香蕉枯萎病及其防治研究进展

香蕉枯萎病（Fusarium oxysporum f．sp．cubense）是破坏香蕉维管束导致植株死亡的毁灭性病害。其病菌腐生能力很强，在土壤中可长期存活。香蕉枯萎病是典型的土传病害，侵染来源主要是带菌的吸芽、病株残体及带菌土壤。病菌从寄主根部伤口侵入寄主，通过寄主维管束向假茎上部及叶部蔓延。目前还没有一种理想的防治香蕉枯萎病的化学药剂，与水稻轮作是控制病害的最有效途径。半个世纪前，香蕉枯萎病菌1号小种几乎摧毁了世界的香蕉产业，现在则由于4号小种的蔓延，香蕉产业又面临新的挑战。对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种实施检疫控制是防止枯萎病扩散的关键。     

香蕉枯萎病及其防治研究进展

香蕉枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)是破坏香蕉维管束导致植株死亡的毁灭性病害。其病菌腐生能力很强,在土壤中可长期存活。香蕉枯萎病是典型的土传病害,侵染来源主要是带菌的吸芽、病株残体及带菌土壤。病菌从寄主根部伤口侵入寄主,通过寄主维管束向假茎上部及叶部蔓延。目前还没有一种理想的防治香蕉枯萎病的化学药剂,与水稻轮作是控制病害的最有效途径。半个世纪前,香蕉枯萎病菌1号小种几乎摧毁了世界的香蕉产业,现在则由于4号小种的蔓延,香蕉产业又面临新的威胁。对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种实施检疫控制是防止枯萎病扩散的关键。…     

香蕉枯萎病的发生与防治

香蕉枯萎病又称西贡蕉枯萎病、黄萎病,是一种毁灭性的土传病害。该病最早是在1874年澳大利亚发现,在1910年造成巴拿马香蕉极大的损失,故该病又称巴拿马病。我国香蕉主产区广东、广西、福建、海南、云南和台湾均有发生。香蕉被枯萎病感染后,严重影响香蕉的产量和品质。     

香蕉枯萎病菌TR4原生质体转化和基因敲除体系构建

正香蕉枯萎病是一种典型的维管束和土传真菌病害,也是最具毁灭性的植物病害之一~([1])。香蕉一旦感病,很难结果,而且目前尚无有效的防治措施~([1])。因此,研究植物病原菌侵染进程和致病机制,可以拓宽思路以寻求植物病害防治新途径。香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,Foc)侵染所致~([1])。对生产影响最大的Foc是侵染包括大蜜哈、     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌贝莱斯芽胞杆菌的筛选鉴定及其生物学特性

香蕉枯萎病是目前香蕉产业面临的毁灭性病害，目前尚无特别有效的防治药剂。为发掘香蕉枯萎病的生防菌资源，本研究通过初筛和复筛获得两株对香蕉枯萎病菌具有较强拮抗活性的菌株Blz67和Blz02。依据形态学观察及生理生化测试结果，并结合16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列分析，将两株拮抗菌鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。生物学特性测试结果表明:两株拮抗菌的最适生长温度均为31℃，最适生长pH均为5.5。盆栽试验结果表明，菌株Blz02与Blz67对香蕉枯萎病的防效分别为63.33%和40.00%，在香蕉枯萎病的生物防治上具有较好的应用前景。     

香蕉花叶心腐病的防治

香蕉花叶心腐病的防治陈少溪，叶一伦（福建漳平市植保站，３６４４００）近几年我市香蕉种植发展很快，面积达１５００～２０００亩。香蕉的新病害──花叶心腐病，是当前香蕉生产上仅次于香蕉束顶病的又一种毁灭性病害。在后福村、西元村等地调查，该病害间歇性发生，一...     

西瓜枯萎病的研究进展及其防治

西瓜枯萎病作为一种重要的土传和种传病害,导致西瓜产量减少和品质降低。近年对该病害的研究较多,现对西瓜枯萎病的发病症状、发病条件、病害循环及其主要防治措施,特别是用于防治西瓜枯萎病的种子处理方法作一综述。     

防治香蕉枯萎病胶囊药剂研制与应用

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cubense)引起的维管束系统性的毁灭性病害,给香蕉产业造成巨大损失。为有效控制该病害的发生危害,本实验室研制出一种胶囊杀菌剂绿茵2号,有效成分为噁霉灵。采用香蕉叶鞘内注入胶囊剂,2009年和2010年分别在广州市番禺区和东莞市麻涌镇进行了该药剂防治‘粉蕉’和‘巴西蕉’枯萎病的田间药效试验,防治效果分别达到58.00%和63.77%,获得利润分别为6 005.0元/667m2和1 420.0元/667m2,取得了较好的防治效果和经济效益。     

香蕉枯萎病菌快速检测与病害监控技术的研究与应用

香蕉枯萎病是香蕉生产的毁灭性病害,有"不治之症"、"第一杀手"之称.在目前没有有效防治方法情况下,对病原进行快速检测与病害监控,是有效遏制病害扩散蔓延的主要手段.但是.该病原作为土传病害,专化型多,生理小种复杂,如何快速鉴别病原发生和监控病害蔓延是一个困扰多年的国际性难题.项目组经过多年努力,取得了以下几个方而成果.     

香蕉枯萎病检测技术和防治措施

香蕉枯萎病4号小种是部分省级补充检疫性对象。对香蕉枯萎病4号小种的检测技术及其综合防治措施进行了探讨。     

香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病拮抗放线菌的分离筛选及其抑制效果的初步评价

香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense侵染引起的维管束系统性病害。本试验对从海南省东方、八所、黄流、三亚和广东省湛江、徐闻、海安等香蕉种植地采集的根际土样进行拮抗放线菌的分离纯化,得到放线菌菌株139个。通过纸片扩散法,筛选出对香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种具有拮抗作用的菌株8个。进一步试验表明,其中4个菌株不仅对香蕉枯萎病生理小种4号的菌丝生长有良好稳定的抑制作用,且对另外14个不同专化型病原菌也有一定的抑制作用。另外,分别将这8株放线菌发酵上清液与香蕉枯萎病病原菌孢子悬浮液混合12h后,有6株放线菌发酵上清液对病原菌孢子萌发的抑制率超过85%。盆栽试验结果表明,2株放线菌对香蕉枯萎病防效达86%以上,极显著地高于恶霉灵药剂处理。     

香蕉—水稻轮作联合添加有机物料防控香蕉枯萎病研究

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌引起的土传病害, 枯萎病的发生对香蕉产业造成严重的冲击本文针对香蕉枯萎病难以防控的难题, 采用水稻轮作同时添加有机物料（椰糠、稻秆和桉树皮）的方法, 研究了其对香蕉枯萎病高发病蕉园土壤中尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)和其他微生物数量的影响及其对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。结果表明, 轮作水稻可以显著减少土壤中FOC的数量, 从而降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。其中轮作水稻处理比未淹水未种植水稻处理FOC的数量下降了71.5%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了81.7%; 与未种植水稻但淹水的处理相比FOC数量下降了47.8%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了71.2%; 种植水稻同时添加水稻秸秆能够显著增强病原菌的杀灭效果和对下茬香蕉枯萎病的防控效果, 相比未添加物料轮作水稻处理, 尖孢镰刀菌数量下降了36.2%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了50.0%。同时, 水稻轮作同时添加有机物料处理及其下茬香蕉的种植, 对土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均具有不同的影响。其中水稻种植期间不同处理的可培养真菌与放线菌数量随着时间的增加整体呈下降趋势, 而在种植香蕉后随时间的增加呈上升趋势; 土壤中可培养细菌的数量在水稻种植与香蕉种植期间随着时间的增加未呈现出规律性。结论：水稻轮作联合稻秆的添加能有效降低土壤中FOC的数量和下茬香蕉枯萎病的发病率。     

The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum and Trichoderma isolates from suppressive soils in South Africa to suppress fusarium wilt of banana in the glasshouse. Several biological control agents and commercial biological control products were included in the study. The isolates were first screened in vitro on potato dextrose agar. In glasshouse evaluations, the fungal and bacterial isolates were established on banana roots before they were replanted in pathogen-infested soil, while the commercial biocontrol agents were applied as directed by the supplier. Banana plantlets were evaluated for disease development after 7 weeks. In vitro tests showed none of the nonpathogenic isolates suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( Foc ), while slight suppression was observed with the two Trichoderma isolates. Results of the glasshouse evaluations revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87·4 and 75·0%, respectively. The known biological control agent Fo47 did not suppress Foc significantly. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 417, known for its ability to suppress other fusarium wilt diseases (WCS 417), reduced disease incidence by 87·4%. These isolates should be further evaluated for potential application in the field, independently and in combination.     

木霉对黄瓜幼苗生理特性及枯萎病防治效果的影响

黄瓜枯萎病是一种土传真菌病害,在设施黄瓜栽培中最为常见且危害严重,应用生物防治技术防治该病害对黄瓜安全生产具有重要意义。本研究通过平板对峙试验筛选出3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌抑制率在74%以上的拮抗木霉,分别为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究了3种木霉对黄瓜生理特性和幼苗生长作用效应及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明:3种霉与黄瓜枯萎病菌同时接种的田间防治效果均达到78%以上,其中棘孢木霉T.asperellum525的田间防效达到81.5%。与只接种枯萎病原菌的对照相比,3种木霉与黄瓜枯萎病原菌同时接种或单一接种均可以显著提高黄瓜叶绿素含量、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积以及黄瓜株高和茎粗,其中以拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886促进效果最强,叶绿素含量、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积和根系比表面积增加幅度分别达到38.7%~49.5%、32.1%~33.6%、29.5%~66.3%、10.8%~21.5%、19.6%~23.5%、17.9%~25.0%、4.9%~13.1%,株高、茎粗和全株鲜重增加幅度分别达到20.7%~28.8%、29.7%~35.1%、10.0%~10.70%。     

Integrated management of fusarium wilt of chickpea with sowing date, host resistance, and biological control

ABSTRACT A 3-year experiment was conducted in field microplots infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 at Córdoba, Spain, in order to assess efficacy of an integrated management strategy for Fusarium wilt of chickpea that combined the choice of sowing date, use of partially resistant chickpea genotypes, and seed and soil treatments with biocontrol agents Bacillus megaterium RGAF 51, B. subtilis GB03, nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, and Pseudomonas fluorescens RG 26. Advancing the sowing date from early spring to winter significantly delayed disease onset, reduced the final disease intensity (amount of disease in a microplot that combines disease incidence and severity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible amount of disease in that microplot), and increased chickpea seed yield. A significant linear relationship was found between disease development over time and weather variables at the experimental site, with epidemics developing earlier and faster as mean temperature increased and accumulated rainfall decreased. Under conditions highly conducive for Fusarium wilt development, the degree of disease control depended primarily on choice of sowing date, and to a lesser extent on level of resistance of chickpea genotypes to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5, and the biocontrol treatments. The main effects of sowing date, partially resistant genotypes, and biocontrol agents were a reduction in the rate of epidemic development over time, a reduction of disease intensity, and an increase in chickpea seedling emergence, respectively. Chickpea seed yield was influenced by all three factors in the study. The increase in chickpea seed yield was the most consistent effect of the biocontrol agents. However, that effect was primarily influenced by sowing date, which also determined disease development. Effectiveness of biocontrol treatments in disease management was lowest in January sowings, which were least favorable for Fusarium wilt. Sowing in February, which was moderately favorable for wilt development, resulted in the greatest increase in seed yield by the biocontrol agents. In March sowings, which were most conducive for the disease, the biocontrol agents delayed disease onset and increased seedling emergence. B. subtilis GB03 and P. fluorescens RG 26, applied either alone or each in combination with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, were the most effective treatments at suppressing Fusarium wilt, or delaying disease onset and increasing seed yield, respectively. The importance of integrating existing control practices, partially effective by themselves, with other control measures to achieve appropriate management of Fusarium wilt and increase of seed yield in chickpea in Mediterranean-type environments is demonstrated by the results of this study.     

木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长和膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对枯萎病的防治效果

本文开展了3种生防木霉菌,包括棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886防治黄瓜枯萎病的盆栽试验,研究这3种木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明,木霉菌对黄瓜枯萎病的田间防治效果均达到78%以上,且以棘孢木霉525的田间防治效果最高,达到81.53%。与只接种枯萎病病原菌的对照相比,3株木霉菌单独接种或与黄瓜枯萎病病原菌同时接种均可以显著提高黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重,显著提高黄瓜叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,显著降低质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,其中以拟康氏木霉886单独接种促进效果最强。研究表明,3种木霉菌通过促进黄瓜幼苗生长,增强植物抗氧化酶活性,降低质膜透性和丙二醛含量,从而提高对黄瓜枯萎病的抗性。     

Predictive factors for the suppression of fusarium wilt of tomato in plant growth media

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilts are economically important diseases for which there are no effective chemical control measures. However, biological control and fertility management are becoming efficient alternatives for controlling this disease. Growth media formulated with composts that are able to suppress Fusarium wilt of tomato provide a control system that integrates both strategies. The aim of this study was to predict Fusarium wilt suppression of growth media using abiotic and biotic variables. Grape marc compost was the most effective medium used to suppress Fusarium wilt. Cork compost was intermediate, and light peat and expanded vermiculite were the most conducive growth media. The growth media evaluated were in a pH range of 6.26 to 7.97. Both composts had high beta-glucosidase activity. When pH and beta-glucosidase activity were taken into account as predictive variables, more than 91% of the variation in severity of Fusarium wilt was explained. This relationship illustrates the effect of nutrient availability and the degree of microbiostasis, two key factors in this pathosystem. Microbial populations involved in suppressiveness were cellulolytic and oligotrophic actinomycetes, fungi, and the ratios cellulolytic actinomycetes/cellulolytic bacteria, oligotrophic bacteria/copiotrophic bacteria, and oligotrophic actinomycetes/oligotrophic bacteria. Based on community level physiological profiles, different community structures were evident among growth media evaluated.     

韭菜对巴西香蕉枯萎病发生的抑制作用

采取田间试验、盆栽试验及实验室研究相结合的方法,研究了韭菜对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。田间试验表明,韭菜之后轮作香蕉,第1年香蕉枯萎病平均发病率仅为1.73%（对照为52%）。盆栽试验表明,韭菜处理对香蕉枯萎病发病抑制率为85.9%,病情抑制率为82%;而且韭菜叶片的水提取液对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,FOC）孢子增殖抑制率为91.2%,对其致死率为86.97%。本研究表明,韭菜轮作香蕉的种植模式是一种防控香蕉枯萎病的有效途径,而且韭菜及其制剂有望发展成为防控香蕉枯萎病的环境友好型的新型生物试剂。