水氮耦合对膜下滴灌马铃薯产量、品质及水分利用的影响

该文通过田间试验,研究在西北旱区对膜下滴灌条件下水氮耦合效应及其对马铃薯产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,从而确定马铃薯适宜的水氮用量,以求达到节水、节肥和高产优质的目的。试验设置2个土壤湿润比水平:40%(P1)和70%(P2),5个施氮水平:90(N1)、135(N2)、180(N3)、225(N4)、270kg/hm2(N5),共10个处理。试验结果表明:相同水分条件下,马铃薯块茎质量、块茎淀粉含量、块茎维生素C含量、耗水量、产量和水分利用效率都随施氮量的增加而呈抛物线趋势变化,块茎蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势。相同氮肥条件下,湿润比P2处理的马铃薯块茎质量、块茎淀粉含量、块茎维生素C含量、块茎蛋白质含量均高于湿润比P1,湿润比P2处理的耗水量比湿润比处理P1高11%,湿润比P2处理的产量比湿润比处理P1高5%,但是湿润比P1处理的水分利用效率比湿润比P2处理高5.4%。其中,P2N3处理的马铃薯单株块茎质量、块茎维生素C含量表现最好,P1N5处理的马铃薯块茎蛋白质含量最高,P2N2处理的马铃薯块茎淀粉含量和产量表现最优,产量最高为54187kg/hm2,P1N2处理的水分利用效率最高为12.86kg/m3。P2N3处理的马铃薯高产优质,且水分利用效率较高,是西北旱区膜下滴灌条件下马铃薯生产中适宜的水氮组合。     

磷对淀粉型甘薯产量及养分吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究不同磷肥用量对甘薯养分吸收、分配及产量的影响,探究淀粉型甘薯磷肥营养效应,为甘薯高产科学合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】以淀粉型甘薯渝薯17(淀粉含量24.06%)为材料,设置7个磷肥处理(P2O50、0、37.5、75、112.5、150、300 kg/hm2),田间随机区组排列。其P2O50处理不施任何肥料,其他处理均底施纯氮(N)90 kg/hm2和K2O 150 kg/hm2。甘薯苗移栽后每隔30 d,共计取样5次,对全株样品分叶片、茎蔓和块根测定其鲜重、干重及全氮、磷、钾的含量。收获期测定小区鲜薯产量、茎蔓产量并计算收获指数(HI)及其磷肥农学效率(PAE)、磷肥表观利用率(PAUE)、磷收获指数(PHI)、磷肥生理利用率(PPUE)、磷肥偏生产力(PFPP)和磷肥增产率(PIR);同时计算收获期各器官N、P、K的吸收量,对N、P、K吸收量之间及其与产量之间关系进行相关性分析。【结果】1)适当增施磷肥有利于提高甘薯的经济产量、生物产量和收获指数,且以施P2O5112.5 kg/hm2和150kg/hm2时最优,经济产量增产率分别为19.4%和21.06%。2)不同器官N、P、K最高含量分别出现在栽后60、90、150 d,各处理氮素和磷素含量均为叶片茎蔓块根,而钾素含量为茎蔓叶片块根。栽后60 d后,叶片∶茎蔓∶块根含氮量为4.08∶1.62∶1,栽后90 d后,叶片∶茎蔓∶块根磷含量为2∶1.35∶1,栽后150 d后,茎蔓∶叶片∶块根含钾量为2∶1.8∶1。3)施磷可提高甘薯块根、茎蔓和叶片对N、P、K的吸收,养分总吸收量为钾氮磷;施磷处理中N、P、K的吸收量增幅分别为23.9%66.6%、29.6%58.5%、41.3%73.7%。磷钾吸收量均表现为块根茎蔓叶片,吸氮量表现为块根叶片茎蔓。4)在不同施磷条件下,形成500 kg所吸收的N、P2O5、K2O分别为4.24 6.61 g,1.93 2.84 g和6.94 11.48 g。施P2O5112.5 kg/hm2时,形成500 kg鲜薯吸收的养分最多,N、P2O5、K2O吸收量分别为6.61、2.84和11.08 g。5)磷肥表观利用率、偏生产力在施P2O537.5 kg/hm2时最高,分别为16.6%和343.0 kg/kg P2O5,磷肥农学效率、磷肥生理利用率和磷收获指数在施P2O5112.5 kg/hm2时最高,分别为136.7 kg/kg、777.9 kg/kg和65.9%。6)收获期各器官N、P、K吸收量之间及其与产量之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】增施磷肥能提高甘薯产量,但其利用效率有下降趋势。本试验中,从甘薯高产高效生产的磷肥管理角度分析,N和K2O施用量分别为90 kg/hm2和150 kg/hm2时,以施P2O5为112.5 kg/hm2为最佳。     

马铃薯产量品质与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】分析马铃薯品种(系)产量和品质在不同栽培条件下与养分吸收及利用的关系,为马铃薯科学施肥提供理论基础。【方法】在宁夏固原和甘肃定西开展马铃薯品种(系)田间试验,宁夏收集了76份品种(系),甘肃收集了83份,马铃薯试验均采用当地水肥管理技术。成熟期测定产量及产量构成因素,取样分析马铃薯品质和氮磷钾养分含量,以及土壤有机质和速效养分含量。【结果】两地马铃薯块茎产量差异不显著。将马铃薯产量分为<30 t/hm² (低)、30～45 t/hm² (中)和>45 t/hm² (高) 3个等级,宁夏种植的76个品种(系)中低产、中产、高产的占比分别为27.6%、34.2%、38.2%,甘肃种植的83个品种(系)中的占比分别为15.7%、49.4%、34.9%。随着不同马铃薯品种(系)产量的不断增加,干物质和淀粉含量呈现增加趋势,而蛋白质含量则呈现降低趋势。无论产量水平高低,每生产1 t马铃薯块茎需吸收N 2.9 kg、P 0.5 kg、K 4.0 kg。产量与氮磷钾养分吸收量呈显著正相关,维生素C和蛋白质含量与氮磷...     

氮肥用量对滨海滩涂区甘薯干物质积累、氮素效率和钾钠吸收的影响

我国沿海滩涂种植能源作物甘薯有广阔的前景。为确定苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量,比较了6个施氮水平下甘薯的成活率(SR)、商品率(CR)、蔓薯比(V/T)、干物质积累(DMA)、氮素累积值(NAV)、氮利用效率(NUE)、氮收获指数(NHI)及钾钠吸收的差异。结果表明:(1)施氮量与甘薯地上部分DMA和NAV均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,余同),对地下部分NAV影响较小(P>0.05)。(2)与不施氮比较,施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2对甘薯的V/T、SR、NUE和NHI均无显著影响。(3)甘薯的CR、地下部分和块根DMA以及理论产量(NAV×NUE×NHI)均以施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2显著高于其他处理。施氮量超过60 kg(N)·hm-2,施氮量与甘薯的V/T值呈极显著正相关,与SR、CR、NUE、NHI、地下部分和块根DMA均呈极显著负相关。(4)甘薯对钾钠的吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,二者呈极显著正相关。甘薯地上部分钾钠含量均在施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2时达到最高值。施氮量对钾钠含量比没有影响。因此,苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2。     

宁夏马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分的吸收累积特征

【目的】马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点国内外已有不少报道,但在宁夏地区的生产条件下尚缺乏系统研究,马铃薯配方施肥技术推广中也缺少施肥参数,难以确定合理的施肥量。因此,针对宁夏地区马铃薯种植基地的土壤条件,系统分析马铃薯干物质累积和氮、 磷、 钾养分含量,探明其对氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点,以期为马铃薯的精准施肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验和室内测定相结合的方法。于2012年分别在宁夏西吉县、 原州区、 红寺堡和同心县马铃薯种植基地进行肥料田间试验,按照当地推荐的施肥量统一施肥量和施肥方法(农家肥、 70%氮肥、 全部磷、 钾肥基施,30%氮肥在现蕾期追施),在马铃薯不同生育期采集植株样品,测定不同器官干重和氮、 磷、 钾含量,分析不同生育期马铃薯干物质累积量、 氮、 磷、 钾含量及其吸收累积量的变化特点。【结果】1)从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯干物质累积量最高,其次是原州区和西吉县,同心县最低;马铃薯干物质累积量随生育期的推进而增加,符合Logistic曲线,幼苗期、 块茎形成期、 块茎膨大期和淀粉累积期的干物质累积量分别占总累积量的5%、 20%、 40%和35%。2)马铃薯植株氮含量随生育期而降低,其变异系数较大; 磷、 钾含量随生育期呈先增后减的变化态势,但变异系数较小; 氮、 磷含量叶片高于其他器官,钾含量茎秆中较高。3)马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量在红寺堡区最高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;苗期氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量分别占全生育期总吸收量的11%、 6%、 8%,块茎形成期占28%、 23%、 31%,块茎膨大期占36%、 39%、 41%,淀粉积累期占25%、 31%、 20%;成熟期块茎中氮和磷的累积量分别占各自总累积量的60%以上,钾的累积量占50%。【结论】供试土壤条件下,马铃薯干物质累积量及养分吸收量因种植基地、 生育期和器官不同而异。从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯的干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量较高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量随生育期的变化符合Logistic曲线,具有明显的阶段性特点,块茎膨大期累积最多,块茎形成期和淀粉积累期次之;马铃薯根、 茎和叶中吸收累积的氮、 磷、 钾占同期总累积量的比例随生育期而降低,但块茎则相反,氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量随生育期而增加,成熟期块茎中吸收累积的养分量占全株的一半以上。     

POTATO TUBER YIELD AND QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY RATES AND SOURCES OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZER

Among the major nutrients, potassium (K) not only improves yields but also improves quality parameters. Field experiments were conducted to assess the comparative effect of sources and rates of K fertilizer on potato yield and quality on a sandy loam soil. Graded doses of potassium, i.e., 0, 150 and 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O from sulfate and muriate of potash were applied in triplicate. Recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) applied uniformly. Significant increase in tuber yield was observed with 150 kg ha^?1 K₂O from both the sources over control. Increase in tuber yield with 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O was statistically non significant compared to 150 kg ha^?1. The dry matter and specific gravity were more affected with sulfate of potash (SOP) than muriate of potash (MOP). The quality parameters like dry matter, specific gravity, starch contents, vitamin C, chips color and taste were improved with K application.     

干旱胁迫下钾素对甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下施钾量对不同生长时期甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响,为甘薯的抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种‘泰中6号’为材料,以硫酸钾（K₂SO₄）为供试肥料,水分处理设土壤最大持水量的60%～70%和30%～40%,依次代表正常供水（W1）和干旱胁迫（W0）;钾肥设K0、K1、K2、K3四个水平,K₂O用量分别为0、120、240和360 kg/hm2。分析了不同生长时期甘薯干物质含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量、内源激素含量及收获期块根产量。【结果】干旱胁迫下甘薯植株干物质含量、块根和淀粉产量显著降低,施钾有利于甘薯植株干物质含量的提高、块根的膨大和淀粉的生成和积累,甘薯植株和块根干物质含量、块根淀粉含量和积累量最大均为K2处理,较K0提高幅度最大分别达到31.7%、43.6%、10.6%和50.6%。相同钾用量条件下,干旱胁迫下块根单薯重显著高于正常灌水,单株结薯数显著低于正常灌水。正常灌水条件下施钾后甘薯叶片可溶性糖含量降低,而块根可溶性糖含量升高,干旱胁迫下施钾使甘薯叶片和块根可溶性糖含量增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到31.4%和36.0%。干旱胁迫下施钾后甘薯叶片和块根IAA、ABA、ZR和GA含量显著增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到12.7%、15.7%、12.0%、10.4%和21.4%、15.6%、65.7%、13.0%,促进了甘薯植株碳水化合物含量和干重的提高,块根淀粉积累速率增大。【结论】干旱胁迫下施钾促进了干物质向块根的分配,提高了甘薯块根单薯重,从而增加了单位面积甘薯块根产量。干旱胁迫下钾素提高甘薯块根和叶片内源激素（ABA、IAA、ZR、GA）含量,块根内源激素含量的增加促进了块根淀粉的合成和积累,叶片内源激素含量的增加促进了地上部茎叶生长、茎叶干物质积累和叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,增强了甘薯的抗旱性。     

Critical potassium concentration and potassium/ calcium plus magnesium ratio in potato petioles associated with maximum tuber yields

In order to establish critical potassium (K) concentration levels and K/calcium (Ca) plus magnesium (Mg) [K/Ca+Mg] ratios in potato petioles associated to maximum total tuber yields, an experiment was conducted under Brazilian conditions. Six K levels (0, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 960 kg K₂O/ha as potassium sulphate) were applied in a randomized complete block design experiment with four replications. Baraka potato tubers were seeded, spaced 0.8 x 0.3 m, following the agronomic cultural practices recommended for the crop. After 48 days from plant emergence, plant tissue samples was collected from each plant, the youngest fully expanded leaves (YFEL) and the oldest but not senescent leaves (ONSL). Petioles from these leaves were analysed to their K, Ca, and Mg contents. At harvest, total, high grade, and weight tuber yields were increased to 733, 719, and 660 g/plant for the 353, 335, and 384 kg K₂O/ha levels, respectively. These yields are double the Brazilian potato yield average. Petiole Ca and Mg concentrations were decreased by the K fertilizer treatments, whereas the opposite occurred with the K/Ca+Mg ratio. Potassium concentrations in the petioles from the YFEL and ONSL increased up to 10.44 and 7.13 g K/100 g petiole dry matter at the 672 and 654 kg K₂O/ha levels, respectively. The K petiole gradient concentration was not affected by K fertilization. The K/Ca+Mg ratio for YFEL associated with the maximum total tuber yield was 7.24, while the K concentrations were 8.91 and 6.16 g K/100 g dry matter in petioles for the YFEL and ONSL, respectively.     

Using Soil Potassium Adsorption and Yield Response Models to Determine Potassium Fertilizer Rates for Potato Crop on a Calcareous Soil in Pakistan

Ustochrept soil was collected from a major potato-growing area in Pakistan for a potassium (K) adsorption isotherm experiment. Adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models. Results showed that the Freundlich model (R²?=?0.96**) fit the data better than did the Langmuir model. Fertilizer rates were calculated based on the Freundlich model and targeted solution K levels at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 mg K L^?1. A field experiment was then conducted on the soil to assess the effect of various soil solution K levels (0–27 mg L^?1, with K fertilizer rates at 0, 24, 49, 75, 101, 128, 155, 182, 210, and 237 kg ha^?1), on tuber yield and quality along with 300 kg N and 250 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 as basal doses. Yield response models (linear plus plateau, quadratic, square root, quadratic plus plateau, and exponential) were used to calculate the optimal fertilizer rate for potato crop. Linear plus plateau model fit the data with less bias than the other models. There was a significant effect of K use on the yield and quality of potatoes. Potassium fertilizer application at 130 kg K ha^?1, which is equivalent to a soil solution level of 12 mg K L^?1, maximized the tuber yield of potato. However, for the improvement in tuber dry matter, reducing sugars, protein contents, and starch contents, the soil solution K level required was as high as14.62 mg L^?1 (157 kg ha^?1). Even greater rate of K, 17.74 mg L^?1 (190 kg ha^?1), was needed to maximize vitamin C content in potato.     

Role of continuous nitrogen fertilization on nutrient composition of leaves sampled at various stages of growth and on yield of yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

Abstract

White yam (Dioscorea rotundata cv. Olonko) was grown consecutively for three growing seasons, i.e. from February to October of 1975, 1976 and 1977, and treated with six levels of nitrogen, viz: 0, 40, 60, 120, 160 and 200 kg N/ha in the field. Leaf samples were taken at four stages of growth as follows: vegetative, tuber formation, tuber development and tuber maturation, and analyzed for NO₃‐N, P, K, Ca and Mg.

Increasing nitrogen fertilization consistently increased leaf‐NO₃‐N, particularly at the vegetative stages of growth, while no consistent trend was established for leaf‐P. Leaf‐K was increased at low rate of nitrogen fertilization during tuber formation and maturation whereas leaf‐Ca increased only at tuber maturation in the presence of higher rates of nitrogen fertilization. There was a marked increase in leaf‐Mg at all stages of growth when N treatment was increased to 200 kg N/ha. A positive correlation (r = 0.84???) was obtained for leaf‐K at the vegetative growth stage with tuber yield, while leaf‐Mg was positively correlated with tuber yield at vegetative (r = 0.46?), tuber formation (r = 0.50?) and tuber development (r = 0.67??) stages. All other elements were negatively correlated with yield at all stages of growth. Tuber yield was highest at the 200 kg N/ha treatment.     

氮肥用量对襄阳地区马铃薯产量、品质和经济效益的影响

为明确湖北襄阳马铃薯适宜的氮肥用量,通过田间试验研究了氮肥用量对马铃薯块茎产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明:N180处理的产量最高,达24 030.7 kg/hm2,施氮量超过180 kg/hm2时显著下降;马铃薯产量与氮肥用量符合一元二次方程y=-0.083 5N2+45.88N+17 333.9(F=38.40**,R2=0.865**),马铃薯最佳施氮量为261.7 kg/hm2。施氮量为180~360 kg/hm2时可显著促进地上部生长,提高商品薯率;且其淀粉、Vc和可溶性糖含量高于其他处理,而施氮量为540 kg/hm2时显著下降,达最小值;N360处理时蛋白质含量显著高于其它处理;块茎的硝酸盐含量与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关(R2=0.969**)。N90与N180处理的氮肥农学利用率较高,但两处理间无显著差异,而N180处理的纯增收入最高,为13 143.8元/hm2。建议襄阳地区马铃薯较适宜的氮肥用量为180~261.7 kg/hm2。     

红壤旱地早熟型马铃薯高产与氮素高效的最优施氮量研究

  【目的】  研究不同施氮量下马铃薯的干物质积累、产量、氮肥吸收利用，结合土壤中无机氮在不同土层含量的变化，确定马铃薯产量和氮效率最优、环境风险最低的氮肥施用水平。  【方法】  试验于2018—2019年在南方典型红壤区旱地进行，供试品种荷兰15号为特早熟型马铃薯。设置N 0、60、120、150、180、210、240 kg/hm2，共7个氮肥水平。于成熟期，调查块茎产量和总干物质积累量测定氮素含量，同时取0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层样品，分析铵态氮与硝态氮含量。  【结果】  施氮量显著影响红壤旱地马铃薯产量、干物质积累与氮肥吸收利用。马铃薯块茎产量随施氮量增加先增加后降低，均以施N 180 kg/hm2处理最高，达26250 kg/hm2 (2018年) 和27915 kg/hm2 (2019年)；秸秆氮素积累量随施氮量的增加显著增加，而块茎氮素积累量随施氮量增加先增加后降低，以施N 180 kg/hm2处理最高，为97.65 kg/hm2 (2018年) 和101.09 kg/hm2 (2019年)。氮素收获指数以N150 kg/hm2处理最高，而氮肥农学利用率和氮素回收率均以N180 kg/hm2处理最高，氮肥偏生产力则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。施氮显著提高土壤中的无机氮含量，不同施氮量对无机氮的含量和分布影响不同。施N 150 kg/hm2和N 180 kg/hm2处理增加的铵态氮主要分布在0—20 cm土层，且施N 180 kg/hm2处理的铵态氮含量显著高于施N150 kg/hm2处理，施N 150 kg/hm2处理又显著高于其他处理；而N 210 kg/hm2和N 240 kg/hm2处理增加的铵态氮主要分布在20—60 cm 土层，其铵态氮含量显著高于其他处理；在施N 0—180 kg/hm2范围内对土层中的硝态氮含量影响较小，施N 210 kg/hm2和N 240 kg/hm2处理显著增加了20—60 cm土层硝态氮含量。从无机氮总量看，施N 180 kg/hm2处理可显著增加0—20 cm土层的无机氮总量，而施N 210 kg/hm2处理和N 240 kg/hm2处理则显著提高了20—60 cm土层的无机氮含量。  【结论】  极早熟型马铃薯适宜的氮肥用量范围较窄，过低或者过高施氮都会显著降低其经济产量、氮素收获指数和农学效率。在红壤条件下，施N 180 kg/hm2可以显著增加0—20 cm土层中的铵态氮和无机氮含量，而不会增加20 cm以下土层的无机氮含量，超过此用氮量，则会显著增加土壤无机氮的向下迁移。因此，红壤旱地极早熟型马铃薯品种的适宜施氮水平为N 180 kg/hm2。     

Stärkegehalte von Kartoffelknollen in Abhängigkeit von Kalium-Ernährung und Knollenentwicklung

Starch content of potato tubers in relation to K nutrition and tuber growth In a pot experiment with potato (cv Saturna) K content in tubers increased from 1.0 to 2.6 % of tuber-DM due to increasing rates of K fertilizer. Simultaneously starch in tuber fresh matter decreased from 21 to 15 %. Highest starch content in tuber dry matter was obtained in that K treatment which gave the highest yield in dry tubers. Measuring starch accumulation during tuber growth revealed that already in the flowering stage differences exist in the starch contents of the tuber dry matter between the lowest and highest K treatments, namely 69 % for K₁ as compared with 64 % for K₅. The rate of starch accumulation between flowering and final harvest, however, was similar in all K treatments. This suggests that K supply affects the storage tissue at an early stage of tuber development probably via different water relations of tubers.     

施氮对块茎形成期高温胁迫后马铃薯块茎产量、淀粉含量和相关酶代谢活性的影响

为了明确不同施氮量对高温胁迫后马铃薯块茎淀粉合成酶、淀粉含量及产量的影响,本研究于2019-2020年在宁南山区海原县进行田间试验.供试品种为青薯9号,通过搭建高温棚构建高温环境,设2个温度处理(T1:块茎形成初期高温胁迫,T2:自然温度),4个氮肥水平(不施氮N0:0 kg·hm-2,低氮水平N1:75 kg·hm-...     

重庆酸性紫色土马铃薯的高产优质与养分平衡

Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops inculding Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekingensis Rupr.,cv.Lu-Bai 3),autumn greens (B.chinensis L.,cv.Piao-Geng-Bai),winter greens(B.var.rosularis Tsen et Lee,cv,You-Dong-Er),and summer greens(B.chinensis L.,cv.Zao-Shu5),respectively,Each eperimpent included one CK treatment without K,N and Pfertilizers applied,and four treatments with from low to high doses,0-300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage,0-150 kg hm^-2 for autumm and winter greens and 0-180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens,of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash(SOP)applied together with N and P fertlizers,One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at high levels(150 or 180 g hm^-2)together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn,winter and summer greens ,respectively,in order to compare the effcts of SOP and MOP ,The market yields of the tested crops incresaed significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application.K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N ,P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn,winter and summer greens,which were atatistically significantly correalted to their yields.In can aslo be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased ,As compared to MOP,SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn,winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.     

施氮量对宁夏旱区马铃薯块茎淀粉形成和产量的影响

为探索不同施氮量对宁夏旱区马铃薯块茎淀粉形成和产量的影响机理,分别于2017年(平水年)和2019年(丰水年)在宁夏南部山区开展大田试验,以马铃薯栽培品种青薯9号为材料,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,研究施纯氮量75(N1)、150(N2)、225 kg·hm^-2(N3)对马铃薯淀粉含量、淀粉形成关键酶及产量的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,总淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,以N2最高,分别较N0显著提高21.23、26.42个百分点(2017年)和19.74、24.93个百分点(2019年);而直链淀粉含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,在N3达到最高,比N0增加1.59个百分点(2017年)、1.78个百分点(2019年)。腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)均以N2最高,分别较N0增加了57.38%、36.83%(2017年)和67.19%、29.01%(2019年);而可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合酶(GBSS)活性则以N3最高,分别较N0增加33.90%、49.51%(2017年)和46.02%、51.00%(2019年)。相关、通径分析结果表明,淀粉含量与淀粉合成关键酶均呈正相关,AGPP、SSS、GBSS在淀粉合成过程中的直接贡献较大;与N0相比,N1~N3在2017年和2019年的产量分别增加了10.72%~21.02%和8.40%~16.30%,以N2的产量最优;综合产量回归曲线分析可知,达到最高产量的最佳施氮量为150~184(2017年)、150~196 kg·hm^-2(2019年)。因此,建议宁夏旱区马铃薯施氮量为150~200 kg·hm^-2,该条件能有效提高淀粉形成关键酶活性,加快淀粉形成和积累,促进马铃薯产量增加,从而提高当地农民的经济收益。     

滴灌施氮对高垄覆膜马铃薯产量、氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

通过田间试验研究了高垄覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量（N 0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2）对马铃薯产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,N180处理的马铃薯块茎产量最高。马铃薯收获期各处理硝态氮含量为表层土（020cm）最高,且在0120 cm剖面呈现降低的趋势;各处理040 cm土层硝态氮积累量占0120cm土层硝态氮积累总量的47.74%～53.17%。施氮量与马铃薯吸氮量、土壤硝态氮残留量、氮素表观损失量呈显著正相关,马铃薯吸氮量、硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的37.93%、45.99%和16.08%。马铃薯块茎吸氮量和收获指数随着施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥生理利用效率均以N 90处理最高,分别为67.97%、68.06 kg/kg和154.92 kg/kg。在内蒙古阴山北麓马铃薯主产区,覆膜滴灌施氮量应控制在90～180 kg/hm2。     

Boron fertilization effects in processing grade potato on an Inceptisol of West Bengal,India

A 2-year field trial was conducted in processing grade potato cv. Kufri Chipsona-3. The treatments comprised recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (200:150:150 N:P₂O₅:K₂O kg ha^?1) with or without boron (B) application (soil and foliar). The results revealed that B fertilization significantly increased tuber number and yield. Three sprays of 0.1% boric acid (at 40, 50 and 60 days after planting) produced the maximum number and yield of tubers and enhanced B uptake in potato tuber, haulm as well as in total plant accounting 85.8, 182.0 and 169.8% more than control, respectively. The same treatment came up with greatest net return and benefit: cost ratio. B fertilization exerted significant influence on available N and B status of post-harvest soil, while the effect was non-significant on available P and K. Results suggest that right dose and method of B application is vital for optimizing tuber yield and B-use efficiency for processing grade potato.     

薯麦轮作体系钾肥全部施于薯季提高甘薯和周年产量

【目的】 薯麦轮作是我国甘薯种植的主要模式,施钾对甘薯、小麦都有较好的增产效果。本文研究了薯麦轮作中钾肥最佳运筹方案,以便更好地发挥钾肥效益。 【方法】 在江苏省农业科学院位于南京的六合基地连续进行了三年田间定位试验,在周年钾肥投入总量K₂O 270 kg/hm2的前提下,设置5个甘薯 (S) /小麦 (W) 钾肥分配量处理,分别为 S0W270、S90W180、S135W135、S180W90、S270W0,重复三次。调查了产量、产量组成和生物量分配,测定了吸钾量、钾生理效率和钾表观平衡。 【结果】 钾肥分配量显著影响甘薯的块根产量、单株薯数、单个薯重、冠根比、吸钾量和钾生理效率,而对小麦产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、草谷比、吸钾量、钾收获指数和钾生理效率均无显著影响。甘薯产量和周年产量均以钾肥全部施于薯季的S270W0处理最高,全部分配于麦季的S0W270处理次之,S270W0的甘薯产量和周年产量比薯麦两季分配的S90W180、S135W135、S180W90处理提高20.7%～24.5% (P < 0.05) 和17.8%～20.9% ( P < 0.01),S0W270的分别提高了9.9%～13.4% ( P > 0.05) 和8.2%～11.0% ( P > 0.05)。S270W0处理的单株薯数和单个薯重分别比钾肥施两季的处理高5.2%～10.4%和8.5%～30.6% ( P < 0.01),是其产量增加的主要原因;S0W270处理的单株薯数比 这三个处理高18.9%～24.8% ( P < 0.001),但单薯重低于其他处理,较高的单株薯数是该处理甘薯增产的主要原因。S180W90和S270W0处理甘薯整株吸钾量比S90W180和S0W270高出9.7%～16.1% ( P < 0.05)。随薯季施钾量增加,甘薯冠根比先增后减 ( P < 0.001)、钾生理效率先减后增 ( P < 0.01)、钾收获指数和商品率变化较小 ( P > 0.05)。甘薯吸钾量平均为K ₂O 228.0 kg/hm2,是小麦的2.3倍;钾收获指数平均为0.55,是小麦的5.5倍。薯蔓中储存的钾占甘薯吸钾量的46.6%,薯蔓还田可满足小麦对钾的需求;麦秸中贮存的钾占小麦吸钾量的91.0%,麦秸还田只能满足甘薯吸钾量的39.5%。本研究施钾量下,秸秆不还田,甘薯和小麦年均携出土壤的钾达K₂O 327.9 kg/hm2,年末土壤速效钾呈快速下降,三个轮作周期后土壤速效钾降低49.2%;秸秆和薯蔓完全还田条件下,薯麦轮作施钾量为K₂O 134.3 kg/hm2时即可保持土壤钾素平衡。 【结论】 薯麦轮作中,以钾肥单施于甘薯上,可显著增加单株薯数和单个薯重,增加甘薯产量和周年产量。全部钾肥施于甘薯上,薯蔓还田可以满足小麦的钾素营养。麦秸和薯蔓完全还田条件下,可适当减少钾肥的投入,年施K₂O 134.3 kg/hm2时即可保持钾素平衡。供试地区土壤和管理条件下,钾肥的管理模式建议为“秸秆还田 + 适宜施钾量 + 钾肥全部施于薯季”。      

李营养累积、分布及叶片养分动态研究

基于保障生态和果品安全以及合理实施果园养分管理的前提,对大石早生李树体各部位营养元素积累、分布以及各营养元素的周年变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:①营养元素在各个器官的相对含量,除K、Zn在果实中含量最高外,N、P、Ca、Mg均以叶片中含量为最高,以叶片做营养诊断是适宜的.②大石早生李树体营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的元素比值为10.00:1.26:6.42:12.57:2.46:1.87:0.14.⑧100 kg鲜果的养分吸收量分别为:N 772.47g,P74.25 g,K 730.33g,Ca874.16 g,Mg 169.82 g,Fe 66.05 g,Zn 7.53 g,N:P:K的比例为1.00:0.10:0.95.④N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量随物侯期呈规律性变化.生长季初期,N、P、K、Zn、Cu的含量迅速下降,Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg呈逐渐上升的趋势;中期这9种元素总体变化幅度较小;后期Fe,Cu.N、P、K的含量呈下降趋势,Mn、Zn、Ca,Mg依然上升.本结果既丰富了国内李营养理论,同时又为制定合理的施肥措施及建立绿色优质果品科技示范基地提供了理论依据.