantations into conifer–hardwood mixed forests at canopy level much more quickly and consistently than weak thinning, although primary production is to some extent reduced. If forest managers prefer sustainable timber production of conifers rather than full recovery of diversity, weak thinning may be suitable.     

基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数研究

[目的]以湖南省黄丰桥国有林场杉木纯林为研究对象,进行树木竞争指数的研究,基于Hegyi简单竞争指数的形式,提出包含反映树冠特征因子的树冠竞争指数。[方法]将树冠竞争指数和Hegyi简单竞争指数分别与胸径增长量进行相关分析。[结果]Kendall's tau-b系数、Spearman's rho系数和相关系数R²均显示树冠竞争指数与林木生长量的相关性高于Hegyi简单竞争指数。[结论]该结果表明树冠竞争指数与林木生长量有更强的相关性,可以更好地体现树冠在树木生长中的作用,能作为模拟林分生长量的依据。     

晋北风沙区引种灌木成活与生长情况分析

在晋北风沙区引种栽植沙枣、沙地柏、连翘、文冠果、丽豆、枸杞6种生态经济型灌木树种,从成活率、保存率,及树高、地径、冠径的生长量等方面分析了不同灌木的适生性,初步筛选出了沙地柏、沙枣、文冠果、连翘和枸杞5种适宜的灌木树种。这5种灌木当年造林成活率均达92%以上,3 a保存率均达85%以上;连翘、枸杞、沙枣的树高年平均生长量达40.0 cm;沙枣地径年均生长量最大,为0.63 cm;连翘的冠径年均生长量最大,为67.0 cm.     

Impacts of thinning on structure,growth and risk of crown fire in a Pinus sylvestris L. plantation in northern Spain

We studied the combined effects of thinning on stand structure, growth, and fire risk for a Scots pine thinning trial in northern Spain 4 years following treatment. The thinning treatments were: no thinning, heavy thinning (32–46% of basal area removed) and very heavy thinning (51–57% of basal area removed). Thinning was achieved via a combination of systematic and selective methods by removing every seventh row of trees and then by cutting suppressed and subdominant trees in the remaining rows (i.e., thinning from below). Four years after thinning, mean values and probability density distributions of stand structural indices showed that the heavier the thinning, the stronger the tendency towards random tree spatial positions. Height and diameter differentiation were initially low for these plantations and decreased after the 4-year period in both control and thinned plots. Mark variograms indicated low spatial autocorrelation in tree diameters at short distances. Diameter increment was significantly correlated with the inter-tree competition indices, and also with the mean directional stand structural index. Two mixed models were proposed for estimating diameter increment using a spatial index based on basal area of larger trees (BALMOD) in one model versus spatial competition index by Bella in the other model. As well, a model to estimate canopy bulk density (CBD) was developed, as this variable is important for fire risk assessment. Both heavy and very heavy thinning resulted in a decrease of crown fire risk over no thinning, because of the reduction in CBD. However, thinning had no effect on the height to crown base and thus on the flame length for torching. Overall, although thinning did not increase size differentiation between trees in the short term, the increase in diameter increment following thinning and the reduction of crown fire risks support the use of thinning. Also, thinning is a necessary first step towards converting Scots pine plantations to more natural mixed broadleaved woodlands. In particular, the very heavy thinning treatment could be considered a first step towards conversion of overstocked stands.     

无性系和株行距对杨树人工林生长和树冠结构的影响

【目的】探索无性系、株行距及两者交互作用对杨树人工林的林木生长和树冠结构的影响。【方法】采用双因素随机试验设计,通过调查36块13年生杨树样地胸径、树高、活枝下高和冠幅等指标,以综合指数法构建3个林分综合指数(生长指数、冠形指数、干冠协调指数)。【结果】南林95杨和南林895杨的胸径、树高和生长指数显著高于南林797杨(P <0.05)。南林797杨的冠幅、树冠体积和树冠圆满度显著高于南林895杨,与南林95杨差异不显著(P> 0.05)。株行距为6 m×6 m和4.5 m×8 m的林分胸径、冠形指数和生长指数均显著高于5 m×5 m和3 m×8 m林分,不同密度林分对树高影响不显著(P> 0.05)。在相同密度条件下,正方形和长方形配置对东西和南北冠幅有显著影响,较大株行距促进树冠生长,但对胸径、树高和平均冠幅等影响不显著(P> 0.05)。无性系和株行距对冠长、活冠比、树冠表面积和干冠协调指数影响均不显著,且无性系和株行距对林木生长和树冠结构均无显著交互作用(P> 0.05)。【结论】杨树无性系对林木胸径、树高和树冠结构的影响大于株行距。综合考虑林木生长和树冠结构等两个方面,在类似的立地条件上,相比于其它无性系和配置方式,以南林95杨在种植株行距为6 m×6 m(278株/hm^2)时具有培育大胸径林木的潜力,适于培育速生、优质大径材。     

广东三地幼龄檀香生长和结香的早期评价

采用标准地调查的研究方法,调查广东省种植规模较具代表性的3个试验基地内6年生幼龄檀香的生长和结香情况,方差分析结果表明,3个试验基地内种植的同龄檀香,其树高、地径、胸径、净树干高度以及冠幅均差异显著(P<0.001),位于湛江的试验基地内,各种形态指标值均最大,平均树高为6.05m,平均地径为12.72cm,平均胸径为10.27cm,平均净树干高度为2.64m,平均冠幅(南北)为3.20m。利用生长锥对檀香树干进行钻孔取样,分析幼龄檀香的心材形成情况,结果表明,3个试验基地内的6龄檀香均已陆续开始形成心材,自然形成心材的比例为15%～20%。采用溶剂浸提法对钻取的心材提取檀香精油,精油含量在0.66%～1.76%之间;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析檀香精油的成分及各成分的相对含量,结果表明,幼龄檀香精油的主要成分和檀香木油的国际标准成分相同,但含量较低,总檀香醇含量范围为34.31%～37.91%,精油质量没有达到国际标准。早期的生长和结香情况表明,檀香人工林的规模种植在广东表现良好。     

桂北桉树生长与材性的比较研究

以广西黄冕林场的几个桉树树种为研究对象,对比分析不同树种生长、立木材性以及林分密度对其影响。结果表明：各树种的生长（树高、胸径、单株材积、冠幅、树皮厚度）和材性（立木Pilodyn值、应力波波速、基本密度）性状均差异显著。比较3种不同林分密度的邓恩桉发现,林分密度对其生长、材质形成等产生显著影响,适宜的林分密度有利于林木生长和材性形成。对各性状采用主成分分析法进行了树种评价,结果表明：巨桉林木生长量大,大花序桉和本沁桉生长量相对较少,但木材材质相近,表现为坚硬,而粗皮桉、柳桉、邓恩桉均低于对照尾巨桉。从林木生长、立木材性方面看,适合于该地区发展的树种有巨桉、大花序桉和本沁桉,其中巨桉最适宜。     

Do individual-tree growth models correctly represent height:diameter ratios of Norway spruce and Scots pine?

Height:diameter ratios are an important measure of stand stability. Because of the importance of height:diameter ratios for forest management, individual-tree growth models should correctly depict height:diameter ratios. In particular, (i) height:diameter ratios should not exceed that of very dense stands, (ii) height:diameter ratios should not fall below that of open-grown trees, (iii) height:diameter ratios should decrease with increasing spacing, (iv) height:diameter ratios for suppressed trees should be higher than ratios for dominant trees. We evaluated the prediction of height:diameter ratios by running four commonly used individual-tree growth models in central Europe: BWIN, Moses, Silva and Prognaus. They represent different subtypes of individual-tree growth models, namely models with and without an explicit growth potential and models that are either distance-dependent (spatial) or distance-independent (non-spatial). Note that none of these simulators predict height:diameter ratios directly. We began by building a generic simulator that contained the relevant equations for diameter increment, height increment, and crown size for each of the four simulators. The relevant measures of competition, site characteristics, and stand statistics were also coded. The advantage of this simulator was that it ensured that no additional constraint was being imposed on the growth equations, and that initial conditions were identical. We then simulated growth for a 15- and 30-year period for Austrian permanent research plots in Arnoldstein and in Litschau, which represent stands at different age-classes and densities. We also simulated growth of open-grown trees and compared the results to the literature. We found that the general pattern of height:diameter ratios was correctly predicted by all four individual-tree growth models, with height:diameter ratios above that of open-grown trees and below that of very dense stands. All models showed a decrease of height:diameter ratios with age and an increase with stand density. Also, the height:diameter ratios of dominant trees were always lower than that of mean trees. Although in some cases the observed and predicted height:diameter ratios matched well, there were cases where discrepancies between observed and predicted height:diameter ratios would be unacceptable for practical management predictions.     

美丽胡枝子植篱生长效应研究

在油茶新造林地水平带边缘利用3年生截干苗开展美丽胡枝子植篱种植试验。试验表明:在下坡立地条件较好的地段,无论萌枝数量、生长高度、基径、冠幅和生物产量各项生长因子,都要高于上坡立地条件较差的地段,其中下坡地段的生物量要比上坡高48.31%;通过刈割与不刈割对美丽胡枝子生长影响的研究表明,年底刈割有利于促进美丽胡枝子的树高生长和萌枝数量的增加,但对基部直径和冠幅的生长有一定的影响,刈割获取的地上部分生物量比不刈割增加46.88%,具有越刈越旺的特点。美丽胡枝子在新造油茶林地水平带边缘植篱的成功种植,可结合冬季垦复抚育覆盖林地,将会对油茶新造林地水土保持、固土护坡和改良土壤等起着积极的生态保育作用。     

Effects of green pruning on growth and stem shape of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden

An experiment was established in two high quality Eucalyptus nitens Deane and Maiden (Maiden) plantations in Tasmania. At the start of the experiment the trees were three years old and the plantations were on the point of canopy closure. Selected trees were pruned to remove 0, 50% or 70% of the lower green crown length, and each was surrounded by eight unpruned trees. The 50% treatment had no impact on height or diameter increment in the two years following treatment, but removal of 70% of the lower crown length resulted in significant decreases in both height and diameter increment. There were no changes in the height of 50%-pruned trees relative to the height of surrounding unpruned trees (relative height), and it was concluded that dominance would not be affected by this treatment. The relative height of 70%-pruned trees was less at one site, and this treatment may result in loss of dominance. Stem taper was generally unaffected by either pruning treatment. Changes in stem form were restricted to trees in the 70% pruning treatment and were only transient. It was concluded that removal of 50% of the lower green crown length is an appropriate level of pruning for the species provided that growth rates are rapid and pruning is timed to coincide with canopy closure. Since dominance was unaffected by this level of pruning, thinning at the time of pruning is unnecessary. It may be possible to minimise the impact on growth of higher levels of pruning by thinning at the time of pruning.     

A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even- and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria

Because of the gradual shift from pure even-aged forest management in central Europe, existing yield tables are becoming increasingly unreliable for forest management decisions. Individual tree-based stand growth modeling can make accurate stand growth predictions for the full range of conditions between pure even-aged and mixed-species uneven-aged stands. The central model in such a simulator is basal area increment for individual trees. Spatial information is not needed, and age and site index are intentionally not used to gain generality for all possible stand conditions. A basal area increment model is developed for all the main forest species in Austria: spruce (Picea abies), fir (Abies alba), larch (Larix decidua), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), black pine (Pinus nigra), stone pine (Pinus cembra), beech (Fagus silvatica), oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Quercus cerris), and for all other broadleaf species combined. The Austrian National Forest Inventory provided 5-year basal area increment from 44 761 remeasured trees growing on 5416 forested plots in the 1980s. This large sample is representative of forest conditions and forest management practices throughout Austria and therefore provides an excellent data base for the development of an increment model. The resulting increment model explained from 20 to 63% of the variation for all nine species and from 33 to 63% of the variation if the minor species Pinus cembra is excluded. These results compared quite closely with those of Wykoff for mixed conifer stands in the Northern Rocky Mountains. In the Austrian model, size variables (breast height diameter and crown length) accounted for 14–47% of the variation in basal area increment, depending on tree species. The best competition measure was the basal area of larger trees, which provides a tree-specific measure of competition without requiring spatial information; crown competition factor provided only minor improvement. Competition variables accounted for 9% of the variation on average, and up to 15% for some species. Topographic factors (elevation, slope, aspect) explained up to 3% of the variation, as did soil factors. Remaining site factors; such as vegetation type and growth district accounted for a maximum of 3% of the variation in increment. In total, site factors explained from 2 to 6% of the variation. Even though site factors account for a small percentage of the variation, they are not only significant, but serve to localize a particular prediction. These species-specific interrelationships between basal area increment and the various size, competition, and site varibles correspond quite well with ecological expectations and silvicultural understanding of these species in Austria. Because the sample base is so strong, the resulting growth models can be recommended not only for all of Austria but for surrounding regions with similar growth conditions.     

沙地樟子松人工林林木胸径、冠幅等生长指标与林龄相关性研究

通过对章古台地区的10~60a林龄樟子松人工林的样地进行树龄、胸径、冠幅、枝下高等指标调查、观测,并使用SPSS进行分析。结果显示:沙地樟子松人工林的胸径生长量、枝下高高度与林龄有极显著相关性;冠幅大小与林龄有显著相关性;各生长量两两之间有极显著相关关系,且随树龄的增加而增长,立地条件的差异可能会延长或缩短这种进程,但不会改变这种趋势。胸径生长量、冠幅大小、枝下高高度随林龄变化的模型分别为y=e0.75+3.212/x、y=-0.085+0.344 x-0.008 x~2、y=e2.942-57.681/x;冠幅和胸径比随林龄变化的模型为y=0.382 73e-0.012 55 x。该研究揭示了沙地樟子松人工林胸径及冠幅等指标的生长随林龄变化的规律。     

村宅旁大叶榉中幼龄散生木抚育复壮试验

对村宅旁大叶榉中幼龄散生木采取立竿绑缚、合理留养树冠、树干皮层纵割促粗生长、加强病虫害防治等抚育措施,促使树木复壮,结果表明:采用立竿绑缚,可以增强榉树幼树主干直性,培养通直高大圆满的主干;枝下高1/3的单株高、粗生长均优于枝下高2/3、1/2时的高、粗生长,年均树高生长量达到53 cm、年均胸径生长量达到1.3 cm;经树干皮层纵割后,年均胸径生长量可达到0.93 cm,比对照年均胸径生长量增加0.3 cm。     

耐大气污染树种表现划分——以珠三角地区为例

对30种树种在典型大气污染区、重度污染区和清洁区3类不同环境下的叶面积、株高、基径、冠幅等表观指标进行测定分析,结果表明：绝大部分植株生长表观指标均受到大气污染物的影响,对大气污染物敏感性顺序为冠幅〉株高〉基径〉叶面积。植物对大气污染的耐受性有一个阈值。而且得到综合生长比值的计算公式GRC=0．46×RCA＋0．37×RH＋O．17×RBD。根据此比值和冠幅生长量增减比值,作为划分树种耐受性等级的基准数据,结合植物在典型大气污染区中的生长形态表观（叶、枝、梢、花、果的长势和受害状况）确定了植物对大气污染耐受性等级划分的方法。