港口湾水库对下游大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

为研究西津河港口湾水库对下游大型底栖动物群落结构的影响,分别在水库上下游的兵坑口桥、港口湾水文站点、宁国老水文站和西津大桥4个站点进行底栖动物采样调查及鉴定,共采集大型底栖无脊椎动物22 315个;应用底栖动物物种组成和功能摄食类群等参数来衡量水库对河流底栖动物群落结构的影响,并结合河流生境的变化对底栖动物群落结构做了简单分析。结果表明,坝上游底质以鹅卵石(54.46%)和砾石(43.56%)为主,坝下组以鹅卵石、砾石和大石块为主,且坝上下游水体各理化指标均出现波动但并不显著;下游距离大坝1 km处的港口湾水文站点物种丰富度和EPT分类单元数显著降低(P=0.016,P=0.003),滤食者比例显著升高(P=0.011),刮食者和捕食者比例显著下降(P=0.011,P=0.013);而多度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数等群落参数在各样点间无显著差异;群落结构相似性分析也表明,港口湾水文站点群落结构与其他样点存在显著差异。研究成果可为水利工程对生态系统影响的评价及生态恢复提供参考。     

曹妃甸近岸海域大型底栖动物群落特征

基于2015年9月和2016年5月采集的曹妃甸近岸海域的大型底栖动物数据,对该海域大型底栖动物的种类组成和群落结构等进行研究,利用丰度/生物量比较曲线法、AMBI指数法和M-AMBI指数法对研究海域大型底栖动物群落健康和生境质量进行评价。研究结果表明,2015年9月和2016年5月共采集到大型底栖动物73种,其中节肢动物和环节动物物种数占据较大比例。该海域的优势种为日本大螯蜚、日本刺沙蚕、囊叶齿吻沙蚕、轮双眼钩虾,其中日本大螯蜚具有最大的丰度和优势度。群落结构聚类分析和多维尺度分析表明,2015年9月研究区域的大型底栖动物群落以20%的相似性可以分为4组,2016年5月以10%的相似性可以分为7组,两次调查的群落结构相似性均较低。丰度/生物量比较曲线法研究结果显示,2015年9月底栖群落受到严重污染扰动,而到2016年5月,底栖动物群落生物量优势显著上升,群落受扰动状况改善,达到未受或受到轻微污染扰动状态。AMBI指数及M-AMBI指数法评价结果表明,曹妃甸海域大部分站位生境质量为良好状态。本研究揭示了曹妃甸近岸海域大型底栖动物群落结构特征,可为该海域生态环境保护提供依据。     

金沙江下游沿岸区大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

为掌握金沙江下游区域底栖动物群落组成及资源现状, 探究影响群落结构的主要环境因子, 本研究于 2017—2018 年对金沙江下游四级梯级水库区域干、支流共计 16 个位点的沿岸区底栖动物群落进行了 3 次调查。 共记录大型底栖动物 63 属种, 物种组成以节肢动物昆虫纲(Insecta)占优势, 占总分类单元数的 66.7%。不同站点底栖动物分类单元在 1~22 之间, 不同水库区域乌东德库区最高, 溪洛渡库区最低, 不同季节夏季最高, 冬季最低。 底栖动物总密度均值为(201.6±306.1) ind/m² , 生物量(3.2±5.5) g/m² , 且在不同水库区域呈差异显著。典范对应分析 (canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)表明, 金沙江下游沿岸区底栖动物群落组成的主要影响因子为底质、流速、 海波和溶氧。总体来看, 金沙江下游沿岸区的大型底栖动物群落结构组成以节肢动物昆虫纲和环节动物门 (Annelida)为主, 密度和生物量低于区域其他河流。干流生境由于流速较高, 生境底质单一, 大型底栖动物种类、 密度和生物量均不高, 但区间支流底栖动物资源丰富, 对区域生物多样性起到重要的维持作用。基于本研究结果, 就金沙江下游水生态保护提出以下建议: 开展长期的水生生物监测和生态影响评估; 保护河流沿岸带生境多样性; 统筹干、支流保护, 维持河流生态网络完整性。     

北京密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其时空变化

为了研究南水北调中线调水工程运行对密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其生物多样性的影响,2014-2016年在密云水库设置了7个采样点每月采样1次(冰封期除外),进行底栖动物调查,分析了底栖动物群落结构、密度、生物量、优势种及其生物指数变化。结果显示,调查期间共检出底栖动物17种,其中摇蚊幼虫12种,环节动物5种。底栖动物平均密度为455.0个/m~2,平均生物量为2.70g/m~2,其中优势种为红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)和克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedianus)。底栖动物群落呈现出明显的时空变化,11月密度和生物量达最大值,分别为808.9个/m~2、6.94g/m~2;8月出现最小值,分别为180.4个/m~2、0.72g/m~2。水平分布上,水库中心底栖动物密度和生物量达最大值,分别为916.7个/m~2、6.08g/m~2;白河坝为最小值,分别为307.1个/m~2、0.70g/m~2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均在4月达最大值,分别为1.43、1.13、1.14;9月出现最小值,分别为0.38、0.27、0.31;3项指数在潮河口达最大值,分别为1.08、0.64、1.01,在潮河坝、白河坝指数相对较低。同时分析了随着密云水库水深增加,底栖动物群落的结构变化。研究表明,受调水的影响,目前密云水库底栖动物群落结构不稳定,处于重构期。     

小清河流域春季底栖动物功能摄食类群与水环境因子的关系

为了研究济南地区小清河流域内底栖动物群落结构分布特征,于2015年春季(5月)对小清河流域13个样点的底栖动物群落结构和水环境理化因子特征进行了野外调查,分析流域内底栖动物功能摄食类群组成和空间结构特征,采用典范对应分析法分析底栖动物群结构特征、分布范围及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:春季采集到底栖动物23种,密度平均值为1.19×10~3 ind·m~(-2),香农威纳指数平均值为1.14,均匀度指数平均值为0.65。依据食性将底栖动物划分为刮食者、撕食者、收集者、滤食者和捕食者,其中刮食者占绝对优势。典范对应分析表明,春季影响小清河流域底栖动物功能摄食类群的主要环境因子是总磷和总氮。综合分析,得出结论:小清河流域水体污染较为严重,水体呈中度污染。     

胶州湾冬季大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的相关性

为了解胶州湾大型底栖动物群落的动态变化以及与环境因子的关系,本研究通过2016年冬季在胶州湾12个站位采集到的大型底栖动物样品,共鉴定出大型底栖动物66种,其中环节动物32种,节肢动物、软体动物和棘皮动物分别为17种、9种和3种,脊索动物2种,纽形动物、头索动物、半索动物各1种。优势种为寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)、丝异须虫(Heteromastus filiformis)、青岛文昌鱼(Brachiostoma belcheri tsingtauense),优势度分别为0.02、0.147和0.024。大型底栖动物的总平均栖息密度为176.7 ind/m~2,总平均生物量为159.5 g/m~2。水平分布显示,栖息密度由高到低依次为湾内近岸海域、湾外海域、湾内离岸海域,生物量水平分布湾外海域湾内海域。多样性指数(H')取值为1.19~3.54,平均值为2.65;丰富度指数(d)取值为0.91~2.29,平均值为1.47;均匀度指数(J′)取值为0.46~1.00,平均值为0.87。根据Cluster结果,可将调查站位划分为4个群落。ABC曲线显示,群落Ⅰ受到严重的扰动(H'=1.65),群落Ⅱ(H'=2.84)和群落Ⅲ海域(H'=2.32)有轻微的扰动,群落Ⅳ未受干扰(H'=3.54)。BIOENV分析表明,与群落结构关系最密切的环境因子为水深、溶解有机碳(DOC)、中值粒径和Zn含量(r=0.524)。胶州湾受人类活动干扰较多,大型底栖动物群落结构不稳定,需进行长期监测和评价。     

三都澳大型底栖动物群落结构及其对水产养殖的响应

三都澳是中国沿海典型海水养殖海湾。本研究依据2009年5月至2010年2月共9个航次采样结果,分析该海域大型底栖动物群落结构特点及其对养殖活动的响应。结果显示,三都澳大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均值为2.40,变化范围为1.45～3.22;Margalef物种丰富度指数均值为1.68,变化范围为0.99～2.41;Pielou物种均匀度指数均值为0.88,变化范围为0.76～0.94。多样性指数和丰富度指数空间分布规律明显,湾口区站位、海带养殖区和对照站位数值较高,网箱养殖站点数值较低。均匀度指数未有明显空间分布差异。多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数都未见明显时间分布规律。在养殖高峰季节,以30%的相似性程度划分,三都澳水域大型底栖动物可被划分为5个群落。站位间相似性指数总体较低,但位置较为接近的或养殖方式相同的站位间群落结构较为相似。ABC曲线分析显示,2月和11月大型底栖动物生物量曲线位于丰度曲线之上,表明群落结构未受到显著干扰;5月和8月生物量曲线与丰度曲线相互交叉或非常接近,说明此期间群落结构受到一定干扰。相关性分析表明,水体溶解氧、沉积物硫化物含量以及氧化还原电位这3个环境因子与三都澳水域大型底栖动物群落结构相关性较强(P<0.01)。     

藻渡河大型底栖动物群落结构与功能摄食类群

于2016年8月(丰水期)、11月(平水期)和2017年2月(枯水期)对藻渡河流域大型底栖动物群落结构和功能摄食类群进行了调查研究。结果显示:共采集大型底栖动物34种(属),隶属4门14目27科,扁蜉(Heptagenia sp.)、二尾蜉(siph1onurus sp.)、二翼蜉(Cloeon dipterum)、泉膀胱螺(Physa fontinalis)和狭萝卜螺(Radix lagotis)为该地区的优势类群。不同季节Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou丰富度指数和Marglef均匀度差异显著,且枯水期>平水期>丰水期。CCA分析显示丰水期水温、透明度和海拔等是影响藻渡河大型底栖动物空间分布的主要因素。该流域大型底栖动物功能摄食群落以捕食者和刮食者为其优势功能类群,其次是撕食者、收集者和滤食者。     

秋季红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物群落结构研究

2013年9月调查了红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物群落结构,鉴定出底栖动物19种,隶属于3门、7目、12科,其中软体动物门10种,占总物种数的52.63%;环节动物门4种,占总物种数的21.05%;节肢动物门5种,占总物种数的26.32%。红旗泡水库的底栖动物优势种为截口土蜗Galba truncatula及斯蒂齿斑摇蚊Stictochironomus sticticus,而红旗泡水库周边水域底栖动物优势种为椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei、划蝽Sigra distanei及霍甫水丝蚓Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri。秋季红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物的密度分别为(150.4±152.88)ind·m-2和(229.33±192.89)ind·m-2。红旗泡水库的Magalef丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数及Simpson多样性指数均低于周边水域,而Pielou均匀度指数高于周边水域,说明红旗泡水库的底栖动物生物多样性低于周边水域,但均匀度较高。红旗泡水库底栖动物功能摄食群主要是杂食者,而周边水域主要是捕食者。     

桑沟湾不同养殖区大型底栖动物的群落结构特征

于2016年9月和11月对我国北方典型筏式养殖海湾—桑沟湾的筏式贝藻养殖区和网箱养殖区的大型底栖动物进行调查,研究了桑沟湾不同养殖区大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布、群落结构及生物多样性等群落特征,分析了底栖动物与海洋环境因子的关系,以了解养殖活动对大型底栖动物的影响。结果显示,调查共鉴定出大型底栖动物67种,其中,环节动物多毛类36种,软体动物12种,节肢动物门甲壳类和全足类16种,棘皮动物3种。桑沟湾大型底栖动物的优势种主要为多毛类,贝藻区的绝对优势种为刚鳃虫和长叶索沙蚕,网箱区的绝对优势种为异足索沙蚕和多丝独毛虫。生物量和丰度的特性为9月网箱区11月网箱区9月贝藻区,多样性指数的趋势相反。研究表明,底栖动物群落特征与底质有机碳、总磷、硫化物和氧化还原电位等因素有关,桑沟湾大规模养殖活动对底栖动物群落组成和分布产生了一定的影响。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.