Improvement in winter wheat productivity through regulating PSII photochemistry,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence under deficit irrigation conditions

Deficit irrigation is critical to global food production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation. Given water shortage has threatened agricultural sustainability under the dry-land farming system in China, there is an urgent need to develop effective water-saving technologies. We carried out a field study under two cultivation techniques: (1) the ridge and furrow cultivation model (R); and (2) the conventional flat farming model (F), and three simulated precipitation levels (1, 275 mm; 2, 200 mm; 3, 125 mm) with two deficit irrigation levels (150 and 75 mm). We demonstrated that under the ridge furrow (R) model, rainfall harvesting planting under 150 mm deficit irrigation combined with 200 mm simulated precipitation can considerably increase net photosynthesis rate (P_n), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), performance index of photosynthetic PSII (F_v/F_m′), and transformation energy potential of PSII (F_v/F_o). In addition, during the jointing, anthesis and grain-filling stages, the grain and biomass yield in the R model are 18.9 and 11.1% higher than those in the flat cultivation model, respectively, primarily due to improved soil water contents. The winter wheat fluorescence parameters were significantly positively associated with the photosynthesis, biomass and wheat production. The result suggests that the R cultivation model with irrigation of 150 mm and simulated precipitation of 200 mm is an effective planting method for enhancing P_n, biomass, wheat production, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in dry-land farming areas.     

外源6-BA和不同用量氮肥配合对小麦花后叶片功能与荧光特性的调控效应

【目的】探讨外源细胞分裂素（6-BA）和不同用量氮肥对小麦花后光合特性的调控效应,为激素与氮肥配合施用提高小麦光合生产力提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用持绿型品种汶农6号和非持绿型品种济麦20,设置N0（0）、N1（240 kg·hm-2）、N2（360 kg·hm^-2）3个氮肥用量,同时,花后连续3 d叶面喷施25 mg·L^-1 6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）及300 mg·L^-1洛伐他汀（Lovastatin）,用量100 mL·m^-2。开花后每隔7 d取旗叶,测定叶绿素含量、MDA含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理指标,用高效液相色谱法测定4种内源激素含量,利用脉冲调制式荧光仪测定不同处理下旗叶叶绿素荧光诱导的动力学参数。【结果】喷施外源6-BA显著提高两品种小麦旗叶花后不同时期最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSII）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）以及光化学猝灭系数（qP）,而喷施外源洛伐他汀对上述指标产生显著降低作用。喷施外源6-BA使N0、N1、N2处理下济麦20旗叶ΦPSII分别提高12.08%、14.21%、9.43%,汶农6号旗叶ΦPSII分别提高12.44%、14.84%、11.58%;喷施外源6-BA使N0、N1、N2处理下济麦20旗叶ETR分别提高16.57%、25.81%、18.83%,汶农6号旗叶ETR分别提高13.88%、23.58%、22.80%。两品种其他荧光参数指标表现出以下规律,即6-BA与N1配合对小麦旗叶Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR以及qP的提高效应均高于单一喷施6-BA或6-BA与N2配合。同时,品种、氮肥、激素单一效应及激素与氮肥配合对ΦPSII、ETR、qP影响显著,品种、激素单一效应对Fv/Fm影响显著,而激素与不同用量氮肥配合对Fv/Fm无显著影响。叶面喷施细胞分裂素抑制剂洛伐他汀使N0、N1、N2处理下济麦20旗叶ETR分别降低22.71%、12.06%、11.92%,两品种其他荧光参数指标Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、qP均表现出下降趋势,而增施氮肥能够缓解因细胞分裂素合成减少导致的小麦荧光参数的降低。外源喷施6-BA对两品种小麦内源激素含量影响显著。喷施外源6-BA显著提高旗叶玉米素核苷（ZR）含量,生长素（IAA）含量以及N0、N1处理下21-28 d赤霉素（GA3）含量,显著降低脱落酸（ABA）含量,而喷施外源洛伐他汀后,4种内源激素含量变化与以上结果相反。随着施氮量增加,ZR含量、14-28 d IAA含量随之增加,ABA含量总体呈下降趋势,而7-14 d GA3含量在N1处理下最高。同时,品种、氮肥、激素单一效应、激素与氮肥配合对ZR含量影响显著。另外,6-BA与N1配合对小麦叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性的提高效应高于单一喷施6-BA或6-BA与N2配合,激素与氮肥配合施用显著影响叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性。与不施氮相比,N1与N2处理下,外源洛伐他汀对叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系活性的降低幅度减小,即增施氮肥能够缓解因细胞分裂素合成减少引起的两品种小麦光合结构的衰老。花后喷施外源6-BA显著影响千粒重和产量（P＜0.01）,对穗数、穗粒数无显著影响,6-BA与氮肥配合显著影响穗数、穗粒数、千粒重以及产量,6-BA与N1配合显著提高产量及其构成因素。【结论】细胞分裂素与氮肥配合能够明显改善小麦的光合性能,6-BA与适量氮肥配合施用对小麦光合性能的提高效应显著高于单一喷施6-BA或6-BA与过量氮肥相配合,光合性能的改善显著提高两品种的产量。     

不同生育时期渍水对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦耐渍品种选育以及抗逆栽培提供理论依据,以鄂麦006为材料,研究不同生育期(包括拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和灌浆中期)渍水对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,小麦各生育期渍水均导致小麦旗叶叶绿素含量,光合速率降低,丙二醛含量升高。不同的时期渍水其影响程度不一,其中开花期渍水影响最为严重,与对照及其他处理差异极显著。渍水还导致了小麦干物质积累速率和灌浆速率低于对照,穗粒数和千粒重降低,影响最为明显的也是开花期渍水处理。由此可以看出,小麦在不同的生育时期渍水均导致其旗叶光合作用降低,衰老加快,干物质积累减少,导致小麦产量下降。开花期为小麦水分敏感期,这一时期渍水,小麦减产53.62%,损失严重。     

北方冬麦区CO_2浓度增高与氮肥互作对冬小麦生理特性和产量的影响

【目的】阐明CO_2浓度增高与氮肥互作对冬小麦生理和产量的影响,为客观评估气候变化背景下冬小麦生产潜力提供理论依据。【方法】2011—2014年利用开放式CO_2富集系统(FACE)平台,采用盆栽方法,研究冬小麦"中麦175"在不同CO_2浓度及高低氮肥水平下(高浓度CO_2 550 mg·L~(-1)和大气浓度390 mg·L~(-1);高氮N1,0.16 g·kg~(-1)和低氮N0,0 g·kg~(-1))的生育进程、光合特征及产量变化。CO_2富集处理于每年返青-成熟期间进行,通气时间为每日6:30-18:30,夜间不通气。CO_2浓度通过计算机程序控制,并根据具体风向和风速控制释放管电磁阀的开合度,实现预定设置浓度。【结果】盆栽试验表明与大气CO_2浓度相比,高浓度CO_2加快了冬小麦生育进程,拔节期提前1d,开花期可提前1-2 d,全生育期可缩短3-5 d,高氮肥处理对生育进程具有延迟作用,开花期延长1-2 d,灌浆期可延长4-5 d,同步缓解高浓度CO_2对生育进程的加快作用;高浓度CO_2使叶片光合速率提高13.7%,产量平均提高16.0%,且在高氮肥下光合速率的增幅比低氮肥相对提高2.5%,蒸腾速率提高13.5%;试验中单独高氮较低氮的增产效果达到50%,高于单独高浓度CO_2较大气浓度的增产效果;高浓度CO_2对产量构成中穗粒数和千粒重提高明显,高浓度CO_2较大气浓度穗粒数增加3.69%,单独高氮处理较低氮处理平均穗粒数增加3.43%,即CO_2肥效起到了增加穗粒数的作用并略高于单独氮肥处理,高氮和高CO_2双重促进下的穗粒数最多,达到38.37粒/穗,低氮和低CO_2处理的穗粒数水平最低,可见CO_2和氮肥互作对穗粒数的促进相对更明显,各自单独施用的促进作用彼此差异不大,但低氮、大气CO_2浓度处理的穗粒数则相对较低;与大气CO_2浓度相比,高浓度CO_2的千粒重增加5.3%,高氮高浓度CO_2处理的千粒重大约提高7.3%,说明氮肥的施用促进了高浓度CO_2对千粒重的提升效果。【结论】高浓度CO_2可提高冬小麦产量,且与氮肥有明显的正向互作关系,高氮肥处理可降低CO_2浓度升高对生育期的加快作用,提高光合能力,促进CO_2肥效的发挥;CO_2对冬小麦产量的提高主要是缘于CO_2浓度升高有利于穗粒数和千粒重的增加,育种中可以做综合性考虑和应用。     

旱地高产小麦光合速率与产量变化的研究

在旱地大田条件下对鲁麦 2 1与D2 7两品种生育后期旗叶与群体光合速率、籽粒灌浆速率及产量变化进行了研究 ,认为旱地小麦要获得高产必须保持开花后高的旗叶与群体光合速率 ,以有利于籽粒灌浆速率维持 ,形成高产     

农牧交错带油葵光合作用日变化及午休现象的研究

为了解农牧交错带油葵旺盛生长季光合作用日变化特征和光合"午休"原因,使用光合作用测量系统(LI-6400XT)于内蒙古武川试验站(2013年7月24日—7月28日)测定了晴天条件下油葵光合特性。结果表明:油葵光合速率日变化呈现典型的双峰曲线,具有明显的"午休"现象,且上午的峰值显著高于下午的峰值,观测期间平均高出11%。对油葵光合速率有显著影响的气象因子是光强和温度。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化规律相似,也呈现双峰曲线,并且两者的峰值要早于光合速率的峰值。对气孔导度有显著影响的气象因子是光强和饱和水汽压差,对蒸腾速率有显著影响的气象因子是光强、饱和水汽压差和温度。油葵叶片的水分利用效率最高值出现在11:00,最高值为2.71g/kg。观测期间,在油葵光合速率下降的阶段均表现为胞间CO2浓度增加,气孔限制值下降。因此,造成该地区油葵光合"午休"的主要因素是非气孔因素。     

Integrated agronomic practices management improved grain formation and regulated endogenous hormone balance in summer maize(Zea mays L.)

Compared with single agronomic practices management during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic practices management on grain-filling characteristics and physiological function of endogenous hormones was limited. In order to clarify this issue, two field experiments, integrated agronomic practices management(IAPM), T1(local conventional cultivation practices), T2(an optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), T3(treatment based on high-yield studies), and T4(further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), and nitrogen rate testing(NAT)(four nitrogen rates, 0, 129.0, 184.5, and 300.0 kg N ha–1) were performed with summer maize hybrid Zhengdan 958(ZD958). Results showed that with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. However, the grain-filling characteristics deteriorated and yield was reduced with excessive nitrogen fertilization. However, IAPM could promote hormone balance and improve grain filling characteristic. The indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), zeatin riboside(ZR), and gibberellin(GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid(ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1. Those resulted in the maximum grain-filling rate(Wmax) and the active grain-filling period(P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield. So IAPM promoted hormone balance by improving tillage model, optimizing fertilizer rate and fertilization period, appropriately increasing planting density and delaying harvest, which promoted grain filling rate and lengthened active grain-filling period, finally increased grain yield.     

小麦热处理研究

小麦籽粒形成和灌浆期间在温室、大田对小麦穗、旗叶进行热处理，研究结果表明：１．小麦籽粒形成后如遇高温，正常灌浆进程受到抑制，粒重下降，２．小麦旗叶在高温条件下，叶面薄膜组织受损，影响光合作用正常进行，３．小麦品种间对高温反应不同，为筛选抗耐高温品种提供了可能。     

Effects of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS, and antioxidant activities in maize (Zea mays L.)

Potassium(K)deficiency significantly decreases photosynthesis due to leaf chlorosis induced by accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).But,the physiological mechanism for adjusting antioxidative defense system to protect leaf function in maize(Zea mays L.)is unknown.In the present study,four maize inbred lines(K-tolerant,90-21-3 and 099;K-sensitive,D937 and 835)were used to analyze leaf photosynthesis,anatomical structure,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS,and antioxidant activities.The results showed that the chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(G_s),photochemical quenching(q_P),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)in 90-21-3 and 099 were higher than those in D937 and 835 under K deficiency treatment.Parameters of leaf anatomical structure in D937 that were significantly changed under K deficiency treatment include smaller thickness of leaf,lower epidermis cells,and vascular bundle area,whereas the vascular bundle area,xylem vessel number,and area in 90-21-3 were significantly larger or higher.D937 also had seriously damaged chloroplasts and PSII reaction centers along with increased superoxide anion(O_2~-·)and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2).Activities of antioxidants,like superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and ascorbate peroxidase(APX),were significantly stimulated in 90-21-3 resulting in lower levels of O_2~-·and H_2O_2.These results indicated that the K-tolerant maize promoted antioxidant enzyme activities to maintain ROS homeostasis and suffered less oxidative damage on the photosynthetic apparatus,thereby maintaining regular photosynthesis under K deficiency stress.     

行株距配置对不同穗型冬小麦品种光合特性及产量结构的影响

【目的】研究不同行株距配置对两种穗型小麦品种生育后期光合特性及产量的影响,为不同类型品种超高产栽培的行株距配置提供理论依据。【方法】以中多穗型济麦20和大穗型山农8355为材料,探讨5种行株距配置对产量构成及生育后期光合、衰老特性等指标的调控作用。【结果】均等行株距和窄行宽株距可显著提高孕穗至花后7d的叶面积系数和群体净光合速率。旗叶净光合速率随着行距扩大和株距的缩小而提高,且提高幅度随着时间推移逐渐增加。不同行株距处理的抗氧化酶活性与旗叶光合速率变化趋势一致,与丙二醛含量相反。大穗型山农8355灌浆中后期抗衰特性和光合速率优于中多穗型济麦20。光合速率与籽粒产量的相关不显著,群体光合速率与产量构成三因素的相关显著性因生育进程而呈现较大差异,群体与旗叶光合速率自开花14d开始呈显著正相关。【结论】行株距配置可有效调控小麦产量构成三因素并最终影响籽粒产量;宽行窄株距可改善生育后期光合特性,延缓衰老;实现高产的最佳行株距配置依品种类型而异。     

拔节期和开花期不同土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦 旗叶叶绿体超微结构和荧光特性的影响

【目的】研究拔节期和开花期土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦旗叶叶绿体超微结构和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】以济麦22小麦品种为试验材料,于2011-2012年和2012-2013年小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置4个测墒补灌土层深度（0-20 cm、0-40 cm、0-60 cm和0-140 cm,各处理土壤相对含水量均补灌至75%,以生育期不灌水为对照）,用透射电镜观察旗叶叶绿体超微结构、乙醇提取法测定叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数,研究不同处理对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿体超微结构、叶绿素荧光特性及籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。【结果】（1）依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,开花后22 d旗叶叶绿体呈椭圆形,沿细胞膜紧密排列,叶绿体膜和细胞膜完整,基粒片层清晰且沿叶绿体长轴方向排列,基粒片层间由清晰的基质片层连接;依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理旗叶叶绿体超微结构均有损伤,不补灌的处理损伤最重,叶绿体变为圆形,在细胞内排列紊乱,叶绿体膜和细胞膜溶解,细胞壁断裂。依据0-60 cm土层测墒补灌与依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌叶绿体超微结构无显著差异,测墒补灌土层加深至0-140 cm,叶绿体膜完整,细胞膜部分损伤,基粒片层间出现缝隙。（2）相关分析表明,旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数均与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（r＝0.99**,0.99**,0.96**）。依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,开花后22 d旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加,是其叶绿素含量较高的主要原因;测墒补灌土层加深至0-60 cm和0-140 cm,旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数无显著增加,叶绿素含量亦无显著增加。（3）依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,灌浆中后期旗叶最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）和千粒重、籽粒产量及经济效益均比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加,水分利用效率比依据0-20 cm土层测墒补灌的处理显著增加。测墒补灌土层加深至0-60 cm或0-140 cm,Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和ETR均无显著增加,千粒重、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益亦无显著提高。【结论】依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌,旗叶叶绿体超微结构保持良好,叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数较多,小麦灌浆中后期叶绿素含量和荧光参数较高,是其千粒重和籽粒产量较高的主要原因。综合籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益,依据0-40 cm土层测墒补灌的处理为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

Responsibility of non-stomatal limitations for the reduction of photosynthesis—response of photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme characteristics in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings to water stress and rehydration

Water stress by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 solution (ψ _s = 0.2 MPa, stress time: 48 h, rehydration time: 48 h) was performed in leaves of two alfalfa cultivar (Long-Dong and Algonquin) seedlings. Gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, activity of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthetic pigment concentrations were measured to investigate the available photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme response to variable water conditions as well as stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis. The results showed that non-stomatal limitations were responsible for the reduction of photosynthesis during water stress. At the beginning of water stress (12 h), water was lost and then the stomata closed rapidly, which resulted in a decrease of transpiration, net photosynthesis and CO₂ diffusion. Therefore, when intercellular CO₂ concentration and carboxylation efficiency decrease, water use efficiency and value of stomatal limitation would increase. However, the decline of net photosynthetic rate was faster than transpiration rate. At the same time, the maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence declined significantly, the activity of antioxidant enzyme increased rapidly and the photosynthetic pigment concentrations changed slightly. The results also indicated that, at the initial period of stress, neither oxidative stress nor membrane lipid peroxidation was induced, nor were photosynthetic structures damaged, but photosynthetic functions were partly inhibited. Therefore, the stomatal limitation and non-stomatal limitations had the same responsibility for the reduction of photosynthesis. At the mid-late stage of water stress, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximal photochemical efficiency, potential activity of PSII reaction center and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence decreased linearly with the decline of the relative water content. And the relative electron transport rate, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and photosynthetic pigment concentrations declined continually. The activity of antioxidant enzymes maintained at a higher level but malondialdehyde accumulated gradually with prolonging of water stress. Simultaneously, the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence increased obviously after water stress for 24 h. The remarkable decline of light saturated point of photosynthetic electron transport, that is, the initial point of photo-inhibition, was observed in advance. Therefore, non-stomatal limitations dominated the changes of a series of physiological and biochemical reactions during mid-late period of water stress. After 48 h rehydration, all the parameters except intercellular CO₂ concentration in Long-Dong recovered obviously but incompletely, which resulted from severe oxidative injury and photo-inhibition induced by water stress even though photo-protection was triggered during water stress in alfalfa leaves. Alfalfa seedlings were sensitive to water stress and there were certain differences between cultivars.     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

Contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield under rainfed and irrigation conditions for winter wheat cultivars released in the past 30 years in North China Plain

To understand the contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield and its response to water supply in the improvement of winter wheat, 15 cultivars released from 1980 to 2012 in North China Plain(NCP) were planted under rainfed and irrigated conditions from 2011 to 2013, and the ear photosynthesis was tested by ear shading. During the past 30 years, grain yield significantly increased, the flag leaf area slightly increased under irrigated condition but decreased significantly under rainfed condition, the ratio of grain weight:leaf area significantly increased, and the contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield changed from 33.6 to 64.5% and from 32.2 to 57.2% under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Grain yield, yield components, and ratio of grain weight:leaf area were positively related with contribution of ear photosynthesis. The increase in grain yield in winter wheat was related with improvement in ear photosynthesis contribution in NCP, especially under rainfed condition.     

冬小麦节水高产栽培群体光合特征

 研究了不同灌水条件下小麦群体光合的变化,并突出考察了非叶器官光合性能特征及其对籽粒产量的贡献。结果表明,小麦开花后群体非叶器官面积与产量呈显著正相关,随着灌水量增加,群体绿色面积中非叶器官面积比例减小;与旗叶相比,非叶器官叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)。F_v/F_m值、净光合速率均较低,但光合功能期较长,在灌浆后期能保持较高的光合活性;在旗叶节以上器官光合物质对穗粒重的总贡献率中,非叶器官光合贡献的比例占70％～80％,且随灌水量减少而增大。节水高产群体开花后总绿色面积大,其中非叶绿色面积比例高,而单茎叶面积较小,叶层透光好,群体光合速率和WUE均较高。     

密度对弱筋小麦扬麦9号光合特性及光合产量的影响

弱筋小麦扬麦9号5个密度处理生育后期光合特性及光合产量存在着差异,以基本苗240万/hm2处理的旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素含量,群体LAI变化、群体叶面积指数垂直分布、群体透光率垂直分布及旗叶、籽粒中合成的蔗糖含量等几个重要光合指标表现出明显的优势,且其产量显著高于其它处理,品质也符合国标弱筋小麦优质水平的要求。研究结果表明,弱筋小麦扬麦9号高产优质栽培应合理增加基本苗,科学运筹肥水,协调好个体与群体的关系,提高后期群体光合能力,增加光合产物的合成与积累,是实现其高产优质的关键。     

氮肥运筹对冬小麦光合特性和产量的影响

本试验以济麦22和鲁麦21为材料,研究了氮肥运筹对小麦光合特性,群体透光率和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,在本试验的施氮量范围内,小麦叶面积指数、旗叶光合速率随施氮量增加而增加,而群体透光率、气孔导度及胞间CO2浓度则随施氮量的增加而降低;追氮时期后移有利于减缓后期群体叶面积的下降速度,但对气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度及光合速率等的影响较小。两个品种的籽粒产量均随施氮量的增加而增加。施氮量为225kg/hm2的3个处理中,拔节期追氮处理的产量高于其它两个追氮处理。在本试验条件下,获得高产的适宜施氮量为300kg/hm2,高产主要是通过较多的单位面积穗数和穗粒数,且追氮时期后移对籽粒产量所带来的影响较小。     

花后渍水对小麦根系抗氧化酶活性、旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为探究渍水胁迫对小麦根系和旗叶生长发育的影响,以宁麦13和淮麦40为试验材料,采用管栽试验方法,在小麦开花期设置0 d(AW0)、3 d(AW3)、6 d(AW6)和9 d(AW9) 4个渍水强度,研究花后不同渍水强度对小麦根系抗氧化酶活性和旗叶光合特性的作用。花后7 d,两品种AW6和AW9的旗叶叶绿素含量相对值(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)均显著低于AW0和AW3处理,而根系丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于AW0和AW3处理;淮麦40 AW9的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于AW0、AW3和AW6处理,宁麦13各处理的SOD活性未表现出显著性差异,AW6和AW9的过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著高于AW0和AW3处理;花后14 d的旗叶SPAD值、Pn、Fv/Fm和Y(Ⅱ)均显著低于AW0、AW3和AW6处理,两品种AW9处理根系SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著低于AW0和AW的,根系POD活性和MDA含量则显著高于AW0处理。成熟期两品种AW3处理籽粒产量及其构成因素与AW0无显著差异,AW6和AW9处理的穗数与AW0无显著差异。其中,宁麦13 AW6和AW9处理的每穗粒数显著...     

不同秧苗素质和移栽密度条件下臭氧胁迫对水稻光合作用、物质生产和产量的影响

近地层臭氧浓度升高使水稻生长受抑进而使产量下降,但这种影响是否因不同栽培条件而异尚不清楚.2011年依托先进的稻田臭氧FACE( Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment)技术平台,以汕优63为供试材料,臭氧设置大气臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient高50％),秧苗素质设置弱苗(移栽时无分蘖)和壮苗(移栽时带两个分蘖),移栽密度设置低密度(16穴/m2)、中密度(24穴/m2)和高密度(32穴/m2),研究不同秧苗素质和移栽密度条件下臭氧胁迫对水稻生长和产量的影响.结果表明:高浓度臭氧使水稻结实期叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率明显下降,但胞间CO2浓度和叶温无显著变化.高浓度臭氧对水稻拔节前物质生产量没有影响,但使拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期物质生产量平均分别降低13％和29％,进而使成熟期生物产量和籽粒产量均显著下降.方差分析表明,臭氧与秧苗素质间没有互作效应,但臭氧与移栽密度的互作对最终产量的影响达显著水平.以上结果表明,臭氧胁迫使水稻生长后期光合受阻,导致物质生产和产量显著下降;适当增加移栽密度可能会减少臭氧胁迫下水稻产量的损失.     

小麦冷源功能叶片的显微结构和气体交换特性

小麦冷源具有明显降低小麦体温的作用,是培育冷型小麦的优质种质资源。论文通过常规石蜡切片的方法观察比较了冷源、冷型小麦小偃6号和暖型小麦9430功能叶片的显微结构,并在灌浆结实期测定了功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,旨在揭示冷源功能叶片的结构和生理特性。结果表明,冷源旗叶叶片厚度分别比冷型小麦和暖型小麦高出19.3%和9.0%,倒二叶分别高出19.7%和5.7%,倒三叶分别高出37.2%和2.7%;冷源旗叶叶脉横截面积分别比冷型小麦和暖型小麦高出25.2%和37.7%,倒二叶分别高出5.9%和12.6%,倒三叶分别高出13.1%和33.3%;冷源旗叶、倒二叶和倒三叶中的叶脉间距分别比冷型小麦小偃6号同叶位功能叶片高出17.7%,2.0%和9.2%,分别比暖型小麦9430同叶位功能叶片低3.7%、6.8%和8.3%。随着籽粒灌浆的进行,冷源、冷型小麦和暖型小麦功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均呈下降趋势,但冷源和冷型小麦在灌浆前、中、后期均较暖型小麦高,功能叶片衰老缓慢,功能期较长。