浙江省早籼稻近期区试品种品质性状的综合分析

 根据浙江省1995年早籼稻品种区域试验6个试点13个参试品种11项品质性状的测定结果,研究了各品质性状的品种（基因型）、地点、品种×地点互作效应相对变异。除整精米率性状以外,其余各品质性状均以品种效应为主,而且品种效应以直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、粒型相对较大;整精米率以环境效应相对最大,环境对糊化温度、垩白面积、垩白率、精米率也有一定影响;将品种×地点互作效应分解为各参试品种×地点互作效应发现,某些品种整精米率、垩白率、垩白面积、糊化温度存在基因型×地点互作效应。     

东北三省水稻品质性状比较研究

以2002-2007年辽宁、吉林和黑龙江三省水稻区域试验参试材料为试材,统一取样测定主要品质指标,分析品质性状的省份间差异、变化及其相互关系。结果表明,东北三省水稻碾磨品质普遍较高,其中吉林省参试品种糙米率和精米率最高,辽宁省参试品种整精米率最高;对于垩白粒率和垩白度,辽宁省与吉林省相差不大,但都显著高于黑龙江省;长宽比吉林辽宁黑龙江;蛋白质含量辽宁吉林黑龙江,直链淀粉含量则相反,但辽宁与吉林之间差异没有达到显著水平;胶稠度辽宁黑龙江吉林。近年来黑龙江和吉林水稻整精米率、黑龙江糙米率有所降低。粒长、长宽比与糙米率、精米率呈极显著负相关,垩白粒率、垩白度与精米率、整精米率和长宽比呈极显著负相关。因此,在水稻育种和栽培中,辽宁和吉林应主攻降低垩白粒率和垩白度,黑龙江和吉林应注意防止整精米率降低,黑龙江还要注重提高糙米率。     

膜下滴灌水稻品种产量、品质和农艺性状的相关性分析

选用18个粳稻品种进行产量、品质及农艺性状和外观品质的相关性分析,结果表明:18个品种中,T14产量最高,比对照增产72.72%;产量与农艺性状的相关性分析中得出,株高与穗长呈正相关,有效穗与结实率呈正相关,实粒数与产量呈极正相关;外观品质相关分析中得出,糙米率与精米率呈正相关,与长均值、长宽比呈负相关,整精米率与垩白粒率、垩白度呈极负相关,长均值与长宽比呈极正相关;在农艺性状与品质性状相关分析中得出,株高与糙米率呈负相关,结实率与整精米率呈正相关,与垩白粒率呈负相关。     

播期对三江平原主栽水稻品种品质的影响

通过播期试验,对三江平原5个主栽水稻品种的品质性状进行分析。结果表明,播期对整精米率、垩白米率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、食味值均有影响,对糙米率、精米率影响较小。随着播期的推迟,整精米率明显降低,外观品质变劣,且二者呈极显著负相关;直链淀粉含量呈升高趋势,蛋白质含量则呈降低趋势;食味值变化因品种而异。对品质各性状的变异系数进行聚类分析,结果表明,垩白粒率、垩白度受播期影响最大,属于敏感性状;糙米率、精米率、食味值、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量受播期影响较小,属于迟钝性状;整精米率受播期影响变异幅度在二者之间。综合而言,早播对5个水稻品种整体品质提升具有正向作用;但从食味值角度出发,早熟品种龙粳31和龙粳46适当晚播可能更有利于口感的改善。     

水稻长穗大粒RIL群体主要品质性状的遗传分析

为探讨水稻长穗大粒RILs群体主要品质性状的遗传规律,以自育的一个水稻长穗大粒品系FJCD与籼型三系恢复系IR24配制杂交组合,单粒传法构建含有178个株系的RILs群体(F11)为材料,分别在福州和沙县2个不同生态条件下种植,采用植物数量性状的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型及其相应的统计方法,研究水稻主要品质性状的遗传特征。结果表明:除了精米率呈多基因遗传外,其他9个品质性状的最适遗传模型符合主基因+多基因混合遗传。精米率、米粒长、米粒宽、米粒长宽比、透明度、碱消值和直链淀粉含量在不同环境中表现相似的遗传模型;整精米率、垩白度和垩白粒率表现不同的遗传模型。由主基因遗传率为主的有整精米率、米粒长、垩白粒率、垩白度、透明度、碱消值和直链淀粉含量;由多基因遗传率为主的有米粒宽和米粒长宽比。环境因素对碱消值的影响最大。在不同生态条件下稻米主要品质性状间的相关性有82.22%的比率表现较为一致,不因环境的变化而改变其相关性。因此,在稻米品质选择与鉴定时需对整精米率、垩白度和垩白粒率在多个特定环境中进行,才能提高育种效率;对由主基因和多基因遗传率为主的性状需分别采用不同选择方法和育种策略。     

杂交稻7个米质性状的变异及相关性分析

以10个杂交水稻组合为材料,通过重庆(璧山、沙坪坝)和海南(陵水)不同年份不同地点的2 a6点(次)种植,分析了7个品质性状的变异和各品质性状间的相关性。结果表明,杂交组合在不同点(次)之间精米率、整精米率和糙米率的变异系数较小,垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量的变异系数较大;不同杂交组合之间糙米率、精米率和整精米率的变异系数较小,垩白度、垩白粒率和垩白大小的变异系数均超过50%。经主成分分析,垩白度因子、糙米率因子和垩白粒率因子为影响稻米品质的3个主成分因子,三者对稻米品质的累积贡献率达90.307%。相关分析表明,精米率与糙米率呈极显著正相关,垩白度与垩白粒率和垩白大小呈极显著正相关,整精米率与垩白大小呈显著负相关。通过聚类分析,参试的10个杂交组合被分为4类,不同类别杂交组合间品质性状的差异与亲本的亲缘关系有关。为提升稻米品质,首先应侧重于垩白性状的改良,其次可通过提高糙米率、整精米率和直链淀粉含量,实现稻米品质的整体改善。     

黑龙江省水稻品种品质性状分析

通过对黑龙江省25个水稻品种品质性状进行分析,研究各性状对稻米品质的影响。结果表明:在今后水稻新品种选育过程中,应注重垩白粒率、垩白度及直链淀粉含量等性状的改良;提高糙米率有利于整精米率、稻米食味的提高;延长胶稠度,降低稻米直链淀粉含量使米饭有弹性不回生;降低垩白粒率、垩白度有利于糙米率、整精米率的提高,进而促进稻米品质的提高。影响稻米品质的第一主成分因子是整精米率因子,其次为垩白度因子、直链淀粉含量因子、垩白粒率因子、食味评分因子、胶稠度因子。     

寒地不同积温区水稻品质性状比较及其相互关系

以2009-2011年寒地各积温区参试水稻为研究对象,统一取样测定主要品质指标,分析不同积温区间水稻品质性状的差异及其相互关系。结果表明,寒地四个积温区水稻品种品质普遍较好,糙米率和整精米率达国标二级优质米标准,垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度达到国标一级优质米标准。碾磨品质各积温区差异显著,第一积温区与第四积温区差异极显著,随着积温的减少,糙米率和整精米率明显增加。外观品质中垩白粒率和垩白度各积温区差异显著,第三积温区最高,第四积温区最低。蒸煮品质中直链淀粉含量与食味值第二积温区>第三积温区>第一积温区>第四积温区。食味值与整精米率、直链淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与垩白粒率呈极显著负相关;直链淀粉含量对食味影响最大,其次是整精米率,垩白米率影响最小。     

C815S衍生水稻两用核不育系的碾磨和外观品质性状配合力分析

为研究C815S衍生的8个水稻两用核不育系(505S、614S、706S、711S、712S、714S、715S和718S)的碾磨品质和外观品质性状的配合力,采用8个不育系和25个恢复系按不完全双列杂交方案配制的200个杂交组合为试验材料,对糙米率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、粒宽、长宽比、垩白粒率和垩白度8个碾磨品质和外观品质性状进行了配合力分析。所有性状不育系和恢复系的一般配合力方差、不育系×恢复系的特殊配合力方差均达到极显著水平,一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差。糙米率、粒长、粒宽的恢复系一般配合力方差大于不育系,整精米率、长宽比不育系一般配合力方差大于恢复系,精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度不育系和恢复系一般配合力方差相当。所有性状广义遗传力均在83%以上,狭义遗传力总体上表现为粒宽粒长糙米率长宽比垩白粒率整精米率精米率垩白度,其中粒长和粒宽的狭义遗传力大于80%,垩白度的狭义遗传力仅35.99%。614S、712S和715S的整精米率和长宽比一般配合力均表现为微弱的负效应或正效应,而垩白粒率和垩白度呈现出较大的负向一般配合力,可望配制出整精米率高、长宽比大、垩白度低的优质杂交稻组合。     

不同移栽期对粳稻品质的影响

采用不同移栽期对2008年辽宁省水稻区域试验中晚熟A组14个水稻品种的9个品质性状进行变异分析及主成分分析,结果表明:不同移栽期对稻米不同品质性状的影响不同;综合6移栽期稻米品质性状达优质稻谷国标的概率,胶稠度的达标率最高,垩白度表现最差,一级达标率为0;不同品质性状对移栽期变化所表现的变异程度不一致,垩白度、垩白粒率变异最大,其次是整精米率和胶稠度,长宽比的变异度最小;主成分分析中,包含糙米率、精米率、整精米率和垩白度的第一主成分因子对稻米品质的贡献最大,贡献率达42.78%,其次是胶稠度和碱消值,与前者的累计贡献率达60.72%。     

Effect of Rolled Leaf Gene Rl（t） on Grain Quality in Hybrid Rice

Effects of rolled leaf gene Rl（t） on grain quality characters of hybrid rice were analyzed by using three pairs of rolled leaf near-isogenic lines under two fertilizer treatments. Under normal fertilizer level （e.g. 450 kg urea per ha）, head rice rates and milled rice recovery of rolled leaf hybrids were significantly higher than those of corresponding non-rolled crosses, while the chalky rice rate and chalkiness were all lower. Of the RVA profiles, the peak viscosity, the hot paste viscosity and the breakdown viscosity of the rolled were all higher than those of the corresponding non-rolled ones to various degrees. Increasing fertilizer application for promoting panicle development increased the brown, milled and head rice rates except for Shanyou 63, furthermore, significant difference of head rice rates existed between the rolled leaf Shanyou 559 and Shanyou 559; while the peak viscosity, the hot paste viscosity and the breakdown viscosity all decreased to different levels; changes of values of other characters had no apparent regularity. It suggested that Rl（t） could improve rice quality under certain conditions.     

卷叶基因Rl（t）对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响

 以3对卷叶近等基因系杂交组合为研究对象，设置两种施肥水平处理，研究Rl(t)卷叶基因对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响。在正常肥力水平下，卷叶组合的精米率显著或极显著高于其对应组合，整精米率高于其对应组合，垩白率和垩白度均低于其对应组合。稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值中，卷叶组合的最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均大于其对应组合，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异表现趋势不一致。增施穗肥，除汕优63外，各组合的糙米率、精米率和整精米率都有提高的趋势，各组合最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均降低，消减值均增大，其他性状指标值变化趋势因组合而异。增施穗肥，卷叶组合的精米率和整精米率都高于其对应组合，其中卷叶汕优559与汕优559的整精米率差异达显著水平，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异没有明显的规律性，说明Rl(t)基因在一定条件下有利于提高稻米品质。     

Distribution of proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice as affected by nitrogen fertilization and genotype

A field experiment involving six japonica rice cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits and seven nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments was performed to determine the effects of N and genotype on distribution of four kinds of grain proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice. For brown and milled rice, albumin and globulin were controlled more by genotype than N treatments, whereas prolamin and glutelin were largely determined by N. Substantial genotypic differences in response of milled/brown (M/B) ratios of proteins to N treatments were detected. In comparison with large panicle cultivars, small panicle cultivars such as Wuyujing3 had the lower ratio and exhibited more stability under contrasting N treatments. N had significant influence on amino acid composition of brown and milled rice, with contents of the 17 amino acids measured increasing with elevated N rate. However, cysteine and methionine in brown rice and lysine and methionine in milled rice were not significantly affected by N. In addition, N had little effect on ratios of M/B for most of the amino acids.     

直立与弯曲穗型水稻穗上不同部位籽粒碾磨品质的比较

以直立穗型和弯曲穗型水稻材料为对象,研究了穗上不同部位和不同粒位籽粒在碾米品质上的差异。弯曲穗型材料整穗籽粒的糙米率、精米率及整精米率以及粒重均高于直立穗型材料,其中整精米率差异达到显著水平。总体而言,在稻穗的同一部位,两穗型材料一次枝梗籽粒的糙米率、精米率、整精米率和粒重均高于二次枝梗的籽粒;一次枝梗上以第2 或第3粒位籽粒的糙米率、精米率和整精米率较高,第1 粒位籽粒的较低;穗上同一部位二次枝梗籽粒的碾米品质在两穗型材料间的差异大于一次枝梗,而穗型与其排序并无直接关系;两穗型材料籽粒粒重在穗上的分布与排序基本一致。因此,可以通过育种选择来改良直立穗型材料的碾磨品质。     

Characterization of Aroma and Agronomic Traits in Afghan Native Rice Cultivars

Abstract

In this study, we collected native aromatic rice cultivars from north, east and northeast of Afghanistan, and check cultivars from Japan, Thailand and India. We characterized some important agronomic characters such as plant height, panicle number per plant, grain number per panicle, 1,000-grain weight, grain length and grain width to find the desirable characters for breeding programs. Many of them were classified into tall culm rice according to IRRI index, but had thin and slender grain, and strong aroma which are favorable characteristics in Afghanistan and surrounding regions. The aromatic character was characterized by three methods, 1.7% KOH sensory test, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. These three methods gave similar results. Six out of 10 Afghan native rice cultivars were aromatic and four non-aromatic. Among the check cultivars, Basmati 370, Jasmine 85, Izayoi, Oitakoutou and Jakouine were aromatic and Nipponbare non-aromatic. Improvement of aromatic and high yielding rice and reduction of plant height are the important objectives for rice breeding in Afghanistan. The results showed that Pashadi Konar from Afghanistan has the intermediate plant height, heavier 1,000-grain weight (32 g), longer grain (11 mm) and favorable aroma. Therefore, this cultivar may be a good source of aromatic rice germplasm in Afghanistan. To clarify the genetic nature of aroma in rice, we crossed non-aromatic cultivar Nipponbare with aromatic cultivar Jasmine 85, and examined the aromatic character in the F₂ generation by 1.7% KOH sensory test and PCR analysis. Non-aromatic and aromatic characters were segregated at a ratio of 3:1, showing that aroma is controlled by a single recessive gene.     

籼型三系杂交水稻米质现状研究

以具广泛代表性的６ 个不育系和９ 个恢复系及其配制的５４ 个组合为材料研究了现有籼型三系杂交水稻米质状况。结果表明,参试组合的大多数米质性状均表现良好：在分析的１１ 个性状中有５ 个（糙米率、精米率、精米长、糊化温度、直链淀粉含量）全部达到部颁二级优质米标准,２ 个性状（精米长宽比和蛋白质含量）二级达标率在７７．８％ 以上。但在垩白粒率、垩白大小、整精米率、胶稠度等４ 个性状上达标率低,存在明显的不足。提出了在杂交稻优质育种中不育系应注重降低垩白、提高胶稠度,恢复系应把降低垩白粒率、提高整精米率作为主攻目标,兼顾蛋白质含量的改善。