红蓼提取物杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式

采用虫体浸渍法和夹毒叶碟法等方法研究红蓼(Polygonum orientale L.)提取物杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式,为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。结果表明,红蓼的最高杀虫活性部位是种子和秋季茎秆,甲醇提取物稀释5倍液对粘虫(Mythi mnaseparate Walker)5龄幼虫的触杀死亡率分别为21.18%和20.29%。种子不同极性溶剂提取物的触杀作用以乙醇最强,校正死亡率可达41.97%;秋季茎秆则以甲醇最强,校正死亡率为20.29%。种子和秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物的触杀死亡率分别为88.89%和59.20%,二者的LC50值分别为8.6466 g(浸膏)/L和29.0484 g(浸膏)/L。种子和秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物稀释10倍液对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae L.)4龄幼虫的触杀死亡率均达100%,种子乙酸乙酯萃取物稀释5倍液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)3龄幼虫、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hbner)和甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae L.)5龄幼虫的触杀死亡率分别为70.27%、87.50%和90.00%。种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率可达57.14%,秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对3龄幼虫的生长发育抑制率为30.45%。     

甘青赛莨菪粗提物的杀虫活性研究

采用虫体浸渍法和叶碟浸渍法研究了甘青赛莨菪粗提物对粘虫、菜青虫和麦长管蚜虫的杀虫活性。试验结果表明,甘青赛莨菪叶甲醇粗提物对粘虫5龄幼虫的触杀活性最强,其次为茎和根皮甲醇粗提物,稀释5倍液的校正死亡率分别为28.09%,18.30%和17.07%。叶甲醇粗提物对4龄菜青虫的触杀活性最强,其次为茎和根皮甲醇粗提物,稀释10倍液的校正死亡率分别为66.67%,64.29%和60.00%。叶、茎和根皮甲醇粗提物对4龄菜青虫的拒食活性均很弱,对麦长管蚜具有一定的触杀活性,对棉蚜和桃蚜无触杀活性。     

红蓼提取物对13种农业害虫触杀活性的研究

关于红蓼提取物对农业害虫的触杀活性,国内外研究甚少。研究红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,可为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。本研究采用浸渍法测定了红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,结果表明,红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫、菜粉蝶、棉铃虫、甘蓝夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和小地老虎4~5龄幼虫具有很强的触杀活性,在16.80 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率在87.50%~100%;对小菜蛾3龄幼虫也具有很强的触杀活性,在21.00 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为92.85%;秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫和粘虫5龄幼虫具有很强和较强的触杀活性,在33.60 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率分别为100%和59.20%。盛花期茎秆石油醚粗提物对棉蚜具有较强的触杀活性,在0.27 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为51.65%。盛花期花石油醚和甲醇粗提物对朱砂叶螨具有很强的触杀活性,在0.13和1.15 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率均高达100%。     

甘肃天然草地30种有毒植物提取物对菜粉碟幼虫的拒食和触杀作用研究

采用虫体浸渍法和叶碟浸渍法测定了甘肃天然草地30种有毒植物提取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫的拒食和触杀作用。结果表明,铁棒锤、贝加尔唐松草、灰绿黄堇、黄帚橐吾、冷蒿(小白蒿)、骆驼蓬和狼毒甲醇提取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫具有很强的拒食和触杀作用,48 h的拒食率为82.23%~100.00%,触杀死亡率为80.00%~94.12%;露蕊乌头、青藏大戟、狼毒大戟和泽漆甲醇提取物具有很强的拒食作用,48 h的拒食率为95.14%~97.62%。综合分析,铁棒锤、贝加尔唐松草、灰绿黄堇、黄帚橐吾、冷蒿(小白蒿)、骆驼蓬、狼毒、露蕊乌头、青藏大戟、狼毒大戟和泽漆11种有毒植物具有研究和开发利用价值。     

马铃薯无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物杀虫活性的研究

关于马铃薯芽和花的杀虫活性研究,国内外未见文献报道。研究马铃薯无光干芽和花的杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式,可为利用无光干芽和花创制新型植物源杀虫剂提供线索和理论依据。本研究采用虫体浸渍法和夹毒叶碟法测定了庄薯3号马铃薯无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物的杀虫活性。结果表明,庄薯3号马铃薯无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物对粘虫幼虫具有很强的触杀作用,稀释5倍液的校正死亡率分别为52.0%和61.36%。无光干芽和花乙酸乙酯粗提物对粘虫幼虫具有很强的生长发育抑制作用,处理后1,2,3,4,5,6 d的生长发育抑制率分别为100%和100%,76.92%和61.54%,66.67%和59.26%,70.27%和45.95%,72.55%和49.02%,67.12%和35.62%;具有很强的麻醉作用,1 h内的麻醉率分别为68.0%和66.0%,麻醉作用的回归方程分别为Y=2.0542+3.1331X和Y=3.0114+2.3334X,苏醒中时RT₅₀分别为8.71和7.12 h;对小菜蛾、菜粉蝶、大菜粉蝶和云斑粉蝶幼虫具有很强的触杀作用,稀释5倍液(小菜蛾4倍液)的校正死亡率分别为75.0%和58.33%,87.50%和95.0%,100%和93.33%,100%和100%;对萝卜蚜均具有很强的触杀作用,稀释30倍液的校正死亡率分别高达98.52%和97.79%。     

节裂角茴香几种溶剂提取物对粘虫的作用方式研究

本研究以节裂角茴香为对象,采用室内生物测定方法,开展了不同提取方法(恒温振荡法和索氏抽提法)和不同溶剂(乙醇、甲醇、正己烷、二氯甲烷)所得的8种提取物对粘虫的作用方式的研究。结果表明,节裂角茴香最佳杀虫提取方法与溶剂分别为索氏抽提法及乙醇;其提取物对3龄粘虫幼虫具有较强的拒食和生长发育抑制作用,24和48 h的拒食率均在70%以上,乙醇提取物拒食率最高达到90.78%,4种溶剂提取物处理粘虫24 h的生长发育抑制率为74.21%~91.45%,乙醇提取物48 h为87.00%,生长发育速度缓慢,最终化蛹率为23.33%;8种提取物对粘虫的触杀和胃毒作用均较弱,乙醇提取物48 h触杀和胃毒校正死亡率最高,为33.33%和23.3%;且节裂角茴香对粘虫的拒食活性物质主要集中在植株地上部分。     

3种橐吾属植物提取物的杀虫抑菌活性

黄帚橐吾（Ligularia virgaurea）、箭叶橐吾（L. sagitta）和藏橐吾（L. rumicifolia）均为青藏高原东缘退化高寒草原生态系统的典型毒杂草。本研究从“变害为利”的角度出发,通过测定和对比3种植物提取物对粘虫（Mythimna separate）幼虫的生物活性、对尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）菌丝生长的影响,探索其生物农药潜力开发价值。研究结果表明：3种橐吾属植物提取物对受试害虫均有较强的胃毒、触杀和拒食作用,表现为藏橐吾>黄帚橐吾>箭叶橐吾。藏橐吾提取物浓度较低时(5 mg·mL^-1),对粘虫幼虫的胃毒7 d累计校正死亡率和触杀7 d累计校正死亡率就分别在70%和50%以上;黄帚橐吾提取物浓度在10 mg·mL^-1以上时,对粘虫幼虫的胃毒7 d累计校正死亡率和触杀7 d累计校正死亡率才能达到70%和50%;而箭叶槖吾提取物在20 mg·mL^-1时对粘虫幼虫的胃毒7 d累计校正死亡率和触杀7 d累计校正死亡率仍都不超过50%。此外,浓度高于2.5 mg·mL...     

苍耳提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫作用方式及解毒酶活性影响的研究

采用室内生测法,研究了苍耳3种溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、氯仿)提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的作用方式及苍耳氯仿提取物对两种试虫的3种解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜有很强的忌避作用,当浓度为0.05 g/mL,处理4 h,忌避率达94.25%,48 h忌避率为84.53%;其次是触杀作用,校正死亡率最高为67.24%,LC₅₀为0.7420 g/mL;内吸作用极弱。对粘虫主要表现为拒食和生长发育抑制作用,拒食校正死亡率最高达98.27%,AFC₅₀为0.1985 g/mL;72 h体重增长率为-5.85%,与对照差异极显著;胃毒和触杀毒力较弱,LC₅₀分别为0.8997和1.3070 g/mL。苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)有抑制作用,处理萝卜蚜24 h及处理粘虫4 h时,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)抑制率最高,分别为37.55%和25.65%;对谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)活力影响不明显。     

萹蓄干粉及其提取物对棉铃虫生长发育的影响

以棉铃虫3龄幼虫为试虫,通过饲料混毒法对萹蓄干粉及不同溶剂提取物进行了生物活性的测定。结果表明,萹蓄干粉对棉铃虫的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,处理后第3和第5天对棉铃虫的体重抑制率分别达58.6%和77.5%。成虫单雌产卵量明显减少,平均产卵量低于对照400~500粒;萹蓄不同溶剂提取物对棉铃虫幼虫的生物活性由高到低依次为:乙酸乙酯>甲醇>95%乙醇>丙酮>石油醚>氯仿>水,水提取物基本无生物活性。     

绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用研究

采用浸卵法测定了绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用。结果表明,欧当归种子丙酮提取物、蛇床种子氯仿提取物、蓖麻种子甲醇、石油醚与乙酸乙酯提取物、绣球小冠花根甲醇、乙醇、丙酮与乙酸乙酯提取物对粘虫具有很强的杀卵作用,5 d的校正未孵化率均达100%;欧当归根75%甲醇与石油醚提取物、欧当归种子甲醇与石油醚提取物具有较强的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为39.65%与35.31%,55.99%与34.51%,绣球小冠花根、曼陀罗种子和苘麻种子石油醚提取物具有一定的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为11.45%,11.79%和10.60%,其他提取物杀卵作用很弱或无杀卵作用。绣球小冠花、欧当归、蛇床和蓖麻4种高效杀卵植物具有研究和开发利用价值。     

Anthelminthic activity of acetone extract and fractions of Vernonia amygdalina against Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae

The current control of parasitic nematodes in small ruminants relies on the use of chemical anthelminthics, but the development of resistance and the problem of drug residues require research into alternatives. Acetone extract and solvent–solvent fractions of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Compositae) were evaluated in vitro for potential anti-parasitic effects against the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Significant effects were obtained with the extract and fractions but differences were observed depending on the parasitic stage. The acetone extract and fractions inhibited egg hatching and inhibited larval development and killed larvae of H. contortus in a concentration-dependent manner. Best-fit 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values were 957.0, 76.0, 524.0, 309.0 and 224.0 μg/ml for the acetone extract, and the butanol, hexane, chloroform and 35% water in methanol fractions, respectively, when tested against nematode eggs. Best-fit LC₅₀ values for the larval viability test were 508.2, 485.5, 569.3, 348.9 and 196.6 μg/ml for the acetone extract, and the butanol, hexane, chloroform and 35% water in methanol fractions, respectively. The butanol fraction was most active against nematode eggs while the 35% water in methanol fraction was the most active on nematode larvae, although differences in activity between fractions were not significant (p > 0.05). Overall, these in vitro results suggest that V. amygdalina, traditionally used by small farmers in Western Africa, does possess anti-parasitic properties.     

Acaricidal activity of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil against the larvae of the rabbit mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi in vitro

The acaricidal activity of the petroleum ether extract, the chloroform extract and the acetic ether extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil against Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi larvae was tested in vitro. A complementary log-log (CLL) model was used to analyze the data of the toxicity tests. The results showed that at all test time points, the petroleum ether extract demonstrated the highest activity against the larvae of S. scabiei var. cuniculi, while the activities of the chloroform extract and the acetic ether extract were similar. The activities of both the petroleum ether extract and the chloroform extract against the larvae showed the relation of time and concentration dependent. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) of the petroleum ether extract (1.3muL/mL) was about three times that of the chloroform extract (4.1muL/mL) at 24h post-treatment. At the concentrations of 500.0muL/mL, the median lethal time (LT(50)) of the petroleum ether extract and the chloroform extract was 8.4 and 9.6h, respectively.     

从桑枝皮醇提物萃取的不同组分及其体外生物活性

为了从桑枝皮中获取有效的药用功能性成分,以不同极性的有机溶剂石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇进一步萃取并分离桑枝皮醇提物(MBBEE)中的活性成分,获得的正丁醇萃取组分(n-BuOH)和剩余水相组分(Res)占MBBEE总量的94.26%(其中Res组分得率达73.72%,n-BuOH组分得率为20.54%),石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯3种萃取组分的得率总共不足2%。对各种样品的活性成分检测表明,MBBEE中含有的总黄酮、总多酚和总糖3种活性成分分别为39.99、56.24和16.37mg/g,而以上3种活性成分在n-BuOH组分中分别为74.25、107.49和14.21mg/g,在Res组分中分别为262.16、118.70和75.88mg/g。对各种样品的氨基酸组成分析表明,游离氨基酸含量为n-BuOH组分>MBBEE>Res组分。各种样品的体外生物活性试验显示,MBBEE、n-BuOH组分和Res组分均具有很强的DPPH自由基清除作用以及对酪氨酸酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用,其中:对DPPH自由基清除作用以Res组分最强,抑制中值(IC50)为100μg/mL;对酪氨酸酶抑制活性以n-BuOH组分最高,IC50为5.2μg/mL;对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性以Res组分最高,IC50为2.8μg/mL。试验结果表明,从桑枝皮醇提物中萃取的n-BuOH组分和Res组分是降血糖以及抗氧化、抗衰老、美白的功能性成分。     

Embryotoxic effects of pine needles and pine needle extracts.

A heat stable toxin present in needles of ponderosa pine was found to be soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloroform hexanes and 1-butanol. The embryotoxic effects of fresh green pine needles and a chloroform/methanol extract were determined by measuring embryo resorption in pregnant mice. Autoclaving the needles and extract for 1 hour prior to feeding enhanced the embryoresorptive effect by 28% and 32%, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the embryo resorptive dose (ERD50) of heat stable toxin for 1 mouse was 8.95 gms. for fresh green pine needles and 6.46 gms. for autoclaved green pine needles. In addition to embryocidal effects, feeding of the toxin resulted in significant weight loss in adult mice.