生长前期转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hübner)的抗性研究

生长前期转 Bt基因棉对低龄棉铃虫幼虫具较强的抗性 ,子叶期抗性最强 ,真叶后下降 ,随后逐渐上升 ,至 1 0叶期达顶点 ,之后又开始下降 ;沿江棉区一代棉铃虫幼虫发生期 ,正处于 Bt基因棉的生长前期 ,转 Bt基因棉对 1龄和 2龄幼虫在较短的时间内即表现出较强的抗虫效果 ,对 3龄和4龄幼虫抗虫效果明显下降 ,但连续取食后全部不能存活 ,对 5龄幼虫抗虫效果较差 ,连续取食后可部分化蛹但化蛹率明显低于对照。同时测定了降雨对生长前期转 Bt基因棉抗性表达的影响     

人工模拟“庇护所”和“非庇护所”条件下棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性演变

 人工饲料中添加转Bt基因杂交棉品种中棉所29棉仁粉,建立杂交和自交品系分别模拟“庇护所”和“非庇护所”条件,连续多代进行棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性筛选。结果表明：经11代筛选,棉铃虫自交品系和杂交品系的幼虫死亡率下降,体重和体长增加,幼虫历期缩短,化蛹率和羽化率增加。依据幼虫死亡率、体重、体长、幼虫历期以及化蛹率、羽化率等生命参数的演变,相较杂交品系,自交品系对Bt棉能更快地产生适应性。11代筛选后,利用不同抗性品系棉铃虫进行转基因棉抗虫性评估,结果表明：相比敏感品系,杂交品系测定4个转基因棉品种的抗虫性等级未发生变化,而中棉所29等3个转基因棉品种对棉铃虫自交品系的抗性下降了1个等级。对Bt制剂的抗性测定结果表明,杂交品系的抗性倍数为2.5215,自交品系的抗性倍数为9.3876。据本研究初步结果,利用“庇护所”策略延缓棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉的抗性产生是可行的。     

对Bt毒蛋白不同抗性水平棉铃虫品系的生物学研究

用对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)具有一定抗性水平的安阳品系和相对敏感的新疆品系棉铃虫进行Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的室内毒力测定结果表明,两品系的LC50值分别为8.7645g·L 1和0.2547g·L 1,前者是后者的34.4倍。用转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所29和常规棉花品种中棉所35蕾期的倒3叶饲养安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫的初孵幼虫(孵化后24h),结果表明:两个棉铃虫品系在取食抗虫棉后的累计校正死亡率在1～2d内差异不明显;新疆品系棉铃虫在转Bt基因抗虫棉上发育的最高龄期为4龄,其比率为6.7%;而安阳品系部分棉铃虫能够在转Bt基因抗虫棉上完成生长发育,其4龄幼虫的比率为45.5%,5、6龄幼虫的比率分别为12.6%和3.8%,有1.6%的幼虫能够正常化蛹;用常规棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫各龄幼虫的发育历期差异不显著,而用转Bt基因抗虫棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期与新疆品系虽然差异不显著,但前者的发育历期均短于后者。     

转双价基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫的抗虫性及时空动态

室内研究了转双价基因(CryIAc+CpTI)抗虫棉6种不同组织器官对棉铃虫不同龄期幼虫的抗虫性及时空动态、对棉铃虫幼虫生长发育及营养效应的影响。结果表明,除棉叶外,转双价基因抗虫棉的棉蕾、棉苞叶、花蕊、花瓣和棉铃的抗虫性均好于转单价基因抗虫棉,特别是对高龄幼虫的抗虫性增强;棉叶的抗虫性呈明显的时空动态,而上述其它组织器官抗虫性较为稳定。取食转双价基因抗虫棉后,棉铃虫幼虫的体重和蛹重明显降低,幼虫和蛹的历期延长,化蛹率和羽化率明显降低,成虫寿命缩短;幼虫的相对取食速率和近似消化率明显降低,相对代谢速率明显升高。     

抗性棉铃虫在转基因棉花上某些生命参数的研究

用室内转Bt基因棉叶汰选的低抗种群及同源对照种群,测定对田间不同生育期转基因抗虫棉叶及常规棉叶的反应.结果表明,抗性和敏感种群在常规棉叶上,幼虫存活率、化蛹率、幼虫历期及蛹重等指标均无显著差异,但抗性种群的每雌产卵量降低.抗性种群在转基因棉花上存活随棉花不同生育期的变化而出现差异.在7月下旬、8月下旬开始接虫的两代,第10天幼虫存活率,抗性种群比敏感种群提高;而在6月下旬开始接虫,抗性种群与敏感种群一样均不能化蛹,抗性种群化蛹率的提高仅在棉花生长后期(8月下旬开始接虫).比较敏感种群,抗性种群在转基因棉花上幼虫存活率提高,但存活幼虫生长缓慢,幼虫历期延长,蛹重明显减轻.结果表明,低水平抗性种群虽然对转基因棉花有一定适应性,但在转基因棉花上仍然生长发育不正常.     

棉铃虫取食转Bt基因棉花后中肠组织的病理变化

利用透射电镜观察棉铃虫 (H elicoverpaarmigera Hübner)取食含转 Bt基因棉的饲料后中肠组织的病理变化。结果发现 ,棉铃虫 3龄幼虫取食含转 Bt基因棉的饲料后中肠组织发生病变 ,随着取食时间的增加 ,变化越来越明显 ,取食 7d后 ,微绒毛脱落 ,质膜界限不清晰 ,线粒体和内质网减少 ,线粒体内嵴不清晰 ;棉铃虫对转 Bt基因棉产生抗性后 ,抗性种群棉铃虫取食含转 Bt基因棉的饲料 ,中肠仍会发生一系列组织病理变化 ,但病变程度减弱。同时 ,与分别取食含 Bt杀虫剂、Bt毒蛋白饲料的棉铃虫进行了比较     

土壤胁迫与温度对转Bt基因棉抗虫性的影响

土壤水分过多和过少均不利于转 Bt基因棉杀虫蛋白的表达 ,土壤涝渍可造成转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的显著下降 ,而土壤干旱的影响则相对较小。低温 ( 1 8℃ )不仅可明显降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,亦可明显降低已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白的抗虫活性。高温 ( 3 8℃ )亦可降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,但较低温的影响则相对较小 ;高温下已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白对低龄棉铃虫幼虫的抗虫活性明显增强。因此 ,应加强转 Bt基因棉田的水肥管理 ,保证转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的高效表达 ,重视各种异常天气后转 Bt基因棉田间的虫量监测 ,适时进行防治     

华北地区棉铃虫对Bt杀虫蛋白的抗性监测

采用Bt可湿性粉剂标样和含单一Bt杀虫蛋白CryⅠA(c)的MVPⅡ水剂,研究改进了棉铃虫对Bt杀虫蛋白的抗性测定方法.1996～1998年进行华北地区棉铃虫对Bt制剂的抗性监测,结果表明,河北省邱县、冀州市、山东省高密市、河南省西华县棉铃虫与敏感种群相比的抗性指数(RR)为1.3～5.3倍;用诊断剂量法测定,只在1998年检测到山东高密棉铃虫的抗性个体频率为0.9%,其余均为0.1998年测定棉铃虫对CryⅠA(c)敏感性,与室内种群相比,河北邱县、冀州和山东高密棉铃虫种群对CryⅠA(c)的相对RR值分别为4.9、3.9和3.8倍,对Bt粉剂的相对抗性指数(RR)分别为1.1、1.4和1.6倍;用转Bt基因棉叶直接测定,田间棉铃虫的死亡率降低,表明用CryⅠA(c)进行测定与用转Bt基因棉叶直接测定结果相关性较大.     

棉花诱导抗虫性对棉铃虫生长发育和行为的影响

用已受过棉虫为害的棉叶饲养棉铃虫幼虫，其生长发育受到影响。与对照相比，幼虫生长受阻，虫体重较轻，且虫龄越小，阻碍作用越强，幼虫生长期延长，化蛹率和羽化率约有下降。在正常棉株和受害棉株之间，棉铃虫雌蛾产卵明显趋向正常植株，但未能发现幼虫在取食定向反应时也表现出趋性。     

单、双价转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫适合度及其抗药性的影响

 室内以分别用转双价基因棉中棉所41（Cry1Ac+CpTI）、转单价基因棉中棉所44（Cry1Ac）和常规棉中棉所49（CK）连续筛选16代的AYBC、AYBT和AYCK棉铃虫种群为材料,分别继续用上述材料再连续筛选10代,研究抗虫棉对棉铃虫适合度及其抗药性的影响。试验结果表明：经室内连续筛选26代后,与AYCK对照种群相比,AYBC和AYBT种群的幼虫发育历期明显延长,蛹重、产卵量、卵孵化率均明显降低,蛹历期和雌虫百分率差异不显著;与AYBT种群相比,AYBC种群的幼虫发育历期明显延长,产卵量显著降低,蛹重、蛹历期、雌虫百分率和卵孵化率差异不显著。17－26代,AYBC种群与AYBT种群同一筛选代数间对Cry1Ac毒素的抗性倍数差异不显著,并且随着筛选代数的增加,AYBC和AYBT种群的抗性倍数都有所增加。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.