绿肥还田与减施氮肥对烟叶SPAD值的影响

为明确湘西烟地绿肥还田条件下氮肥的适宜减施量,以箭舌豌豆和黑麦草为材料,研究了不同绿肥还田与减施氮肥对烟叶SPAD值的影响。结果表明:翻压箭舌豌豆的烟叶SPAD值高于黑麦草还田处理,翻压箭舌豌豆处理烟叶成熟较黑麦草还田处理要迟;翻压箭舌豌豆条件下可减施氮肥9 kg/hm2,翻压黑麦草则不可减施氮肥。     

双季稻冬闲田种植绿肥对土壤理化性质的影响

以双季稻冬闲田为对照,研究种植冬季绿肥油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、白三叶和燕麦对双季稻冬闲田土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:双季稻冬闲田种植油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、白三叶和燕麦后显著提高了土壤p H值和有效磷含量,种植黑麦草和燕麦显著提高了土壤有机质含量,降低了土壤矿化氮、全氮和全磷含量,而种植紫云英、白三叶和油菜对土壤有机质无显著影响,但提高了土壤矿化氮、全氮和全磷的含量。冬季种植绿肥有利于双季稻田土壤p H值的改善从而提高了磷的有效性,种植豆科和十字花科绿肥有利于土壤氮、磷养分含量的增加,而种植禾本科绿肥有利于土壤有机质含量的提高。     

种植模式对盐碱地燕麦生长发育的影响

为探索盐碱地燕麦的合理种植模式,在内蒙古包头市土默特右旗萨拉齐镇郊区重度盐碱地上以裸燕麦品种内农大莜1号为材料,对单作和混作种植模式下燕麦产量和生理指标进行了测定和分析.结果表明,混作燕麦的产量明显高于单作燕麦,且与苜蓿混作的产量最高,其经济产量为1028.4 kg/ha,干草产量为9082.5 kg/ha,分别是单作燕麦的2.09和1.69倍,即与苜蓿混作燕麦＞与披碱草混作燕麦＞单作燕麦.生理生化指标测定表明,质膜透性、丙二醛、脯氨酸、叶绿素含量随生育时期的变化基本呈先升后降趋势;与苜蓿混作的燕麦质膜透性在整个生育期最低,丙二醛含量变化相对平缓,叶绿素含量相对较高.可见与苜蓿混作有利于提高燕麦的耐盐碱能力.     

适宜茶园套种的绿肥型油菜资源筛选及初步应用

为推广生态茶园的油菜绿肥套种模式，于2017-2018年在茶园系统筛选和评价适宜套种的油菜资源。比较23个不同油菜品种（品系）的盛花期鲜草的生长与养分还田量，结果发现：茶园套种油菜的生物量、株高、养分还田量等指标表现存在差异；种植后根际土pH、有机质、碱解氮含量发生改变或提升。综合比较分现，品种阳光131、 圣光86和中双11表现相对较好：单株生物量达0.81～1.00 kg；植株养分还田量高，三者的氮磷钾养分还田量分别为 49.21～72.48 kg/hm2、12.64～17.40 kg/hm2和33.64～56.29 kg/hm2，可基本满足茶青的生长需求，且三个品种种植后土壤有效养分和有机质的改善较为明显。大地69和油肥1号株高相对较矮，适宜在低龄或矮枞茶园中套种。于2018-2019年探索油菜品种阳光131作为绿肥在不同树龄的茶园套种的应用，发现土壤的有机质含量显著改善，pH 值显著提升。综上，认为优选油菜品种应用于冬季茶/油菜（绿肥）套种模式     

槟榔/香草兰间作促进植株氮养分转化与利用

以槟榔与香草兰间作系统为研究对象,探讨氮素养分利用规律。采用盆栽模拟试验,以‘热引3号’香草兰和‘热研1号’槟榔为试验材料,研究槟榔单作、香草兰单作和槟榔间作香草兰3种种植模式,在纯氮112.5、225、300 kg/hm²和不施氮肥4个氮肥处理条件下,对植株生物量、氮素吸收和利用、土壤全氮含量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的增加,不同种植模式下各施氮处理的植株鲜和干生物量差异显著（P<0.05）,间作模式的植株鲜和干生物量最高,分别比对照增加61.3%、34.9%、43.1%和47.2%、62.7%、33.8%;间作模式的植株全氮含量比单作植株的高0.43~2.63 mg/g;间作模式显著增加了植株的吸氮量,分别比对照增加了40.44、47.79和53.92 kg/hm²;间作模式还显著增加植株的氮吸收效率、氮利用效率和氮肥利用率,但对土壤全氮含量影响不明显。     

不同绿肥翻压还土后植烟土壤主要养分动态变化

为探索不同绿肥翻压还土对土壤养分的影响,采用大田试验研究了光叶紫花苕、箭舌豌豆、紫云英、普通黑麦草、冬牧70、满园花等6种绿肥翻压后土壤主要养分含量的动态变化。结果表明:(1)绿肥翻压还土能够提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,分别为2.64%~13.33%、19.25%~40.99%、2.32%~18.75%、47.94%~76.50%;(2)不同绿肥品种以普通黑麦草提高土壤有机质幅度最大,以箭舌豌豆提高土壤碱解氮和有效磷幅度最大,以紫云英提高土壤速效钾幅度最大;(3)不同绿肥种类以禾本科绿肥提高土壤有机质的效果较好,以豆科绿肥提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的效果最好。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地短季棉与不同饲草作物两熟种植效益分析

2018―2019年在山东省东营市垦利区以一熟春棉为对照，通过设置短季棉与小黑麦、苜蓿、油菜、黑麦草4种饲草作物接茬种植，研究了不同棉饲两熟种植对周年产量、效益、棉花生长发育特性和土壤理化性状的影响，以期明确黄河三角洲盐碱地短季棉接茬两熟种植的最优饲草作物。结果表明，与一熟春棉单作相比，短季棉与饲草作物两熟种植增收一季饲草，周年纯收益平均提高了2.9倍。棉饲两熟模式下，不同饲草种植成本之间无显著差异，小黑麦的产量显著高于其他3种饲草作物，周年纯收益分别较苜蓿、油菜、黑麦草提高了20.2%、9.6%和7.0%。短季棉与不同饲草作物接茬种植均可提高土壤有机质和养分含量，降低含盐量，并且饲草品种间没有显著差异。因此，在黄河三角洲盐碱地棉田优选短季棉与小黑麦接茬种植，其次为短季棉与黑麦草接茬种植。     

间作对油菜和紫云英生长及产量的影响

为使用地与养地相结合,在保持油菜不减产的同时,建立合理的油菜/紫云英间作技术体系。采用大田试验,研究了紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)与不同密度油菜(Brassica napus L.)间作对二者生长和产量的影响。结果表明：紫云英与密度为20~40万株/hm2油菜按2:1带型间作(即1m宽带内播种两行油菜,1行紫云英),间作油菜各处理不同生育期氮磷钾和碳的养分累积量均有高于或接近于油菜单作(MR)的趋势,间作油菜株高、根长、根颈粗、单株鲜重和产量接近于或显著高于密度为30万株/hm2的单作油菜。在保持油菜产量不显著降低的同时,间作模式可以收获3 592~5 724kg/hm2的紫云英绿肥。紫云英与不同密度油菜间作均表现土地资源利用优势(LER>1)。     

翻压绿肥后减施氮肥对烤烟产质量的影响

为明确湘西烟地翻压豆科绿肥后的适宜减施氮量,以箭舌豌豆为材料,研究了不同减施氮量对烤烟农艺性状、经济性状、物理特性和化学成分的影响。结果表明:翻压绿肥箭舌豌豆后适量减施氮肥,可提高烤烟产量和产值,提高烟叶物理性状,烟叶化学成分更加协调。翻压绿肥箭舌豌豆还田可减施氮量9~18 kg/hm2,以减施氮量9 kg/hm2较为适宜。     

饲料油菜与牧草混合冬播效应研究

为缓解冬季饲料作物缺乏的压力，改进冬季饲草的生产模式，提高饲草油菜的品质和种植效益，通过设置小区试验，将双低甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）分别与紫云英、黑麦草和光叶苕子等冬季牧草按比例混播，测定各处理的生物学产量、粗蛋白含量等指标，探寻油菜与牧草混播技术的可行性。结果表明，油菜与光叶苕子、紫云英、黑麦草的混播效应存在显著差异。（1）光叶苕子与油菜混播均可以提高饲草的鲜样总产量，且在密度按1:4（油菜按15 000株/hm2的播种量）混播时，各取样时期的饲料鲜、干样产量均较高，油菜终花期时该处理的粗蛋白产量显著高于其他处理。（2）与紫云英混播，也可提高饲料油菜的鲜样产量，但差异不显著，且紫云英因光照不足，油菜初花期时已全部死亡。（3）与黑麦草混播后，饲料鲜样产量、粗蛋白产量均显著下降。因此，油菜与光叶苕子混播是进一步提高长江流域冬季饲料作物生产效应的有效模式。     

Effects of irrigation system and green manure on yield and nicotine content of Virginia (flue-cured) Organic tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), under Mediterranean conditions

Organic tobacco consists of a new industrial crop product. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of irrigation system and fertilization on the growth (biomass and roots) of organic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabaccum cv NC 71). The experiment was designed as a split plot design with four replicates, two main plots (drip and sprinkler irrigation) and three sub-plots (vetch as green manure, red clover as green manure and control; without fertilization). Drip irrigation was characterised by lower amount of water applied to the soil. Furthermore the tobacco yield was not affected by the reduced water application and the crops under drip irrigation were higher than those with sprinkler irrigation. Positive effect of green manure in the nicotine content of tobacco leaves was also observed, and that reported for first time under organic system. Equally the higher amount of nitrogen from green fertilization with vetch led to increase of nicotine concentration (0.91% max concentration). Agronomic water use efficiency (WUE) for drip irrigation was always higher than those for sprinkler irrigation. There were no significant differences between the drip and sprinkler irrigation concerning the root biomass. Moreover, green manures increased roots dry weight. Yield of tobacco crop was significantly increased by the green manures, with the lowest yield (1850 kg ha^?1) to be found in the control plots. Finally, green manures increased the SPAD values and number of leaves, with most significant impact the time when vetch applied to soil.     

不同秸秆及绿肥浸提液对玉米化感作用的研究

采用室内培养试验,通过测定油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及紫云英+油菜秸秆4种浸提液对玉米发芽、幼苗生长及干重的影响,研究不同秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用。结果表明,当浸提液浓度≥10 g/L时显著降低玉米发芽率。除紫云英+油菜秸秆浸提液对幼苗生长及干重表现为较强抑制作用外,其他浸提液均表现为显著促进作用或微弱抑制作用,紫云英浸提液促进作用最强,其中,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英浸提液均在5 g/L时对幼苗总干重的促进作用最大,分别较对照提高10.85%、11.51%、16.71%。除紫云英+油菜秸秆外,其他秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用整体上均表现为促进作用,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及油菜+紫云英浸提液的综合敏感指数分别为2.64%、3.59%、10.32%、-7.33%。     

冬季种养结合对双季稻生长与土壤肥力的影响

【目的】以长江中下游地区冬季休闲稻田为研究对象,研究冬季种养制度对后季稻田土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响,以期为南方稻田生态保育提供理论依据。【方法】设置紫云英养鸡(milk vetch+ chicken, MC)、黑麦草养鸡(ryegrass + chicken, RC)、单种紫云英(milk vetch, M)、单种黑麦草(ryegrass, R)及冬闲(winter fallow, WF) 5个处理。【结果】冬季种养期间,MC和RC两处理水稻产量均显著高于其他处理,且MC处理增产效果最佳。MC和RC两处理能显著提高双季稻田有机质、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,与冬闲相比分别提高了17.36%和22.95%、73.73%和250.48%、76.36%和85.11%、67.89%和70.05%;土壤全磷和速效磷含量以M处理最高;各处理对全钾含量影响不大。相关分析表明,水稻理论产量与成熟期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、全氮、有机质含量显著相关(P<0.05),冬季种养主要通过提高有效穗数影响水稻产量。【结论】与冬闲和单种绿肥相比,绿肥过腹还田有利于土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量的提高;与单种绿肥相比,绿肥过腹还田更有利于水稻分蘖数、叶面积系数和干物质量与稻谷产量的形成,且紫云英养鸡处理效果最显著。冬季种养结合模式下,有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮利于增源扩库,促进水稻增产。因此,冬闲田种养结合可满足后季水稻生长的养分需求,在稻田生态保育的基础上促进水稻增产,对长江中下游地区稻田可持续发展具有极其重要的指导意义。     

The effects of cover cropping on yield and weed control of potato in a transitional system

Cover cropping can have various beneficial effects to the cropping system such us the increase of soil nutrient content and weed suppression. In this respect, the species used for covering is of great importance. This paper reports results on the yield and weed control effects in potato crops preceded by different cover crops over a 2-year period (2003 and 2004) in Central Italy (Viterbo). Results were obtained in the frame of a more complex study set up in 2002 where in a 3-year chick-pea/potato/tomato rotation, each crop was preceded by 7 different soil managements: 5 cover crops (rapeseed, Italian ryegrass, hairy vetch, snail medick and subclover) + 1 unfertilised weedy fallow (cover crop absent) + 1 control (weedy fallow fertilised with mineral N at a rate of 170 kg ha⁻¹ for potato). Two different weed control regimes in potato were also applied [weed-free crop (1 inter-row hoeing + 1 hilling up + manual weeding on the row); mechanical control (1 inter-row hoeing + 1 hilling up)]. Cover crops were sown in September and cut and ploughed just before potato planting in March. The potato crops following the cover crops were only fertilised with green manure. Averaged over years, all the cover crops produced more above-ground dry biomass than the weedy fallow (4.79 t ha⁻¹ on average vs 2.36 t ha⁻¹). Hairy vetch and subclover accumulated the highest N in the incorporated biomass (169 and 147 kg ha⁻¹), followed by snail medick (108), rapeseed (99), ryegrass (88) and weedy fallow (47). Rapeseed and ryegrass were the most efficient weed suppressors and had the least proportion of weed biomass (<1%) of the total produced by the cover, while they also reduced weed emergence in the following potato crops (8.8 plants m⁻²vs 25.5 plants m⁻² with all other cover crops). Following subclover and hairy vetch the potato crop yield was similar to that obtained by mineral N-P-K fertilisation (48.5 t ha⁻¹ of fresh marketable tubers). Mechanical weed control compared to weed free crop always reduced potato yield and the reduction, averaged over years, was greater in N-P-K mineral fertilised control (−23.6%) and smaller in ryegrass (−7.9%).     

Effect of winter cover crop species and planting methods on maize yield and N availability under irrigated Mediterranean conditions

Under semiarid Mediterranean conditions irrigated maize has been associated to diffuse nitrate pollution of surface and groundwater. Cover crops grown during winter combined with reduced N fertilization to maize could reduce N leaching risks while maintaining maize productivity. A field experiment was conducted testing two different cover crop planting methods (direct seeding versus seeding after conventional tillage operations) and four different cover crops species (barley, oilseed rape, winter rape, and common vetch), and a control (bare soil). The experiment started in November 2006 after a maize crop fertilized with 300 kg N ha⁻¹ and included two complete cover crop-maize rotations. Maize was fertilized with 300 kg N ha⁻¹ at the control treatment, and this amount was reduced to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ in maize after a cover crop. Direct seeding of the cover crops allowed earlier planting dates than seeding after conventional tillage, producing greater cover crop biomass and N uptake of all species in the first year. In the following year, direct seeding did not increase cover crop biomass due to a poorer plant establishment. Barley produced more biomass than the other species but its N concentration was much lower than in the other cover crops, resulting in higher C:N ratio (>26). Cover crops reduced the N leaching risks as soil N content in spring and at maize harvest was reduced compared to the control treatment. Maize yield was reduced by 4 Mg ha⁻¹ after barley in 2007 and by 1 Mg ha⁻¹ after barley and oilseed rape in 2008. The maize yield reduction was due to an N deficiency caused by insufficient N mineralization from the cover crops due to a high C:N ratio (barley) or low biomass N content (oilseed rape) and/or lack of synchronization with maize N uptake. Indirect chlorophyll measurements in maize leaves were useful to detect N deficiency in maize after cover crops. The use of vetch, winter rape and oilseed rape cover crops combined with a reduced N fertilization to maize was efficient for reducing N leaching risks while maintaining maize productivity. However, the reduction of maize yield after barley makes difficult its use as cover crop.     

Suppression of the invasive plant mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha) by local crop sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) by means of higher growth rate and competition for soil nutrients

Background

There are a variety of ways of increasing crop diversity to increase agricultural sustainability and in turn having a positive influence on nearby natural ecosystems. Competitive crops may provide potent management tools against invasive plants. To elucidate the competitive mechanisms between a sweet potato crop (Ipomoea batatas) and an invasive plant, mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha), field experiments were carried out in Longchuan County of Yunnan Province, Southwest China, utilizing a de Wit replacement series. The trial incorporated seven ratios of sweet potato and mile-a-minute plants in 25 m² plots.

Results

In monoculture, the total biomass, biomass of adventitious root, leafstalk length, and leaf area of sweet potato were all higher than those of mile-a-minute, and in mixed culture the plant height, branch, leaf, stem node, adventitious root, flowering and biomass of mile-a-minute were suppressed significantly (P < 0.05). The relative yield (RY) of mile-a-minute and sweet potato was less than 1.0 in mixed culture, indicating that intraspecific competition was less than interspecific competition. The competitive balance index of sweet potato demonstrated a higher competitive ability than mile-a-minute. Except pH, other soil nutrient contents of initial soil (CK) were significantly higher than those of seven treatments. The concentrations of soil organic matter, total N, total K, available N, available P, available K, exchange Ca, exchange Mg, available Mn, and available B were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in mile-a-minute monoculture soil than in sweet potato monoculture soil, and were reduced by the competition of sweet potato in the mixture.

Conclusions

Evidently sweet potato has a competitive advantage in terms of plant growth characteristics and greater absorption of soil nutrients. Thus, planting sweet potato is a promising technique for reducing infestations of mile-a-minute, providing weed management benefits and economic returns from harvest of sweet potatoes. This study also shows the potential value of replacement control methods which may apply to other crop-weed systems or invaded natural ecosystems.     

Crotalaria (C. ochroleuca G. Don.) as a green manure in maize–bean cropping systems in Uganda

Crotalaria (C. ochroleuca G. Don.) used as a green manure may improve the productivity of maize–bean cropping systems in eastern Africa. To test this hypothesis, three field studies were conducted over three consecutive cropping seasons at Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute in Uganda. In the first season, crotalaria biomass was produced in pure stands or in intercrop systems with either common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or maize (Zea mays L.) as companion crops. Crotalaria was sown at planting and three weeks after planting the food crops. The biomass of early planted crotalaria was mulched, that of late planted crotalaria was incorporated into the soil at planting of the following crop. The first subsequent crop was maize, and the second was either beans (in two seasons) or maize (in one season). In the crotalaria production season, mean yield losses of maize through intercropping with early or late sown crotalaria were 40 and 22%, respectively; the corresponding values for beans were 45 and 14%. In the first cropping season after crotalaria production, the increase in maize grain yield on account of crotalaria averaged 39%; the best response (68% increase) to crotalaria was obtained with early sown sole crotalaria applied as mulch. Major differences in soil mineral nitrogen content among the treatments occurred at the six-leaf stage of maize only. In the second cropping season following crotalaria production, the mean increases in seed yields of beans or maize, due to crotalaria, were 23 and 19%, respectively, indicating a considerable residual effect of crotalaria green manure. The decrease in bulk density, and the increase in water infiltration capacity of the soil suggest that the yield stimulation because of crotalaria not only resulted from the increased nitrogen supply, but also from more favorable soil physical properties. Considering the competitive effect of crotalaria with the food crops and the positive effect on yields of subsequent crops, two options are especially promising: incorporation of crotalaria produced by relay intercropping with beans and mulching of early sown crotalaria produced in pure stands.     

绿肥对咖啡园杂草多样性及功能群的影响

为揭示绿肥对咖啡园杂草多样性及功能群的影响,调查了云南省保山市常规种植咖啡园（CK）、种植绿肥田菁咖啡园（SC）、种植绿肥硬皮豆咖啡园（MU）的杂草群落,探讨种植绿肥对咖啡园杂草群落的生态位、多样性、群落结构相似性及功能群的影响。结果表明：CK有杂草12科21种,SC有杂草10科16种,MU有杂草7科10种。3种类型咖啡园杂草生态位宽度大于0.600的杂草有10种,其中,CK有6种,SC有2种,MU有3种。种植绿肥的咖啡园杂草的物种丰富度、个体数、ACE估计值、Fisher α指数、Shannon-Wiene指数及生物量均低于常规种植咖啡园（CK）,其中,杂草物种丰富度、ACE估计值和鲜重具有显著性差异。常规种植咖啡园与种植绿肥咖啡园杂草群落结构不相似。3种类型咖啡园杂草单子叶一年生或越年生植物功能群占据最大优势,但种植绿肥咖啡园的占比更高。种植绿肥改变了咖啡园杂草群落的生态位、群落结构及功能群,降低了咖啡园杂草群落多样性,对咖啡园杂草群落产生了影响。