设施蔬菜大棚土壤氮磷钾养分富积降低土壤钙素的有效性

【目的】 随着种植年限的增加,设施农业缺钙性生理病害发生率迅速上升。设施土壤中氮磷钾元素的富积与土壤中钙素的形态及有效性有密切关系,进而影响植物对钙素的吸收。因此,本研究调查比较了不同种植年限设施菜地土壤钙素有效性的变化,及与N、P、K含量的关系,为提高土壤钙素有效性和减少缺钙性生理病害提供理论依据。 【方法】 在辽宁省海城市选取了38个设施蔬菜大棚,种植年限在3～30年不等,土壤均为棕壤,按照每三年为一个时间段,将大棚分为9组。采集了棚内0—20 cm的耕层土壤样品,同时采集棚外露地0—20 cm土壤样品作为对照。分析了有机质、氮、磷、钾养分含量,分别测定了土壤水溶性钙、交换性钙、酸溶性钙、非酸溶性钙含量,利用回归方法计算了氮磷钾含量与四种形态钙含量之间的关系。 【结果】 随着种植年限延长,设施土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾、总钙、酸溶性钙和非酸溶性钙含量逐年增加,水溶性钙和交换性钙分别在种植达到9～11年和12～14年时达到最大值104.1和611.9 mg/kg,之后呈下降趋势。总钙增加量的94.3%～96.4%属无效态的非酸溶性钙。土壤中氮、钾含量的提高促进了交换性钙的解吸,铵态氮和速效钾含量与交换性钙呈显著负相关 (r = –0.5451,P <0.01; r = –0.4809,P <0.01, n = 38)。土壤中磷含量的提高促进了难溶性磷酸钙盐的形成,磷酸高钙盐与无效性的非酸溶性钙呈极显著正相关(r = 0.5884,P <0.01, n = 38)。种植30年的设施土壤有效态钙含量与有效氮、磷、钾的比例比露地土壤下降了近70%。 【结论】 随着设施蔬菜种植年限的增加,土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量不断增加。氮和钾含量的增加促进了交换性钙的解吸,磷的增加促进了水溶态和交换态钙向无效的非酸溶性钙的转化。因此,土壤中氮磷钾的富积加剧了蔬菜土壤有效性钙的缺乏。      

攀西烟区紫色土pH值与土壤养分的相关分析

对四川攀西烟区有代表性的30个紫色土样品的pH值、有机质及有效养分含量进行了测定。结果表明，攀西烟区紫色土的pH值在5．13～8．14范围内，有半数左右的土壤偏碱性；有机质、碱解氮、有效锌和有效锰的含量均随pH值的升高而降低，交换性钙的含量随pH值的升高而升高，而pH值与速效磷、速效钾、交换性镁、速效铜、速效硼间的相关性则不显著。烟区紫色土的有机质和碱解氮含量偏低，速效磷、速效钾含量中等，交换性钙、交换性镁含量丰富；部分pH值较高的土壤可能会缺乏铜、锌等微量元素；在不同pH值的土壤上硼营养均严重亏缺，建议生产中增施硼肥。     

THE MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO MOUNDS OF MACROTERMES BELLICOSUS (SMEATHMAN) COMPARED WITH SURROUNDING SOILS IN SIERRA LEONE

The mounds are situated in the Makeni Area, Northern Province, Sierra Leone. Seventy five percent of this area consists of clayey upland soils that belong to the Makeni series (Typic Paleudult), which contain about 80 per cent of gravel-sized hardened plinthite glaebules. The upland is dissected by numerous streams along which gravel-free fine-loamy terrace soils occur that belong to the Masuba series (‘Plin thic’Udoxic Dystropept) occupying about 15 per cent of the area. Mound 1 is a young inhabited mound on a Masuba soil, whilst mound II is an old abandoned mound on a Makeni soil. A trench was dug from the centre of the mounds into the surrounding soils. Profiles were described and samples were analyzed for organic carbon, CEC, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Na, and pH, and for particle size analysis with 5 sand fractions. The material used to build the mounds is derived from the subsoil (between 30 and 100 cm depth). Termite channels extended laterally for at least 10 m for mound I, but could not be traced so clearly for mound II. Mound I and the nest of mound II contain a higher percentage of particles less than 250 μm than the surrounding subsoil. Material over 2 mm is not carried by termites. Both mounds show a higher base saturation and higher values of exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, compared to the surrounding subsoil. Increased CEC and pH are noted in mound I and the nest part of mound II, the latter also showing increased values of exchangeable Na. Organic carbon values are equal to those of the surrounding subsoil. Accumulation of mineral elements from organic matter collected as food, including small contributions from the fungus combs and termite bodies, is primarily responsible for the observed differences. In view of the water analyses no contribution is expected from the fluctuating groundwater table.     

Sorption of isotopically exchangeable and non-exchangeable phosphate by some soils of Colombia and Brazil, and comparisons with soils of southern Nigeria

Fourteen soils from Colombia and Brazil provided a wide range of sorption characteristics. Curves of sorbed phosphate that was exchangeable to ³²P were described by Freundlich's equation, and of non-exchangeable phosphate by Temkin's equation. Exchangeable phosphate was associated with aluminium in poorly-crystalline oxides and in organic complexes. Non-exchangeable phosphate was related to aluminium in organic complexes, and especially to the ratio of AI/C in them. In Nigerian soils similar mechanisms controlled sorption of phosphate but oxides and organic complexes of iron were important. The concentration of phosphate in solution when affinities of soil for exchangeable and non-exchangeable phosphate are equal, and the importance of organic matter, are discussed in relation to soil management and to responses of crops to fertilizer phosphate. The results indicate that sorption curves should not be split into sections.     

日光温室栽培对土壤养分累积及交换性养分含量和比例的影响

研究了日光温室栽培下陕西关中地区不同土壤养分累积及交换性养分含量及比例的变化,结果表明：日光温室栽培下土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾等养分显著累积,土壤阳离子交换量明显增加,而土壤pH却出现下降趋势。日光温室土壤交换性K^＋含量显著增加;日光温室和大田土壤交换性Ca^2＋含量相比无明显差异,而日光温室土壤交换性Mg^2＋的含量及其离子饱和度有所提高。日光温室土壤钙饱和度、Ca/K和M g/K均明显低于大田土壤。认为日光温室栽培下大量施用钾肥,是土壤钙离子饱和度及Ca/K和M g/K比例降低的主要原因,建议在评价日光温室土壤养分有效性时,应综合考虑交换性养分的含量、饱和度及离子间的比例关系。     

Bodenanalytische Diagnose von K- und Mg-Mangel in Fichtenbeständen (Picea abies Karst.)

Soil Analytical Diagnosis of K- and Mg-Deficiency in Spruce Stands (Picea abies Karst.) Significant correlations were demonstrated between the amounts of exchangeable K, Mg, Ca and Al in the soil and the corresponding amounts in the needles of 44 spruce stands in southwestern Germany. Strong correlation was also found between the exchangeable Mg in the soil and the degree of yellowing of older needles. The critical levels of nutrient elements in the soil were derived from the respective contents found in the needles. Acute Mg deficiency occurs at a level of 2 μeq/g soil material. For an evaluation of the Mg nutrition of Picea abies soil analysis can replace the needle analysis. For K a similar clear definition of the deficiency range is not possible, though for K contents < 2 μeq/g soil material a deficiency is probable. However, a K deficiency can also occur at higher levels (2–5 μeq/g soil material). The soil analysis can only be regarded as a guideline indicating K deficiencies.     

昆明地区主要花卉蔬菜基地设施栽培土壤养分变化特点

昆明地区蔬菜、花卉种植以设施栽培为主,本文对不同棚龄的大棚设施土壤pH、全N、P、K、碱解N、速效K、有效P、交换性Ca、Mg等指标进行测定分析,结果表明:随棚龄年限的增长,耕层土壤pH值、有机质和土壤交换性Ca、Mg含量有降低的趋势,但无论是露地还是盖棚土壤有机质(52.8 g/kg)都较20世纪80年代中期有较大幅度提高;耕层土壤和深层土壤,全N、有效N含量呈持续上升趋势。耕层土壤中,土壤速效K和速效P呈现明显的富集。     

控释肥对苹果根域环境的影响

采用苹果专用控释肥,设计不同试验处理,研究控释肥对果园土壤微生物,有机质,pH值和N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,控释肥提高了果园土壤微生物量氮、微生物量碳和pH值,对有机质含量影响差异不明显;增加了土壤碱解氮、Fe和Zn含量,降低了土壤速效磷、交换性Ca、交换性Mg和Mn的含量,不同试验点速效钾和Cu的含量结果不一致;不同控释肥处理间大部分指标差异不明显。     

Weathering of chlorite and mica in a new Brunswick Podzol developed on till derived from chlorite-mica schist

A study was made of the weathering of trioctahedral, iron-rich chlorite and dioctahedral mica in a Spodosol (Haplorthod) developed on till derived from chlorite-mica schist.Chlorite in the clay of the B and C horizons has weathered to small amounts of regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite, vermiculite and goethite. Chlorite vermiculitization is associated with a loss of iron and aluminum and appears to result in a change toward dioctahedral structure. Chlorite and its trioctahedral vermiculitic products are absent from the clay, silt and sand of the Ae horizon which is probably due to decomposition by organic acids.Mica in this soil weathers and expands to dioctahedral, regularly interstratified mica-ermiculite and discrete vermiculite products that increase in abundance towards the profile surface and are dominant in the clay of the Ae horizon. Amounts of mica-derived vermiculite products decrease with increase in particle size and are practically absent in the sand of the Ae horizon.Comparing mineral weathering in this Spodosol with that in other soils, developed on similar greenschist material but in warmer climates or during longer times, shows that amounts of chlorite-derived vermiculite in the subsoils of the latter soils are much larger, decrease towards the profile surface, and increase with larger particle size. The evidence indicates that weathering of chlorite to vermiculite and accumulation of the vermiculite products are optimal in non-eluvial, moderate weathering conditions.     

影响山核桃林地土壤生产性能的主要肥力因子及其临界区间

【目的】土壤养分是植物生存的必要条件,探讨山核桃(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)主产区林地土壤肥力因子及其对土壤生产性能的影响,为山核桃的栽植和可持续发展、土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】在浙江省山核桃主产区,随机选择58个典型乡镇的山核桃林采集土样,测定了pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌、有效硼12个肥力因子水平,运用主成分分析和回归分析方法,分析了它们对山核桃生长、感病等级、产量等级的影响以及丰缺临界区间。【结果】主成分分析前5个因素(PC1、PC2、PC3、PC4、PC5)的累计贡献率达78.49%。PC1的主要荷载为土壤pH、有效钙和有效镁含量,PC2的主要荷载是微量元素和有效磷含量,PC3是有机质和碱解氮含量,PC4和PC5分别是有效硼和速效钾含量。林分生长性状中,生长势等级与pH、速效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效铜、有效锌显著负相关(P <0.01),干腐病感病等级与pH、有效钙、有效镁显著负相关(P <0.01),产量等级与pH、有效钙、有效镁、有效磷、有效锌显著正相关(P <0.01)。回归模型分析得出,土壤pH、速效钾和有效钙、有效镁、有效铜、有效锌是当前栽培措施水平下影响山核桃生长的关键土壤肥力因子。综合评价后发现,研究区现有约57%的山核桃林地土壤综合肥力低于平均水平。【结论】对山核桃林地土壤生产性能影响最大的因素是土壤pH、有效钙和有效镁含量,其次是微量元素和有效磷含量,有机质、速效钾含量也有一定的影响。山核桃主产区的林地土壤关键指标丰缺范围:pH 5.19~5.70、速效钾87~129 mg/kg、有效钙817~1374 mg/kg、有效镁93~145 mg/kg、有效铜1.36~4.39 mg/kg、有效锌0.78~2.33 mg/kg。     

黄土高原刺槐林对土壤养分时空分布的影响

以不同树龄刺槐纯林林地和撂荒地作对比,研究了黄土高原刺槐人工林对土壤养分时空分布特征的影响。结果表明,刺槐林地土壤有机质、pH值、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性盐基总量随刺槐树龄增加无明确变化规律,土壤全磷和交换性镁含量则呈现波动性变化;刺槐林地土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮含量随土壤深度增加按幂函数衰减,有效磷含量有递减趋势,土壤全磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁和交换性盐基总量随土壤深度增加无明显变化规律,而土壤pH随深度呈波动性变化;与撂荒地相比,刺槐林地土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁含量及交换性盐基总量分别增加21.6%~96.8%,34.3%~160.1%,191.5%~238.4%,2.1%~24.1%,19.82%~92.71%,64.2%~80.0%,25.0%~46.5%和67.2%~89.5%,表明刺槐林对改善土壤养分状况具有重要作用。     

Parent material and chemical weathering in alpine soils on Mt. Mansfield,Vermont, USA

We compared the elemental composition of soil and bedrock samples to determine the extent of chemical weathering and the nature of the soil parent material in alpine soils on Vermont's highest summit. Previously it was unclear whether these soils formed through weathering of bedrock, glacial till, or eolian sediment, or solely through the accumulation of organic matter. In eighteen profiles, no evidence was found to indicate that soils have developed in glacial till, despite evidence that the mountain was completely inundated by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In contrast, results strongly support the theory that pedogenesis in this environment involves in situ bedrock weathering under a thickening blanket of acidic organic litter. Weathering indices reveal an increase in weathering intensity upwards from the bedrock, and trends of normalized rare earth elements demonstrate a strong similarity between bedrock and soil samples. Leaching has concentrated less mobile elements such as Al, Cr, La, P, Pb, and Ti in soil horizons and removed mobile elements such as Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Si, and Zn. X-ray diffraction reveals that chlorite, which is present in all bedrock samples and some saprolites, has weathered completely from upper soil horizons, and that hydrobiotite, vermiculite, kaolinite, gibbsite, and goethite have formed in the soil. Ratios of immobile elements (Ce, Cr, Nb, Ta, Ti, Y, and Zr) in soil and bedrock samples are, however, notably different. Furthermore, the moderately mobile trace elements Cu, Mo, and Sr are actually more abundant in soil than in bedrock, and soil concentrations of Zr are up to an order-of-magnitude greater than in bedrock samples. Together these data argue for at least a modest eolian influx, which may have arrived during the regression of Lake Vermont during the latest Pleistocene or from an outwash source in the immediate post-glacial period. Similarly, increased Ca and Na concentrations in soil samples may signify modern deposition of dust bearing Ca (from agricultural fields) and Na (from roads).     

Effect of crop rotation and residue management on properties of cracking clay soils under irrigated cotton-based farming systems of new south wales

The effects of planting cereal or leguminous crops in rotation with irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on the properties of cracking clay (swelling) soils in the Macquarie and Namoi Valleys of New South Wales, Australia were evaluated during the summer of 1992–3. The observations were made on commercial farmers' fields. The soil properties evaluated were the particle size distribution, the dispersion index, the plastic limit, the percentage of coarse (particle diameter 212–2000 μm) and fine (particle diameter 53-212 μm) particulate soil organic matter, soil respiration rate, soil reactivity, soil aggregate density, pH, nitrate-N and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na. In general, the planting of rotation crops decreased the dispersion index, plastic limit and soil aggregate density, and increased the amount of coarse particulate organic matter. Planting rotation crops also resulted in significantly higher clay and lower silt contents in the Macquarie Valley, and significantly higher soil respiration in the Namoi Valley. Soil pH, nitrate-N and exchangeable cation concentrations were not significantly affected by planting rotation crops in the Macquarie Valley, whereas exchangeable Na was increased in the Namoi Valley. The retention of crop residues in situ, compared with burning crop residues, decreased the dispersion index, plastic limit and aggregate density, and increased the amount of coarse particulate soil organic matter at all measured depths of the Macquarie Valley. The retention of crop residues in the Namoi Valley decreased the plastic limit and dispersion index only in the 0–50 mm depth range, whereas burning crop residues increased exchangeable K at all depths. In general, planting rotation crops and the retention of crop residues had greater beneficial effects on the soil physical properties in the Macquarie Valley than in the Namoi Valley, and in the topsoil compared with the subsoil. These differences are attributed to a shorter rotation interval in the Namoi Valley, smaller amounts of coarse particulate soil organic matter in the subsoil, and differing soil types in the two valleys. In the Namoi Valley the coarse organic matter produced by leguminous crops appeared to be more effective in promoting structural stability than that from non-leguminous crops, although no such difference was observed in the Macquarie Valley.     

保护地土壤养分特点

保护地蔬菜土壤养分状况与大田露地土壤有很大差别．土壤有机质含量高于露地，一般在１５～４０ｇ／ｋｇ，土壤有酸化的趋势．土壤中有效氮的含量明显高于露地土壤，硝态氮的平均含量超过１９０ｍｇ／ｋｇ．土壤有效磷的含量１５８．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，比露地土壤高出６倍多．土壤有效钾的平均含量２７４．５２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，比露地土壤高出２．５６倍．土壤中交换性钙和镁的含量在临界指标以上，但某些情况下作物出现缺钙和缺镁症．化肥施用量大，决定了保护地蔬菜土壤养分的特点．     

BASALTIC SOILS OF SOUTH-WEST ICELAND. II

Data for mechanical and chemical analyses are presented with tabulated mean and median values based on fifty-five freely drained and ten poorly drained soils. The soils are relatively coarsed textured. The sand content of the mineral fraction is about 70 per cent (mean value) for freely drained and about 45 per cent (mean value) for poorly drained soils. Organic C is generally high in freely drained soils but relatively low in poorly drained soils, because of accumulating aeolian matter in the latter group, mean values are 8.2 in freely drained and 16.5 per cent in poorly drained soils. The C/N ratio is about 15 for each soil group. The cation exchange properties including pH seem to be dominated by organic matter, which may contribute to the total CEC of the soils about 165–300 me/100 g C. CEC of soils is usually 40–50 me/100 g. For some selected soils CEC of the separated mineral fractions was confirmed experimentally through ammonia retention. The pH level, especially of the freely drained soils, is relatively high (mostly 5.4–6.3) in spite of low degree of base saturation (mostly 10–30 per cent), a characteristic probably derived from the parent material. A highly significant correlation exists between pH and organic C. Proportionally exchangeable Ca seems low, while Mg and Na may be abundant. In some soils exchangeable Mg may exceed Ca.     

Cation exchange resin and test vermiculite to study soil processes in situ in a toposequence of Luvisol and Cambisol on loess

Both the ion accumulation on cation exchange resin and the transformation of test vermiculite in situ have been used to identify current processes in acid forest soils. We used such test materials to study weathering in a toposequence Dystric Luvisol–Spodo‐Dystric Cambisol on loess under deciduous forest in Belgium. The resin and a trioctahedral vermiculite were inserted for 2 years in the major horizons, down to a depth of 60 cm. The cation accumulation on the resin revealed that four main acid‐consuming systems are currently active in the toposequence. With decreasing acid neutralizing capacity, these systems are in the Luvisols: (i) the pool of exchangeable bases, (ii) the Al‐bearing minerals controlling the Al concentration in the liquid phase; and in the podzolized Cambisols: (iii) the less weatherable K‐bearing minerals, (iv) the Mg‐bearing phyllosilicates made free of Al interlayers in complexing conditions. The loss of cation exchange capacity in the test vermiculite is related to Al interlayering. However, this process masks a significant interlayer accumulation of magnesium, which is generated by the weathering of the test mineral itself. The largest interlayer accumulation of Mg occurs in the podzolized Cambisol, suggesting more intense weathering of the test vermiculite in this soil.     

植被刈割对红壤酸度及有机无机复合状况的影响

在红壤地区自然植被（白茅）条件下,不同的刈割周期对土壤交换性盐基离子组成、土壤有机质、有机无机复合体、腐鱼质组成及铁、铝氧化物含量等均具有较大的影响。从１年刈割一次至６刈割一次处理,虽然土壤酸度的变化无明显规律,但土壤交换性钾、无定形铁、无定形铝、络合态铁的含量及铁活化度值均呈增加趋势,且土壤有机质和复合体的含量相应增高,松结态腐残质／紧结态腐殖质的比值亦增大,即腐残质的活性较强、质量较高,土壤肥     

Silikatbestand und Verwitterungssimulation in den Hochlagenboden des Inneren Bayerischen Waldes

Inventory and weathering of silicate minerals in soils at higher elevations of the Interior Bavarian Forest In order to recognize the importance of the soils on the “new-type” Mg-deficiency disease of Norway spruce at higher elevations of the Bavarian Forest representative pedons were characterized morphologically, chemically and mineralogically. The results of the mineralogical inventory and of weathering experiments in laboratory correspond with the facts of the soil-chemical properties: the replenishment of Mg and Ca by weathering is very unsufficient in contrast to K in all investigated soils (soil pH = 4). Considering the intensive leaching in the flat, rooted zone, this fact explains the inadequate contents of exchangeable Mg and Ca in the upper soil horizons and also the Mg-deficiency of the trees being excellent supplied with K, P and N.     

Relationships between Collembola,soil chemistry and humus types in forest stands (France)

Soil samples were taken under four tree species in various forest sites located in southern France. For each sampled A horizon of the soil profile, pH, organic matter content, C:N ratio and amounts of exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg) were measured, and collembolan fauna was extracted using Berlese-Tullgren funnels. A total of 78 species representing 11 families and 47 genera were identified. The relationships between Collembola and soil parameters were determined by co-inertia analysis which corresponds to the simultaneous Correspondence Analysis of the collembolan data table and the Multiple Correspondence Analysis of the environmental data table. The analysis revealed that the distribution of 10 species was related to pH, organic matter content via C and N and to base cations (K, Ca, Mg). Samples, linking these collembolan species and chemical parameters, were clustered according to humus forms. Collembola seem to be linked closer to the physical structure of humus than to its chemical parameters. Their specific contribution to pedogenetic processes as yet remains to be clarified.     

Microbial degradation of phyllosilicates during simulated podzolization

Perfusion experiments were conducted to study mechanisms in the transformation of phyllosilicates by oxalic acid and other complexing agents synthesized by microorganisms that survived partial sterilization. Those resistant to thymol were mostly non-pigmented Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus but included a few yeasts. The organic acids formed by the microorganisms dissolved large amounts of mineral elements from samples of granites and granitic sand. Organo-metal complexes were formed with Fe and Al. 70–100% of the dissolved Fe were in complexes stable over a wide range in pH. 10–30% of the dissolved Fe and Al were in very stable anionic complexes that were not exchangeable with strong cationic resins. The acidic compounds that were formed solubilized appreciable amounts of ferromagnesian minerals, mainly biotite, and destroyed primary chlorite and some vermiculite. Under some experimental conditions, illite-vermiculite was transformed into vermiculite and biotite into vermiculite or into a white and brittle residue of Si and Al. Because similar mineral transformations have been shown to occur during podzolization in the field, our experiments are thought to provide a satisfactory model of weathering in that soil-forming process.