青山羊泌乳期母羊的能量需要量研究

选用24只青山羊泌乳母羊,用饲养试验、消化代谢试验、比较屠宰试验及气体能量代谢试验等手段,研究其能量需要量。结果表明,在本试验条件下,试羊的能量表观消化率和代谢率分别为70.4％和85.0％,甲烷能占总能进食量(GEI)的9.20％。维持代谢能需要为502W~(0.75)KJ/天,每产一千克标准乳(FCM)需5060KJ泌乳代谢能。泌乳母羊的维持效率(K_m)为0.845,泌乳效率(K_1)为0.635,热增耗占GEI的14.34％。青山羊泌乳期母羊的代谢能总需要量(MERKJ/天)可按下式求得MER=502W~(0.75)+5060·FCM或:MER=502W~(0.75)+1.578NEL(式中:W~(0.75):kg;FCM:kg/天;NEL:kJ/天)。     

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of Boer crossbred kids

Meat production by goats has become an important livestock enterprise in several parts of the world. Nonetheless, energy and protein requirements of meat goats have not been defined thoroughly. The objective of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of 34 (3/4) Boer x (1/4) Saanen crossbred, intact male kids (20.5 +/- 0.24 kg of initial BW). The baseline group was 7 randomly selected kids, averaging 21.2 +/- 0.36 kg of BW. An intermediate group consisted of 6 randomly selected kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of 28.2 +/- 0.39 kg. The remaining kids (n = 21) were allocated randomly on d 0 to 3 levels of DMI (treatments were ad libitum or restricted to 70 or 40% of the ad libitum intake) within 7 slaughter groups. A slaughter group contained 1 kid from each treatment, and kids were slaughtered when the ad libitum treatment kid reached 35 kg of BW. Individual body components (head plus feet, hide, internal organs plus blood, and carcass) were weighed, ground, mixed, and subsampled for chemical analyses. Initial body composition was determined using equations developed from the composition of the baseline kids. The calculated daily maintenance requirement for NE was 77.3 +/- 1.05 kcal/kg(0.75) of empty BW (EBW) or 67.4 +/- 1.04 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW. The daily ME requirement for maintenance (118.1 kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW or 103.0 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW) was calculated by iteration, assuming that the heat produced was equal to the ME intake at maintenance. The partial efficiency of use of ME for NE below maintenance was 0.65. A value of 2.44 +/- 0.4 g of net protein/kg(0.75) of EBW for daily maintenance was determined. Net energy requirements for growth ranged from 2.55 to 3.0 Mcal/kg of EBW gain at 20 and 35 kg of BW, and net protein requirements for growth ranged from 178.8 to 185.2 g/kg of EBW gain. These results suggest that NE and net protein requirements for growing meat goats exceed the requirements previously published for dairy goats. Moreover, results from this study suggest that the N requirement for maintenance for growing goats is greater than the established recommendations.     

Influence of macronutrients and polyethylene glycol on intake of a quebracho tannin diet by sheep and goats

We determined if supplemental macronutrients or polyethylene glycol (PEG) influenced intake of a tannin diet. Sheep (lambs 5 mo age, 36 kg) and goats (kids 7 mo age, 32 kg) were fed supplements high in either energy or protein or offered a choice between the two supplements before and after receiving a meal containing 15% quebracho tannin. The effect of PEG, a compound that attenuates the negative effects of tannins, was assessed by offering PEG while animals consumed the tannin diet for 4 h/d. Intake of the tannin diet was influenced by both macronutrients and PEG. Animals that chose their own supplements or that received the high-protein supplement, consumed more of the tannin diet than animals fed the high-energy supplement: 34 and 36 vs 31 g/kg(0.75) (lambs) and 41 and 39 vs 34 g/kg(0.75) (kids), respectively (P < 0.05). Animals supplemented with PEG ate much more of the tannin diet than unsupplemented animals: 70 vs 39 g/kg(0.75) (lambs) and 63 vs 34 g/kg(0.75) (kids), respectively (P < 0.001). Sheep and goats consumed more tannin food when given PEG than when supplemented with macronutrients (51 and 38 g/kg(0.75), P < 0.001). Sheep and goats offered a choice between supplements consumed more CP than animals fed the high-energy supplement and more ME than animals fed the high-protein supplement (P < 0.05). In so doing, they selected a combination of foods that yielded a more balanced intake of macronutrients, while achieving high levels of intake of the tannin food. Sheep and goats can be used as an environmentally safe and economically sound means to reduce the abundance of tannin-rich vegetation. Macronutrients and PEG enhance use of tannin-containing plants, which may increase production of alternate forages and create a more diverse mix of species in a plant community.     

瘦肉型生长肥育猪饲粮能量蛋白水平及需要量的探讨

<正> 为了探索有利于提高肉猪胴体瘦肉率的饲粮能量蛋白水平,同时测定其能量、蛋白需要量,1983年在本所消化代谢试验猪舍,分肥育前、后期,分别设计了四种能量、蛋白水平不同的饲粮,用36头杜洛克×(长白×成华)三元杂交肉猪(以下简称杜长成)进行了饲养、消化和氮平衡试验。 设计、材料与方法 采用完全随机化试验设计,将平均体重20公斤的杜长成三元杂交去势猪分为四组,     

Assessment of the minimum protein requirement of adult ponies

The aim of the present study was to determine the minimum protein requirement in adult ponies. Literature data from nitrogen-balance trials in adult ponies were used. In addition, nitrogen balance was measured in three mature ponies that were fed a low- and a high-protein diet according to a cross-over design. On the low-protein ration, which provided 1.1 g digestible crude protein (DCP)/kg(0.75) day, plasma albumin and total protein concentrations were non-significantly decreased by about 6% and group-mean nitrogen balance was negative. Using data from the present experiment and from six other studies, the sum of endogenous faecal and urinary nitrogen losses was calculated to be 166 +/- 37 mg/kg(0.75) day (mean +/- SE, n = 13). Subsequently, a minimum protein requirement of 1.7 g DCP/kg(0.75) day was calculated. The value for minimum protein requirement has low precision, which should be taken into account when setting the protein allowance of adult ponies.     

Apparent digestibility of crude fibre in ponies fed either a low or high-protein diet

The question addressed was whether apparent crude fibre digestibility in ponies would change after lowering protein intake from adequate to borderline deficient. Four adult ponies were fed a low- and high-protein diet according to a cross-over design. The diets consisted of grass hay and concentrates and provided either 1.5 or 3.6 g digestible crude protein/kg^0.75 per day. The two whole rations provided 2.4 g crude fibre/kg body weight per day. Apparent crude fibre digestibility was not affected by protein intake (low-protein diet: 42.9 ± 4.03%; high-protein diet: 38.1 ± 1.14%, means ± SE, n =4). The low-protein diet caused a significant increase in the ratio of faecal: urinary nitrogen. It is suggested that, when the low-protein diet was fed, sufficient urea flew from the blood into the intestine and ammonia released in the hindgut was conserved so that microbial growth, and thus fibre fermentation, was maintained.     

波尔山羊×隆林杂交羔羊育肥期能量和蛋白质营养需要的研究

试验旨在研究育肥期波本杂肉羊能量和蛋白质营养需要量参数,筛选出一个最佳能量和蛋白质搭配的饲料配方,为科学饲养提供理论依据和生产指导。试验选择16只3月龄断奶波隆杂交F1代公羔,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以NRC（1981）营养需要推荐量为参考设计了低能低氮、高能低氮、低能高氮和高能高氮（NRC）4种能氮比日粮,分别为日粮1、2、3和日粮4。试验结果表明,舍饲波隆杂交羔羊育肥期对象草 玉米型日粮干物质采食量与代谢体重和日增重的关系为：DMI（g/d）=181.3W0.75－0.61ΔW－886.2（r=0.9287）;舍饲波隆杂羔羊育肥期粗蛋白质（CP）、总能（GE）、消化能（DE）需要量的估测模型分别为：CP（g/d）=19.56 W0.75＋0.25ΔW－128.6（r=0.7836）,GE（MJ/d）=2.98 W0.75＋0.023ΔW－18.69（r=0.8257）,DE（MJ/d）=1.26 W0.75－.006ΔW－3.56（r=0.6236）;3~6月龄舍饲育肥期波隆杂羔羊,日粮总能代谢率平均为0.49%,粗蛋白质的消化率平均为0.63%,每增重1 g体沉积蛋白质需要量为0.32 g。     

饲粮能量水平对青山羊能量代谢和产热量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同能量水平对青山羊能量代谢和产热量的影响。试验选取体型基本一致、健康的4~5岁龄青山羊公羊12只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理4只。试验采取单因素试验设计,3个处理饲粮消化能水平依次为8.91、9.79、10.62 MJ/kg,各组均限饲,且投料量一致。试验期预试期7 d,正试期3 d。结果表明:9.79 MJ/kg饲粮能量水平组能量表观消化率、代谢率、每天CO2排出量、O2消耗量、非蛋白质CO2排出量和非蛋白质O2消耗量都显著高于其他两组(P<0.05);9.79 MJ/kg能量水平组每天的总产热量和非蛋白质产热量显著高于其他两组(P<0.05);本试验同时求得青山羊公羊绝食代谢产热量的估测值为259.66 kJ/kgW0.75,维持代谢能需要量的估测值为450.82 kJ/kgW0.75。综合分析,9.79 MJ/kg为青山羊公羊较适宜的能量水平。     

Effects of dietary protein level on nutrients digestibility and reproductive performance of female mink(Neovison vison)during gestation

The objective of this study was to determine whether nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance of pregnant mink(Neovison vison) were affected by different dietary protein levels. One hundred and twenty female mink were randomly assigned to four groups, receiving diets of fresh material with different protein levels. The dietary protein levels,expressed as percentage of dry matter(DM),were 32,36, 40 and 44% respectively. These values corresponded to average 320, 360, 400 and 440 g protein/kg DM, respectively. Results were as follows. All of crude protein digestibility, nitrogen(N) intake, N retention increased along with dietary protein level increasing. Low protein level(32%) significantly reduced the above indicators(P 0.05). DM digestibility and ether extract digestibility were not affected by dietary protein level. Results of mated females, barren females, kids per litter, live born kids per mated female, birth survival rate, and birth weight showed that mink achieved optimal reproductive performance when dietary protein level was 36%. In conclusion, dietary protein was anticipated to significantly influence some nutrients' utilization. Adopting the appropriate dietary protein level allow better reproduction performance. The most preferable reproductive performance was achieved when diet contained 275.5 g digestible protein per kg DM for female mink in gestation.     

猪脱酚棉籽蛋白能量及粗蛋白质消化率的比较评定

研究旨在评定猪对脱酚棉籽消化能和粗蛋白表观消化率,并比较脱酚棉籽蛋白(DCP)与豆粕(SBM)之间差异。选用体重(36.2±1.6)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪6头,采用套算法、双3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验日粮分别为脱酚棉籽蛋白日粮、豆粕日粮和基础日粮,每个拉丁方阶段包括5 d预饲期、5 d正式期,整个试验共30 d。结果表明,脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕消化能含量分别为12.41 MJ/kg、13.62 MJ/kg。脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕中粗蛋白表观消率化分别为73.35%、82.05%,表观可消化粗蛋白含量分别为37.92%、35.45%。脱酚棉籽蛋白是新型蛋白质原料,其消化能含量为豆粕的91.11%,粗蛋白表观消率化为豆粕的89.39%,可消化粗蛋白含量为豆粕的106.99%。脱酚棉籽蛋白在猪饲料中的应用具有广阔的前景。     

Effects of supplementation of Panicum maximum with four herbaceous forage legumes on performance,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in West African dwarf goats

The effects of supplementing a basal diet of guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv Ntchisi) (diet 5) with Stylosanthes guianensis (diet 1), Lablab purpureus (diet 2), Aeschynomene histrix (diet 3) and Centrosema pubescens (diet 5) on West African dwarf goats were evaluated. Parameters measured were feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Voluntary intake (g/kg W0^.75/day) of dry matter (DM) 138.73, crude protein (CP) 25.86, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (96.29) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (65.73) of diet 1 were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the other diets with legume supplements. The feed intake of goats on diet 5 was lower (P < 0.05), having corresponding values of DM (108.21), CP (17.33), NDF (77.68), and ADF (53.55). Weight gain (g/day) differed (P < 0.05) in goats placed on the diets. The lowest weight gain was obtained in diet 5. The digestibilities of DM, CP, ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL) differed (P < 0.05) in diet 1–5 except for NDF digestibility. Nitrogen balance (g/kg W ^0.75/day) ranged from 0.29 in diet 5 to 0.83 in diet 2 (P < 0.05). Similarly, nitrogen retention percentage was highest in diet 2 (35.17), with the lowest value in diet 5 (20.71). It could be concluded that a diet consisting of Panicum maximum with Lablab purpureus supplementation gave the highest performance in weight gain, nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen utilization. However, any of the herbaceous legumes in this study would lead to increased productivity of ruminant livestock.     

Reproductive Performance and Milk Production of Damascus Goats Fed Acacia Shrubs or Berseem Clover Hay in North Sinai,Egypt

Thirty-three adult Damascus does (29±1.1 kg BW) were fed 0.6 kg per head per day of a concentrate diet plus ad libitum rice straw (Oryza sativa, control, R), or green acacia (Acacia saligna, A) or berseem clover hay (Trifolium alexandrinum, B). All treatment groups had free access to underground saline water containing 3600 ppm TDS. The DM intake was lower (p<0.05) for the R group but did not differ between the other two groups. The DM intake of acacia was 0.64 kg per head per day (1.98% BW) during pregnancy and 0.93 kg per head per day (2.95% BW) during lactation. The drinking water differed (p<0.05) between the three dietary treatments; group B had the highest mean intake and group A had the lowest. The percentage kidding and the litter weight at birth did not differ significantly between the groups. However, the number of kids weaned/doe kidding and the weight of the kids weaned/doe kidding were significantly higher for group B. The mean body weight of the kids at birth and at weaning were significantly lower for group R. The total milk yield over 10 weeks and the milk composition (total solids, fat and protein percentages) were significantly different between the three groups; group B having the highest means and group R the lowest. These results suggest that supplemental feeding is required to enhance the productivity of goats in arid or semi-arid environments and Acacia saligna should not be used fresh in excessive quantities for extended periods.     

Equine energetics. I. Relationship between body weight and energy requirements in horses

Energy balance studies using indirect calorimetry were conducted with four mature equids ranging in weight from 125 to 856 kg. Each animal was fed three different levels of intake of the same diet. The amounts of digestible and metabolizable energy required for zero energy balance were determined by calculating regression equations for energy balance against energy intake. It was concluded that the maintenance requirements of equids vary linearly with body weight. No advantage was found for the use of weight for the comparison of equids within the range studied. The digestible energy (DE) requirement for equids confined to metabolism stalls was DE (kcal/d) = 975 + 21.28 X W where W equals body weight in kg. If a factor for activity similar to that suggested by the National Research Council was included, the requirement could be calculated by the equation: DE (kcal/d) = 1,375 + 30.0 X W.     

Effect of a diet high in energy and protein on growth,carcase characteristics and parasite resistance in goats

The effects of a high-energy and high-protein diet on growth, parasite resistance and carcase characteristics were studied using local goats with an average initial body weight (BW) of 12.0 (SD = 0.7) kg. Thirty-two animals were allocated to a completely randomized factorial design, with four animals of each sex per treatment. The factors were: two diets (diet H with high content of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME), and diet L with low content of CP and ME) and deworming (DW) or non-deworming (NDW). The highest dry matter (DM) intake was obtained for goats fed diet H combined with DW, but there was no significant difference between DW or NDW for goats fed diet H. The goats fed diet L and DW had significantly better total DM intake than NDW goats. The average daily gain of animals fed diet H was 86 and 92 g/day compared to 27 and 40 g/day for diet L, for NDW and DW animals, respectively. Feeding diet H resulted in higher slaughter weight and consequently also higher empty BW, carcase weight and dressing percentage and lower feed conversion ratio. Dewormed animals had significantly higher empty BW than NDW animals. There were significant effects of diet and parasite control on Faecal egg count (FEC: number of parasite eggs per gram of faeces (e.p.g.)), with NDW animals fed diet L having higher FEC than animals fed diet H.     

小尾寒羊泌乳期母羊能量需要量及代谢规律研究

选择有代表性的小尾寒羊泌乳母羊6只，分成哺育单羔和双羔两组，每组3只，分泌乳前期（1～30天），泌乳中期（31～60天）和泌乳后期（61～90天）3个阶段进行饲养试验、消化代谢试验、呼吸测热试验及屠宰试验等研究。两组试羊均按NRC（1978）推荐的绵羊泌乳期哺育双羔母羊能量需要量供给代谢能和其它养分。结果表明，在本研究条件下，小尾寒羊泌乳母羊（包括哺育单、双羔者）在整个泌乳期内的平均日干物质（DM）、有机物质（OM）、代谢能（ME）和泌乳量分别为1689g，1571g，19．893MJ和653g。DM、OM和总能（GE）表观消化率分别为70.71％，72．58％和70．34％，代谢率（MEI／DEI）为84．89％。甲烷能占GEI的9．18％。每日畜体产热量（HP）为625．5KJ／kgW0.75。研究还表明：小尾寒羊泌乳母羊的每日维持代谢能和净能需要量分别为582．6和460KJ／kgW0.75，每户1kg原乳需要10802KJ的代谢能。维持效率为0．790泌乳效率为0．479，HI占GEI的18．10％。分析结果证明，试羊的泌乳量、采食量、畜体产热量和能量转化效率在单、双羔之间均无显著差异（P＞0．05）。小尾寒羊泌乳母羊的代谢能总需要量（MER）可用下式估计：羊羔：MER＝576．9W0.75＋10810M；双羔：MER＝588．2W0.75＋10794M；平均：MER＝582．6W0.75＋1     

Effect of postweaning feeding on the performance and energy balance of female rabbits at different physiological states

The feeding of a high-fiber and low-energy diet to young rabbit does from weaning to the first kindling was used to modify their body reserves, stimulate their energy intake, and reduce the energy deficit during the first lactation. Rabbits (53 per group) were given ad libitum access to either a control or high-fiber diet (CP, 17.6 vs 15.8% of DM; crude fiber, 15.5 vs 19.9% of DM; digestible energy, 2,565 vs 2,261 kcal/kg of DM, respectively) from weaning to their first kindling. During lactation, both groups received the same diet, which contained 19.3% CP, 16.5% crude fiber, and 2,634 kcal/kg digestible energy (dry matter basis). Four comparative slaughters were performed to estimate the chemical and energy balance of rabbit does at different physiological states: at the beginning of the trial (12 rabbits, 45 d of age), at mating (10 rabbits per group, 136 d), at kindling (10 rabbits per group, 167 d), and at the end of lactation (12 and 11 rabbits for the control and the high-fiber group, 197 d). Large changes in body weight and composition were observed between slaughters. From 45 d to mating, doe body fat and energy increased 7.93 and 4.64 times the initial content, respectively. During pregnancy, body protein concentration decreased from 203 to 186 g/kg. At the end of lactation, body fat and energy concentration were reduced to values close to those measured at 45 d of age. Dietary treatment affected body chemical and energy balance during pregnancy and lactation but not reproductive and lactational performance. The high-fiber diet stimulated feed intake from weaning to the first kindling but not dietary energy intake. During lactation, the rabbits fed the high-fiber diet ate 10 kcal x d(-1) x kg live weight(-.75) more and lost less body fat (-405 vs -504 g) and body energy (-3,628 vs -4,294 kcal) than the does fed the control diet (P < .001). In the same period, all does showed water and protein retention (185 and 45 g, on average) regardless of dietary treatment. In conclusion, feeding young does a high-fiber diet until their first kindling reduced the chemical and energy body deficit at the end of the first lactation.     

生长肥育阉牛饲料蛋白质转化效率的研究

用３个不同梯度氮进食量的１０种日粮的研究结果表明,可消化氮进食量与氮沉积之间呈线性相关（ｒ＝０．９６０１）。当沉积氮为零时,可消化氮为０．３９８２ｇ／Ｗ０．７５。沉积氮／可消化氮与沉积氮量之间呈线性相关（ｒ＝０．９６１５）,实测的沉积氮（ｇ／Ｗ０．７５）范围为０．０１１至０．３７６,沉积氮／可消化氮的范围为０．０２３５至０．４７９。维持的可消化氮需要为０．３９８２ｇ／Ｗ０．７５,内源尿蛋白氮为２．４４ｇ／Ｗ０．７５。     

Efficacy of amprolium for the treatment of pathogenic Eimeria species in Boer goat kids

This study evaluated the efficacy of two different doses of amprolium in goats heavily infected with pathogenic Eimeria species. Forty Boer goat kids ranging from 3 to 5 months of age with naturally occurring coccidiosis were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated orally with amprolium at doses of 10mg/kg daily for 5 days (n=20) or 50mg/kg daily for 5 days (n=20). The Eimeria oocyst per gram concentrations were significantly reduced on day 7 in the kids that received amprolium at 50mg/kg, however oocyst concentrations were not significantly reduced in goats that received the 10mg/kg dose. Out of 100 Eimeria oocysts identified from a pooled fecal sample, E. christenseni was the most frequently identified (52%) coccidial species present. The results of this trial indicate that amprolium can be an effective treatment for pathogenic Eimeria species in goat kids, however higher and extralabel doses (50mg/kg) should be used.     

Acceptance and digestibility of some selected browse feeds with varying tannin content as supplements in sheep nutrition in west Africa

In 1994 and 1995 leaves from 10 selected West African trees and shrubs with varying tannin content were tested to determine their suitability as an alternative and supplementary browse feed for West African dwarf sheep to improve productivity in small-scale holdings in Benin. Dry matter intake per kg metabolic body weight (DM g/kg W0.75) varied between the different browse feeds and between the different trials and ranged from zero (Leucaena leucocephala) up to 26.7 DM g/kg W0.75 (Margaritaria discoidea). The digestibility of the organic matter varied between 58.9% (L. leucocephala) and 68.2% (Mallotus oppositifolius). Agelaea obliqua showed the highest levels of total phenols (10.2%), tannin phenols (8.8%) and extractable condensed tannins (8.0%). Leaves from various browse feeds are a good and protein-rich supplementary fodder in addition to the grass Panicum maximum. However, feeding of A. obliqua and Cnestis ferruginea should be avoided due to toxic components.     

Feed intake and weight gain of growing goats fed diets of various energy and protein levels

Growing goats, 45 Alpine and 45 Nubian, were used in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement to quantify the influence of dietary energy and protein levels on daily DM intake and nutrient utilization for growth. Goats had ad libitum access to complete mixed diets containing either 2.46, 2.77 or 3.05 Mcal/kg ME plus 11.2, 12.7 or 15.1% CP for 16 wk. Dry matter intake decreased curvilinearly as dietary ME density increased (P less than .001). Dry matter intake increased linearly (P less than .05) as dietary CP level increased during all growth intervals except wk 25 to 28 of age. Average daily gain was 115, 113 and 99 g/d for goats fed diets containing 2.46, 2.77 and 3.05 Mcal/kg ME, respectively. Average daily gain was 104, 106 and 117 g/d for goats fed diets with 11.2, 12.7 and 15.1% CP, respectively. Dry matter intake was higher (P less than .01) for Alpine than for Nubian goats, whereas ADG was similar between breeds. Intake of ME was 248, 260 and 198 kcal/(kg.75.d) for goats fed the low- medium- and high-energy diets, respectively. Intake of CP was 9.1, 10.7 and 13.2 g/(kg.75.d) for goats fed low-, medium- and high-protein diets, respectively. Average requirements for growth derived from regression analysis of all data points were 4.6 kcal ME and .26 g CP/g ADG. The prediction equation for intake of growing goats of 4 to 8 mo of age was: DMI, g/d = 1,749 - 496 DE, kcal/g + 18 live weight, kg + 3 ADG, g/d; r2 = .73 (Sy.x = 127, P less than .0001, n = 90). The requirement of ME for growth was 33% lower than the value recommended in 1981 by the National Research Council.