野生荔枝半同胞家系果实性状遗传变异分析及遗传参数估算

以26个野生荔10号荔枝自然杂交子代半同胞单株为材料,分析其果实性状的遗传变异和估测其遗传参数,以期弄清野生荔枝的遗传规律和在酿酒品种培育中的可行性提供依据。结果表明,果实的表型性状（果实形状、果肩形状、果皮颜色、龟裂片形状、裂片峰形状）变异范围广,均分离出3~5个不同类型;除果皮颜色外,其余性状亲本性状遗传更加顽固;呈母本性状占比数依次为果肩形状(55.56%)>果实形状(44.44%)>龟裂片形状(40.74%)>裂片峰形状(29.63%)>果皮颜色(14.81%)。品质性状家系间具有极显著差异(P<0.01),变异系数由大到小依次为单果重(28.44%)>果皮厚度(17.48%)>果肉厚度(15.44%)>可食率(12.21%)>可溶性固形物含量(8.8%)>果形指数(5.59%);遗传力由大到小依次为单果重(0.9992)>可食率(0.9987)>可溶性固形物含量(0.9753)>果形指数(0.9733)>果肉厚度(0.9663)>果皮厚度(0.9585);遗传增益由大到小依次为单果重(87.74%)>果肉厚度(48.32%)>果皮厚度(30.16%)>可食率(17.96%)>可溶性固形物含量(14.37%)>果形指数(-4.77%)。单果重在变异系数、遗传力、遗传增益3项指标值均最高,表现出突出的遗传变异、遗传力和遗传增益效果,表明该性状受较强的遗传控制,且后代的选择余地较大。筛选出9个特异单株：8个单株入选高可溶性固形物含量(≥18.5%)特异单株,1个单株入选高可食率(≥80%)特异单株,改良效果好。     

龙眼果实育种目标性状在正反交后代中的表现

以大果、高糖、高可食率、果肉脆而不流汁为龙眼杂交育种的目标性状,对‘立冬本’和‘苗翘’龙眼正反杂交后代的果实进行分析,研究育种目标性状在后代中的表现及分布,结果表明：后代中平均单果重≥12 g、果实可溶性固形物含量≥22%、可食率≥68%的株数比例分别为25.93%、37.04%、28.57%,有30.36%和44.64%单株的果实果肉不流汁和质地脆。综合5个目标性状,同时具备2个性状的后代有30株,具备3个性状的有14株,具备4个性状的有3株,而5个目标性状全部具备的株数为0。     

西藏几种野生树莓的果实性状评价

对9种西藏野生树莓的生物学性状和果实品质进行了初步分析.结果表明:刺萼悬钩子、粉枝莓的果实品质相对较好,其次为栽秧泡.刺萼悬钩子单果重最大,可溶性固形物、Vc含量及出汁率较高,但花梗及花萼等部位针刺较多.粉枝莓单果重、可溶性固形物及出汁率均较高,分布范围较广.栽秧泡的单果重、可溶性固形物含量中等,但可滴定酸含量低,出汁率高.红泡刺藤的单果重、出汁率虽然偏低,但可溶性固形物、花色苷和Vc含量较高,可作为树莓育种的种质材料.     

甜樱桃实生后代部分品质性状的遗传变异

以31个甜樱桃实生株系的成熟果实为试材,进行了果实单果重、可食率、可溶性固形物、糖酸组分和含量以及挥发性化合物种类和含量的测定,旨在为甜樱桃实生繁殖下品质育种工作提供基本资料。结果表明,①甜樱桃实生后代平均单果重和可溶性固形物含量单株间变异系数较大(32.76% 和20.03%),而可食率彼此间差异不显著,变异系数仅为2.23%。②甜樱桃果实可溶性糖组分主要是果糖和葡萄糖,有机酸组分主要为苹果酸;实生后代果实中果糖、葡萄糖以及总糖的含量单株间亦存在明显变异（17.93%、17.05%和17.40%）,不同株系间有机酸含量及糖酸比的变异系数更大,分别为25.67%和35.22%。③从31个甜樱桃实生株系的果实中共鉴定出烃类、醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类5类113种挥发性化合物,各实生株系的果实中挥发性化合物种类数、各类挥发性化合物种类数及其含量以及主要挥发性化合物相对含量等均存在更广泛的遗传变异,遗传多样性更为丰富。总之,31个甜樱桃实生株系果实品质性状存在广泛的遗传变异,为进一步筛选优良单株提供了可能性。     

库尔勒香梨杂交及回交后代果实部分性状遗传研究

通过对库尔勒香梨为亲本之一的10个杂交组合及8个回交组合的杂种后代的果实性状如果实大小、果肉质地、果心大小、果实可溶性固形物含量等的遗传进行分析,研究香梨不同性状在杂交后代中的遗传动态,对于正确选择杂交亲本,减少育种盲目性,以最大程度的得到符合育种目标的杂种类型具有重要的指导意义。     

不同杏品种果实营养成分分析及综合评价

为综合评价不同杏品种果实营养品质,选择具开发利用前景的品种,测定11个杏品种果实的3项外观品质（果形指数、单果重、可食率）和8项营养物质含量（可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸、类胡萝卜素、Vc、固酸比、糖酸比）,并通过相关性分析和主成分分析对所测杏品种进行综合品质评价。结果显示,11个杏品种果实的营养成分等各项指标均存在差异,但变异程度不大。相关性分析结果表明,杏果实单果重与可食率、可溶性固形物与Vc、可溶性糖与糖酸比、固酸比与糖酸比均呈极显著正相关,可滴定酸与固酸比、糖酸比呈极显著负相关,可溶性糖与Vc、Vc与固酸比呈显著正相关。主成分分析共提取了4个主成分,累积方差贡献率为91.002%,表明影响杏果品质的主要指标为糖酸比、固酸比、可食率、单果重、果形指数、可溶性固形物等。根据这几项指标数据杏农可以进行品种选择,杏育种者可以确定新品种的开发利用前景。‘金荷包’、‘凯特’、‘兰州大接杏’、‘晚红杏’、‘新疆杏晚熟’5个品种的营养品质更优。。     

贵州柑橘主栽品种果实品质分析

以贵州不同区域主栽脐橙类、椪柑及柚类柑橘成熟期果实为试材,对各柑橘品种果实的主要品质特性,如果皮颜色、单果重、果形指数、可食率、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和固酸比等指标进行测定和比较分析.结果表明,脐橙类果实、椪柑及柚类可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量在罗甸地区均高于其他区域,可滴定酸含量低于其他区域;椪柑在全省不同区域生理品质变异系数不大;柚类中琯溪蜜柚果实单果重最大,具较高可食率,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和可滴定酸含量较其他品种合适.     

不同品种夏橙品质的评价分析

为了提高夏橙品系品质性状的选择效率,为夏橙的品质优化提供理论依据,以湖北宜昌秭归地区9个夏橙品系为材料,分析其物理特性（单果重、果形指数、果实硬度、果皮厚、果皮颜色、果汁颜色、水分）和化学特性指标（果实纤维、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比和维生素C）之间的关系。结果表明,物理特性中单果重、果实硬度、果皮厚的变异系数较大,果汁颜色、果性指数变异系数较小;化学特性中果实纤维、水分、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸的品系间变异系数较大。9种品种间单果重、硬度和果实纤维差异显著,其余指标变化均不显著。主成分分析表明这16项指标反映的夏橙品质可用4个主成分来表示(累计贡献率达93.37%),并且各性状的贡献率集中。不同品种夏橙品质差异为夏橙品质选择改良提供了很好的借鉴作用,并为人们日常生活中合理消费夏橙提供理论依据。     

草莓果实主要数量性状变异及相关性研究

以露地栽培的82份草莓品种(系)为材料,对其主要数量性状的变异、分布规律及相关性进行了研究和分析。结果表明,草莓果实硬度、可溶性固形物、平均单果重、最大单果重和单株产量基本呈正态分布,不同性状的变异不同;果实硬度与平均单果重、单株产量分别呈显著正相关和极显著正相关,平均单果重与最大单果重及单株产量均呈极显著正相关,最大单果重与单株产量呈极显著正相关。此研究为草莓育种的亲本选配和杂交后代预先选择提供了依据。     

基于灰色关联分析的‘荸荠’杨梅成熟度影响因素分析

为了探讨不同气象因子对‘荸荠’杨梅成熟度的影响,为特色杨梅生产和品质分析提供可靠依据,利用灰色关联度分析法,分别以‘荸荠’杨梅单果重（外观指标）、可溶性固形物（风味指标）、可食率（质地指标）为参考数列,以‘荸荠’杨梅果实成熟期内的平均温度、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降水量、相对湿度、日照时数为参比数列,对‘荸荠’杨梅成熟度与气象因子的关联度作相关分析。结果表明：‘荸荠’杨梅单果重与果实成熟期的相对湿度的关联度最大,影响可溶性固形物、可食率的气象因子主要是热量指标;相对湿度除6月中旬外,其余各旬对单果重的影响均较密切,5月中旬平均气温、4月下旬平均最高气温和6月中旬平均最低气温对可溶性固形物影响最大,5月上旬平均气温、平均最高气温和6月中旬最低气温对可食率影响最大。因此,影响‘荸荠’杨梅成熟度的气象因子及其时段效应均存在差异,在具体生产上应采取相应的措施。     

玉米不同基因型种子发芽及幼苗性状分析

对Ｓ２２、４７８、４８９自交系及其单交、回交、自交后代共１６个基因型的种子发芽和幼苗特性研究表明：①Ｓ２２（深色）、Ｓ２２（中色）、及（Ｓ２２×４８９）自交和回交后代各项指标均较差,且物质运转率低;Ｓ２２（浅色）与４７８相比,发芽率较高,但发芽较慢。②单交种的种子发芽和幼苗特性均随着杂种优势的产生而显著提高,自交、回交后代又随杂种优势的衰退而明显降低。③种子发芽及幼苗特性与粒色有关,受母本胞质基因的影响。④Ｓ２２的种子发芽和出苗特性可以通过后代选择予以改良。     

Comparative performance of diploid and tetraploid progenies from 2x.2x crosses in potato

Summary Selection criteria for agronomic characters in a potato breeding program at the diploid (2x) level may differ from selection criteria used when selecting breeding lines at the tetraploid (4x) level. Differences between selection criteria are expected, (1) when expression of the characters is different at both ploidy levels and/or (2) when the effect of diploid breeding lines on agronomic characters of tetraploid progenies is different from the effect of tetraploid breeding lines. In this investigation sets of diploid and tetraploid progenies, each set derived from the same 2x.2x cross, were compared as to the expression of six agronomic characters. Diploid progenies had significantly lower yields (due to smaller tubers) and significantly higher under water weights than tetraploid progenies. Vine maturity and chip colour were similarly expressed at both ploidy levels. Correlations between yield and yield components, and between under water weight and chip colour were similar at both ploidy levels. The lower yields and higher under water weights found in diploids point to the need of different selection criteria for selecting diploid and tetraploid breeding lines.     

Response to Selection for Resistance to Macrophomina and Xanthomonas and its Association with Seed Colour in Cowpea*

In cowpea, black seeded types are supposedly resistant to Macrophomina. A study was undertaken to verify the association of seed colour with resistance to Macrophomina and Xanthomonas and to examine the response over three cycles of selection for such resistance along with seed yield, determinate habit and synchronous flowering in five black-and three white-seeded cowpea varieties. Selection was done between and within progenies under heavy natural incidence of both pathogens supplemented by artificial inoculation of Macrophomina using the toothpick method at flower primordial stage. Among 414 single plant progenies in the first cycle all 193 white-seeded progenies from three different varieties were highly susceptible to both pathogens, with considerable variation among the black-seeded ones. All the black- and white-seeded progenies derived from the same variety‘Floricream’were highly susceptible. Multivariate analysis for five characters in the ten best progenies after two selection cycles revealed significant genetic diversity between the progenies. Selection was successful with the isolation of three productive progenies resistant: to both diseases. The results indicated that seed colour had no influence on resistance m this material and that simultaneous improvement of seed yield, plant type and disease resistance could be achieved.     

Genetic variability of cassava progenies developed through introgression of cassava mosaic disease resistance into Ghanaian landraces

Availability of genetic diversity is important in selecting suitable cultivars for crop improvement. Progenies of crosses between 19 farmer-preferred cassava landraces and Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD)-resistant cultivar TME 11 were evaluated and compared with their maternal parents to assess their genetic variability and genetic gains based on CMD tolerance, some growth variables and root yield. The combined analysis of variance for the traits showed significant genotypic differences amongst the progenies and the parents. Apart from a few instances, the differences in replications and years were also significant. Genetic variability components showed high heritability ranging from 92.3 to 99.6% and moderately high genetic gains of 54.1 to 99.6% for the parental cultivars. Apart from canopy spread and plant height, heritability and genetic gains of the progenies were slightly lower than the parents indicating high variability within families of the progenies. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was slightly greater than genotypic coefficient of variation indicating minimal influence of environment on the genotypes. For most of the characters evaluated, the mean performance of the progenies was higher than their corresponding parental lines. Although the genotypes differed significantly (P < 0.001) for all traits evaluated, cultivars such as Afebankye, Bosome nsia, Cedi bankye, 262 Debor, Kwadaso 25, Nkaakom 57 and Sisipe were found to constitute a pool of germplasm with adequate variability. The negative correlation between CMD incidence and other traits evaluated showed significant progress made in the breeding program.     

Doubled Haploids of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) 2. Observations of Monogenic and Polygenic Characters

The expression of monogenic and polygenic characters has been studied in families of spontaneous haploids of cocoa which nave been doubled with colchicine. Segregation of six enzyme markers, heterozygous in the various parent clones, has been analysed in the doubled haploids for alcohol dehydrogsnase (ADH), malate dehydrogenase locus B (MDH-B), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). Nine of the eleven families showed a Mendelian-type segregation, two presented distortions but all alleles were found in the haploid progenies. Polygenic characters were expressed with great variability: A few DHs showed similar or even higher values than their parents for individual characters, but the majority were lower, and large depressions could be seen for the group of characters studied. These results have consequences for the use of doubled haploids of cocoa which must both give a sure production of hybrid seeds and be good progenitors; no prediction of their value as progenitors seems possible after observation of their own characteristics and the only selection made from these plants will be a propos their characters directly involved in seed production. These selected doubled haploids will subsequently have to be tested as progenitors.     

小麦双胚苗类型及后代观察初报

对小麦与天蓝偃麦草杂交诱导后代筛选的36个双胚苗株系进行形态特性分类.共有6种,即双鞘同步型.双鞘异步型,单鞘同步型.单鞘一叶重叠同步型.单鞘一叶共生同步型、单鞘异步型,小麦双胚苗二代再现双苗率极小,三代双胚苗两苗系再现频率分别为0.823%和0.139%.二代分离奇异,三代按株系趋向整齐.双胚苗及后代去雄套袋有不同程度的自主结实特性.是有性和无性基因型细胞的嵌合体,双苗特性可通过有性或无性过程传递给后代,无性的表达可能需特定的环境条件.双胚苗是选择兼性或专性无融合生殖的一个中间型桥梁材料.     

Colchicine mutagenesis is associated with substantial heritable variation in cotton

Summary Seedlings of the cotton cultivar Sicot 1 were treated with either 1%, 2% or 5% colchicine in lanolin which was topically applied to the apical meristem four days after emergence. Of 293 1%-treated seedlings 64 survived to produce fertile C₁ shoots which gave rise to 84 C₂ single boll families. C₂ and C₃ generations were examined in field experiments for morphological variants and for a number of quantitative characters (yield components and fibre quality). No morphological mutants were seen but considerable heritable variation for metrical characters of economic importance was detected. Of 18 extreme C₂ families consisting of 54 C₃ progenies, 19 were shown in a replicated spaced-plant trial to be significantly different to the Sicot 1 parental material for at least one (usually more) characters. The 222 C₃ progenies of the 66 non-extreme C₂ families were tested in an unreplicated plot experiment and at least 14 were suspected of exhibiting variation in metrical characters. Although no light has been shed on the mechanism responsible for the production of variants by this method, it is argued that the colchicine technique results in higher levels of genetic variation than found in commercial cultivars; variation which can be readily exploited by cotton breeders.     

Breeding for yield and quality in durum wheat

Three populations of an intervarietal durum wheat cross IWP5308/PDW208, F₅, F₅BIP₁ (population derived after intermating in F₂) and F₅BIP₂ (population derived after intermating in BIPF₁), were evaluated under three different agronomic environments for mean performance and stability of genotypes for grain yield, yield components and protein content. Though the biparental progenies indicated a higher mean performance, they did not differ significantly from progenies of the pedigree method for almost all characters. The biparental progenies, however, produced a higher number of stable genotypes for grain yield per plant, grains per ear and protein content. The F₅ population had a higher number of stable genotypes for 1000 grain weight and number of tillers per plant. The BIP progenies also had a higher number of genotypes with above average mean performance, and many were significantly higher than the checks WH896 and WH542, compared with F₅ progenies. Hence, in spite of high G x E interactions, the use of cycles of biparental mating and selection of top yielding lines on the basis of yield components can enable selection of stable genotypes with high protein content. Number of tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight were the yield component characters which made maximum contribution to phenotypic stability of the genotypes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘薯主要数量性状对单株产量的通径分析

用秦薯1号自交后代实生苗为试验材料,试验对甘薯的分枝数(x1)、最长蔓长(x2)、分枝总长(x3)、节间长(x4)、蔓粗(x5) 、叶面积(x6)、单株绿叶重(x7)、藤叶重(x8)、单株薯数(x9)、单薯重(x10)、根冠比(x11)和单株产量(y)12个数量性状进行了测定。通过相关分析、逐步回归和通径分析表明单株绿叶重对单株产量的影响最大;单株薯数和单薯重对单株产量的直接作用较大。高产育种以单株产量为选择目标时,应以单株绿叶重、单株薯数和单薯重的选择为主,结合根冠比、分枝数、叶面积和蔓粗,对这7个性状进行综合考虑和选择。