刨花蒸汽处理提高刨花板的尺寸稳定性

本研究探索用高压饱和蒸汽处理刨花来提高刨花板的尺寸稳定性。分别对云杉(Picea spp。)和桦木(Betula spp。)找出了不同的蒸汽压力和处理时间与刨花板的弹性模量、静曲强度、平面抗拉强度和线性膨胀率之间的关系,并得出结论:蒸汽处理刨花时较适宜的工艺条件为:蒸汽压力1.3N/mm~2左右,蒸汽处理时间5～6min;经蒸汽处理后桦木刨花板尺寸稳定性的改善程度优于云杉刨花板。     

几种树种木材制造石膏刨花板的适应性

本文论述了挪威云杉、山杨、白桦和柞木及山杨、白桦、柞木的混合刨花制造石膏刨花板的适应性。结果表明,在工艺参数相同的情况下,木材密度越大的树种制成的板材强度越低,挪威云杉板强度最大,山杨板次之,柞木板极低。挪威云杉和山杨是制造石膏刨花板的优质树种。改变木膏比、刨花体积和对刨花进行水抽提均没有使白桦和柞木制成合格的石膏刨花板。混合刨花干扰石膏刨花板的凝固时间,致使板子强度低劣,在生产中应予避免。     

高压蒸汽处理对刨花表面自由基浓度的影响

本研究探索高压饱和蒸汽处理刨花对刨花表面自由基浓度的影响。研究中对云杉和桦木两种刨花经不同蒸汽压力和不同时间处理后的ESR图谱进行了分析。结果表明:不论是桦木还是云杉刨花,用1.275N/mm~2压力的饱和蒸汽处理5min后,刨花表面自由基浓度均大于未经蒸汽处理的刨花;用蒸汽处理后的刨花制板,在板的各项性能满足国标一等板要求的前提下能减少施胶量2%,而且板材吸水厚度膨胀率也有明显改善。其原因之一就是由于刨花表面自由基浓度的变化。     

刨花和纤维蒸汽预处理对其模压制品性能的影响

用１．５５ＭＰａ的饱和蒸汽分别对刨花处理４分钟,对纤维处理２．５分钟后模压凸型刨花板和纤维板。试验表明,采用蒸汽预处理的刨花和纤维压制的凸型板,其尺寸稳定性大大提高,当酚醛树脂用量在２．５％￣７．５％之间时,随着树脂用量增加,凸型刨花板经冷水浸泡后的吸水厚度膨胀率降低,而线性膨胀率基本与树脂用量无关。     

喷蒸真空热压技术

喷蒸真空热压系在板的热压周期中,通过向板坯内部注入高温高压蒸汽以加速热固性树脂固化,并借助真空处理帮助残余蒸汽和其它有害气体排除、降低板鼓泡发生率的一种热压方法。该技术可有效缩短厚板的热压时间,并改善板的尺寸稳定性、控制板的密度分布、减少砂光损失。喷蒸真空热压技术有望成为木质刨花板和木质复合板热压的发展方向。     

木材表面非极性化原理的研究 I.木材乙酰化过程中化学官能团的变化

对杉木和“三北”一号杨两种木材的各主要组成进行了酯化处理,研究其在乙酰化过程中木材各主要组成的化学官能团的变化特征和结构的稳定性。结果表明：磨木木质素、纤维素、半纤维素经乙酸酐处理后,红外光谱上的１７４２ｃｍ－１附近均出现了表示酯类ＣＯ伸缩振动的新的吸收峰,表明在乙酰化过程中这些组分的化学结构都有新的非极性酯类化学官能团产生;而极性的羟基官能团的数量均有不同程度的减少;芳香基和脂肪基的结构上均有乙酸酯生成。纤维素酯化程度较低,半纤维素化学结构在乙酰化过程中会发生降解,而木质素和纤维素较为稳定。乙酰化处理是降低木材表面极性的一种有效方法。     

蒸汽介质热处理对竹材表面润湿性的影响

选取蒸汽介质热处理方法对毛竹材进行表面处理,利用液滴法测定热处理前后蒸馏水、甲酰胺和二碘甲烷在其表面的接触角,并采用傅立叶变换红外光谱技术探讨热处理竹材表面化学组分变化,进一步说明热处理对竹材表面润湿性的影响。结果表明,热处理温度和时间对竹材表面润湿性均有显著影响;与未处理竹材相比,热处理竹材表面接触角均增大。不同润湿液体在竹材表面的润湿程度不一样。热处理后竹材细胞壁组分发生变化,纤维素、半纤维素发生热降解,其含量降低,羟基减少,使得竹材表面润湿性降低。     

碳水化合物作添加剂制木质刨花板的研究 Ⅱ糖的作用机理

本研究通过对以糖蜜为助粘剂制造的木质刨花板中木材糖基组成和糖蜜中游离单糖在热压条件下的转化情况和含量变化的研究,解释了糖在木质刨花板中产生胶合作用的方式。结果表明,在热压过程中木材表面化学活性增加,部分纤维素和半纤维素水解。这些水解单糖与糖蜜中的游离单糖均能转化成糠醛,与活化了的木素发生键合作用,生成树脂类化合物,从而达到胶合的目的。经红外光谱测定,在热压后,刨花表面化学基团发生变化,亲水性羟基官能团减少,僧水性羰基官能团增加,说明了糖蜜压制的刨花板具有良好耐水性的原因。这一结论为开发人造板的“无胶”技术提供依据。     

木材表面非极性化原理的研究：Ⅰ.木材乙酰化过程中化学官能团的变化

对杉木和“三北”一号杨两种木材的各主要组成进行一酯化处理,研究其在乙酰化过程中木材各主要组成的化学官能团的变化特征和结构的稳定性。结果表明：磨木木质素、纤维素、半纤维素经乙酸酐处理后,红外光谱上的１７４２ｃｍ＾－１附近均出现了表示酯类Ｃ＝）伸缩振动的吸收峰,表明在乙酰化过程中这些组分的化学结构都有新的非极性酯类化学官能团产生;而极性的羟基官能团的数量均有不同程度的减少;芳香基和脂肪基的结构上均有乙     

祁连山地不同退耕还林模式生态效应的分析

通过对祁连山地不同退耕还林模式生态系统服务功能的研究,可知:不同退耕还林模式对净化大气效应的作用,由高到低顺序为:青海云杉+白桦白桦青海云杉撂荒地;对改良土壤效应的作用,由高到低顺序为:青海云杉+白桦白桦青海云杉撂荒地;对改善小气候效应的作用,由高到低顺序为:青海云杉+白桦白桦青海云杉撂荒地。     

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES OF STEAM TREATED WOOD CHIP

High dimensional stable particlcboards could be produced by usisng saturatedsteam treated wood chip at elevated pressures.Sample Particleboards were made from woodchip of Birch(Platyphylla).The component changes of steam treated wood chip were analysedby infrared.Infrared spectra demonstrated that the hemicelluloses in steam treated chip wereless than those in untreated chip.This is one of the main reasons why steam treatment could im-prove particlcboard stability.The free radical concentration of steam treated chip surfaces wasanalysed by ESR spectroscopy.The results showed that free radical concentration of treatedchip surface was higher than that of untreated chip surface.The glueyness of chip increased andparticlcboard resin content decreased.     

Sorption properties of torrefied wood and charcoal

Abstract

Pre-treating biomass by torrefaction is assumed to improve the material's storage properties because of reducing hydrophilicity. In order to assess the effect of sorption on storage properties, the adsorption of water vapour and capillary absorption of liquid water in torrefied and charred spruce and birch were studied. In addition, the chemical changes were evaluated through Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Adsorption decreased notably as severity of treatment increased, as was expected due to degradation of the wood constituents, namely hemicelluloses and amorphous cellulose. Capillary absorption increased with increasing severity in spruce samples while birch showed less change, but the maximum volume for absorption increased with both species. FT-IR results showed an increase in aromatic structures that have a role in forming crystalline structures, possibly leading to increased porosity. Torrefied and charred material should not be stored outside, as liquid water absorbs readily into the material, turning it into a suitable substrate for fungi.     

蒸煮爆破处理过程中毛竹材加工剩余物主要化学成分的变化研究

采用硫酸水解法(aldito-acetate procedure)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了蒸爆过程中毛竹材加工剩余物纤维聚集态结构及主要化学成分的变化.研究结果表明,(1)毛竹材加工剩余物经蒸爆处理,60%左右的半纤维素水解,木质素低分子化且裸露到纤维表面,易被80%乙醇及木质素溶剂提取,从而实现毛竹材加工剩余物主要组分的有效分离.(2)毛竹材加工剩余物经蒸爆处理,80%乙醇抽提物得率提高,综纤维素得率减少,木质素含量减少:葡萄糖相对含量增加,半纤维素降解明显.(3)210℃处理10 min和220℃处理10 min的蒸爆浆的化学组成变化几乎没有区别,但两者与200℃处理10 min差别较大,210℃处理10 min是毛竹材加工剩余物适宜的处理温度.(4)FTIR结果显示蒸爆处理后在1040～1060 cm-1区的吸收峰分裂为明显的2个峰表明半纤维素降解,1166 cm-1处的吸收强度明显减弱,表明C-O-C键有不同程度的断裂.X-身寸线衍射分析结果显示毛竹材加工剩余物蒸爆处理后纤维素相对结晶度增加.     

Structural mechanics of wood composite materials 11: Ultrasonic propagation mechanism and internal bonding of particleboard

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods have been successfully applied for grading lumber and veneer at the in-plant level. To expand this application in wood composite production, further research is needed to elucidate the effect of differences of component elements within wood composite panels on the behavior of ultrasonic waves traveling through them. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the internal bonding of particleboard specimens containing component chips of different geometry on ultrasonic velocity. Commercial chips screened at four sizes were used to produce particleboard specimens with different internal bonding by controlling their out-of-press thickness at (a) a constant thickness for boards made of each chip size, and (b) four different thicknesses for boards made of the same chip size. Twenty-four boards were made with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin at 8% solid resin content in our laboratory. After the velocities of the waves traveling through the thickness of the boards were recorded, the internal bond strengths were tested. Results showed the density, internal bond state, and constituted chip geometry were the main factors influencing the velocity. NDE using ultrasonic waves is an available method to evaluate the internal bonding of particleboard with a density less than about 0.75g/cm³. With densities over that value, no significant changes of the velocity were found.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 1998     

Dynamic simulation of disintegration of wood chips caused by impact and collisions during the steam explosion pretreatment

Steam explosion (SE) pretreatment produces damaged and disintegrated biomass with a large surface area which facilitates enzymatic hydrolysis for the production of biofuels and other value-added chemicals. It was observed during experiments that wood chips disintegrate into smaller pieces because of collisions and impact with each other and the walls of the SE equipment. In this study, these events were simulated using the finite element method. Wood chips were simulated in this model as a linear elastic material until failure. The damage initiation was identified using Hashin’s damage initiation criteria. Once the damage was initiated, additional loading caused the evolution of damage, i.e. degradation and breakage of the material, which was modelled using the material property degradation model and deletion of the failed elements. Elastic and strength properties of spruce wood were estimated at ambient conditions (12 % moisture content at 20 °C) and at SE conditions (30 % moisture content at 160 °C). Comparison of simulations performed using material properties at ambient and SE conditions revealed that the damage in wood chips significantly increased because of the steam treatment. The effects of wood chip velocity and orientation at the time of impact were studied as well. It was found that wood chips moving at high velocity and impacting with the steel wall in the radial direction acquire the most damage.     

Thermochemical behavior of Norway spruce (Picea abies) at 180–225 °C

Norway spruce (Picea abies) was heated for 2–8 h in the temperature range 180–225 °C, under a steam atmosphere. The chemical analyses of the treated feedstock samples indicated that during heating (total mass loss 1.5–12.5% of the initial DS) carbohydrates (hemicelluloses and cellulose) were clearly more amenable to various degradation reactions than lignin. In addition, major water-soluble products released from the feedstock material during the treatments were classified into several compound groups and changes in the relative mass portion of these groups were monitored by GC during a separate experiment. Received 20 December 1998     

The chemical composition of needle and leaf litter from Scots pine, Norway spruce and white birch in Scandinavian forests

Needle litter from 14 stands of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris,L.), 13 stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) andleaf litter from three stands of white birch (Betula pubescensEhrh.) were analysed for chemical composition. The concentrationsof the elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn as well as solid organiccomponents (lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses) and solubleswere determined. When the average chemical compositions werecompared the Scots pine needle litter was clearly the most nutrient-poorlitter type. Of the solid organic-chemical components the ligninfraction dominated in the spruce and birch litter whereas thecellulose dominated in the pine needle litter. When Norway spruce and Scots pine were growing in adjacent standson soils with the same bedrock origin the spruce litter hadsignificantly higher concentrations of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca,Mg, Mn) than the pine needle litter. At sites where Norway spruceand white birch were growing in adjacent stands, the birch leaflitter had generally higher concentrations of nutrients. However, significant or nearly significant differences were onlyobtained for Mg (P = 0.002), K (P = 0.056) and N (P = 0.087),probably due to the few replicates of stands compared. Concerningorganic chemical components, the spruce needle litter had significantlyhigher concentrations of lignin and mannan than all the otherlitters and lower levels of ethanol-soluble substances, celluloseand galactan than the pine needle litter. Further, it had lowerconcentrations of water solubles, rhamnan and xylan than thebirch litter. No relationships were established between the nutrient statusof the conifer litters and the site index H100 (the dominantheight of the trees at a reference age of 100 years) of thestands. Concentrations of solid carbohydrates in the litterswere, however, positively correlated with site index (P <0.001). Further, the concentration of nitrogen in the pine needlelitter was negatively correlated with the latitude of the sites(P < 0.01). The influence of litter chemistry on the decompositionof litter and nutrient cycling of forests is discussed.     

Changes in forest-floor chemistry caused by a birch admixture in Norway spruce stands

The aim of this study was to determine how soil chemistry and the distribution of fine roots (<1 mm) in the organic and upper mineral soil horizons were affected by an admixture of birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.) in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) stands. The surface organic horizons (LF and H) and mineral soil were characterized to a depth of 10 cm on three sites in southern and central Sweden. On these sites, replicated plots had been established that contained either ca. 30-year-old birch growing as a shelter over similar-aged spruce (mixed plots) or spruce only. The treatments had been created 8–11 years before this study was done. A fourth site, with plots containing ca. 90-year-old spruce or birch/spruce, and a fifth site, with 30-year-old spruce and a low admixture (12% by basal area) of birch, were also included in the study. Concentrations of Ca and Mg and pH in the LF layer were significantly higher in plots with a birch admixture. In the H-horizon, concentrations of K, Ca and Mg were significantly higher in mixed plots than in plots with pure spruce. Consequently, base saturation was higher in mixed plots than in pure spruce plots. A shelter of birch decreased the total amount of spruce fine roots (<1 mm), as revealed at one of the sites. Total fine root biomass (birch + spruce) in the organic and mineral soil horizons (to 10 cm) did not differ significantly between the pure spruce stands and the spruce stands with a birch shelter.