云杉属树种天然群体DNA标记的国外研究进展

本文综述了自21世纪初以来DNA标记技术在国外云杉属树种中的应用情况,涉及到的树种以挪威云杉为主,多至十几种,标记种类主要包括AFLP、RAPD、RFLP、SSR、ISSR、STS、EST、VNTR和SNPs等。另外,对几种群体遗传参数进行比较分析,表明云杉天然群体遗传变异丰富,其中利用ISSR检测到白云杉天然群体多态位点百分率可达90%,利用RAPD检测到挪威云杉群体总遗传变异高至0.941;群体间存在遗传分化,产生了适应环境的变异,除一个利用mtVNTR研究所得结果外,其他研究均表明,云杉群体间遗传分化程度并不是很高,云杉群体变异主要表现为群体内变异。同时,对DNA标记在云杉属种质资源保存及遗传改良方面的前景进行了展望。     

基于球果和种子的青海云杉无性系表型性状多样性研究

【目的】种质资源变异研究是开展遗传改良的前提与重要环节,了解变异程度可对种质资源的保护与可持续利用提供遗传信息,分析不同种源青海云杉无性系表型变异程度和规律,为青海云杉目标性状选育提供依据。【方法】以甘肃省张掖市龙渠青海云杉无性系种子园内的7个种源青海云杉为研究对象,测定和统计不同种源的青海云杉球果、种鳞、种翅和种子表型性状,通过多重比较、方差分析、相关分析、聚类分析,分析和讨论青海云杉种源间、种源内表型性状多样性特点。【结果】青海云杉不同种源间球果、种鳞、种翅和种子性状均存在极显著差异,青海云杉表型分化系数平均值为74.20%,青海云杉表型变异主要来源于种源间的变异;球果和种子表型性状的变异丰富,变异范围为11.40%～55.50%,平均变异系数为21.07%;不同种源间变异差异明显,隆畅河林区种源平均变异系数最大(23.15%),西水林区种源平均变异系数最小(18.46%),11个表型性状间大多数呈显著或显著的正相关关系;通过欧氏聚类分析可将7个种源青海云杉划分为5个类群。【结论】不同种源青海云杉球果与种子的表型性状变异较为广泛,变异来源丰富。因此,在青海云杉种子园遗传改良过程中,应根据不同的育种目的,充分考虑种源间和种源内的变异情况,本研究在青海云杉种质资源收集、遗传多样性保护以及遗传改良方面具有一定的指导意义。     

红皮云杉种质资源现状及保存策略

红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)是中国北方云杉属(Picea Dietr.)植物中珍贵的暗针叶林树种,综合利用价值较高。笔者对红皮云杉的起源与进化、地理分布、资源现状、生态环境、生态耦合性、变异趋势、遗传效应及综合利用价值进行了系统全面的分析与总结,并根据目前的资源利用趋势和濒危现状,提出中国东北寒地种质资源保护及开发利用的主要策略。旨在为红皮云杉种质资源的有效保存与可持续利用提供科学依据。     

云杉育种与林分分类经营

以提高云杉种子园良种产量及分类经营满足当前社会对云杉(Picea asperata Mast.)良种的需求、实现云杉种质资源遗传多样性的保存。通过3年的调查研究表明:去劣疏伐、土壤管理及树体管理是云杉种子园的促进良种产量的重要措施、分类经营可以提高森林生产经营收益、节约种质保存成本、促进云杉遗传多样性的保存。     

欧洲云杉半同胞家系苗期选择

观测了7年生欧洲云杉44个半同胞家系及1个对照2代幼林的苗高、地径、冠幅3个生长性状的年生长量。结果表明,家系间苗高、地径、冠幅差异显著,说明欧洲云杉半同胞家系间存在较大的变异,进行家系选择具有可行性。采用综合性状育种值评分法初选出9个优良家系,旨在利用早期选择开展优良2代家系的应用研究,为欧洲云杉半同胞家系遗传改良,建立2代种子园提供优良种质资源。     

培育天山云杉扦插苗的中试报告

天山云杉是新疆山区的主要用材树种。其扦插无性繁殖在山区育苗工作上有着十分重要的意义。用扦插无性繁殖建立无性系种子园可以避免用常规嫁接方法建园引起的由于接穗和砧木的迟发性、不亲和性而导致母树大量死亡；天山云杉无性繁殖是进行无性系选择，加快实现天山云杉树种的遗传改良的新途径；经初试研究，扦插育苗不仅成本较低，速生性好，且可以通过对优良采穗母株的选择，大量繁殖，培育良种壮苗。     

青海云杉播种育苗改良技术研究

基于青海北山林场长期播种育苗实践,介绍并对比了青海云杉播种育苗传统技术和改良技术。研究结果表明,采用满床干播和塑料薄膜越冬等改良技术,幼苗健壮、抗逆性强、越冬性好,改良技术可有效提高青海云杉幼苗成活率。     

一种缩短欧洲云杉童期的高接换冠嫁接方法获国家发明专利授权

正中国林业网2017年11月16日讯由中国林科院林业研究所、林木遗传育种国家重点实验室珍贵树种遗传改良课题组研发、甘肃省小陇山林业实验局林业科学研究所协作完成的"一种缩短欧洲云杉童期的高接换冠嫁接方法"获得国家发明专利授权。该发明从已经开花结实的欧洲云杉母树树冠外围中上部选择顶芽饱满、健壮、无病虫危害和机械损     

云杉表型与同工酶遗传多样性研究进展

综述国内外30多年主要云杉属植物的表型与同工酶遗传多样性研究进展、存在问题和发展趋势。群体间(内)表型多样性丰富,群体间性状表型变异一般均呈一定的地理变异模式。同工酶主要遗传多样性参数为：多态位点百分数,平均每个位点的等位基因数目,平均每个位点期望杂合度,有效的等位基因数目和基因分化系数的变幅分别为23％～84．6％,1．33～2．70,0．016～0．306,0．230～1-32和0．022～0．11。群体间的变异量只占总变异量的2％～13%,约87%～98％变异存在于群体内。从表型、同工酶和DNA水平等多层次对云杉的遗传多样性进行偶合研究,同时加强对影响遗传多样性及其结构的外因探讨,及该研究在基因资源保护策略上的应用是云杉遗传多样性研究的发展趋势。     

鄂西山地云杉引种与栽培技术

建立了世界水平的国家级云杉种质资源库。在以国际林联制定的种源试验方案和我国林木遗传育种学理论指导下,在全世界40个云杉种中收集到乡土大果青扦和引种欧洲云杉等松科云杉属1个针叶树种的15个种、46个种源、298个家系和553个无性系,共计897份。选择出了适应鄂西山地栽培的优质、高效和多功能森林速生树种,结果表明:欧洲云杉30年生平均材积现实增益比人工林乡土(CK)大果青扦材积提高52.2%,天然林大果青扦材积提高78.8%。从39个种源中选择出欧洲云杉4个优良种源8年生平均树高生长量比其它35种源平均树高提高37.4%,其它云杉4个种平均树高提高40.7%;比神农架(CK)大果青扦平均树高提高75.4%;比甘肃省小陇山地欧洲云杉优良家系和无性系平均树高提高4.9%。从欧洲云杉553个无性系中选择出49个优良无性系现实增益7年生平均树高比其它504个平均树高提高30.2%;比神农架(CK)大果青扦平均树高提高24.8%。欧洲云杉二代32个家系中选择出3个优良家系现实增益6年生平均树高比其它29个平均树高提高20.5%。比神农架(CK)大果青扦平均树高提高23.1%;与甘肃省小陇山地欧洲云杉优良家系和无性系生长量相吻合。从云杉266个家系中选择出32个良家系现实增益7年生平均树高比其它234个平均树高提高18.1%。比神农架(CK)大果青扦平均树高提高33%。比甘肃省小陇山地云杉优良家系平均树高提高26.2%。进行了欧洲云杉区域化试验,适宜海拔1000~2000m左右,欧洲云杉密度、整地与抚育栽培技术试验,找出了最佳栽培方式。为云杉遗传改良奠定了坚实的种质材料基础。最适宜鄂西山地发展的是优质欧洲云杉种、种源、家系和无性系,可大力提高新造林分生产力。     

The extent of historic translocation of Norway spruce forest reproductive material in Europe

Key message

Norway spruce seed has been traded extensively for at least three centuries throughout the natural distribution range in Europe and beyond. However, our knowledge about these transfers is limited. Historic data are essential tools to trace back human-mediated gene flow and for interpretation of recent genetic studies.

Context

Human-mediated gene flow can potentially have a major impact on the genetic composition of forest tree populations, yet our knowledge about seed sources used within the current species’ range is still limited. Norway spruce is one of the most important coniferous species in European forestry, and data drawing conclusions about the genetic composition of current populations are vital with regard to gene conservation and sustainable forest management. Because molecular data are not available on a more detailed scale, historic records provide crucial information about translocations.

Aims

Our aim is to provide the first pan-European review on Norway spruce translocations from the seventeenth until the twentieth century.

Methods

We analysed historic and recent literature compiling information on the cultivation and transfer of Norway spruce reproductive material. Historic records are compared with recent molecular studies.

Results

Seed exchanges have profoundly altered the native genetic population structure of Norway spruce. Especially, Central European seeds have been used throughout and beyond the natural distribution area. Figures illustrating the historic plantings in Europe are provided.

Conclusion

Recent molecular data reveal persisting effects of past translocations. Historical records can be extremely useful for providing information about autochthony and thus guide gene conservation strategies and explain the performance of extant populations.

     

Genetic and historical studies on the origin of Norway spruce in Białowieża Primeval Forest in Poland

Białowieża Primeval Forest lies within the boreal part of the Norway spruce range, which, according to pollen data, was formed by a refugium located in the Russian Upland. However, recent genetic studies have indicated that spruce from the Eastern Carpathian refugium also occurs in Białowieża Forest. In order to investigate whether the Norway spruce from the Eastern Carpathian refugium migrated naturally into the boreal part of the Norway spruce range, we assessed the refugial origin of 234 of the oldest Norway spruce individuals from Białowieża Forest using mitochondrial marker mt15-D02. Out of the trees that we studied, 64.8% carried mitotype 1, which is specific to the Carpathian refugium, while 35.2% had mitotype 3, specific to the Russian refugium. Our genetic analysis, combined with historical data on forest management in this part of Europe, argues for a natural contribution of spruce from the Eastern Carpathian refugium during postglacial recolonization of Białowieża Primeval Forest.     

Improved varieties perform well in realized genetic gain trials with Norway spruce seed sources in southern Sweden

ABSTRACT

Genetically improved Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) has been extensively used in operational plantations in Sweden. However, there have been few studies that aimed at verifying the realized genetic gain over a longer time span in plots established with one genetical entry. Two experimental series at six sites in southern Sweden, established purely for this purpose, were assessed. Early height growth of 10 Norway spruce seedlots of different genetic levels was compared. There were significant differences in height at the age of 5 and 8 years between improved and unimproved seed sources and the differences between most advanced material from the breeding front, represented by full-sib crossings of selected plus-trees, and unimproved Swedish spruce were 36% and 30% at the age of 5 and 8 years, respectively. At the same ages, the trees originating from the second round of seed-orchards were 25% and 21% higher than unimproved material. There were also about 20% differences between the best and worst tested full-sib families, indicating large possible gain in the new generation. The study confirmed earlier estimates of genetic gain levels of different seed sources in the breeding program for Norway spruce.     

Regeneration in windthrow areas in hemiboreal forests: the influence of microsite on the height growths of different tree species

Natural regeneration of windthrow areas is an important issue when planning forestry measures after forest disturbances. Seedling recruitment was investigated in storm-damaged hemiboreal mixed forests in eastern Estonia. The establishment and growth of seedlings from natural regeneration was registered for tree species in soil pits and in mounds of uprooted trees in stands that were either heavily or moderately damaged. Seedling growth is expected to be better in large but shallow soil pits created by uprooted Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and poorer in small but deep pits created by the hardwoods in the area, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.). The most abundant regenerating species was birch. Pits hosted larger seedling numbers than mounds, due to soil instability in mounds. Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) showed significantly faster growth than the other seedling species. Norway spruce pits were preferred to pits of other species by both birch and spruce seedlings. Black alder [Alnus glutinosa (L.) J. Gaertn.] did not show a preference for pits of a certain species of uprooted tree. Both spruce and rowan preferred hardwood mounds over spruce mounds. Storm severity also affected species composition: birch predominantly occurred on pits and mounds in heavily disturbed areas, while spruce was more abundant in the moderately damaged areas. The effects of advance regeneration and surrounding stands on seedling microsite preferences should be considered in future research and subsequent management recommendations.     

Forest pasturing of livestock in Norway: effects on spruce regeneration

Forest pasturing of free-roaming livestock is a common practice in many parts of the world, but knowledge on how it affects tree regeneration in boreal forests is lacking. We mapped tree density, livestock site use and accumulated damage to young trees of commercial interest(Norway spruce, Picea abies L. Karst.) on 56 clearcuts inside and outside a fenced forest area used for livestock pasturing in Ringsaker, Norway. Inside the fence 56±1.8% of spruce trees were damaged compared to 37±3.4% outside. Proportion of damaged spruce trees was positively related to cattle use of the clearcut, but not so for sheep. On the most intensively used clearcuts, four out of five trees were damaged. The density of deciduous trees was five times lower inside compared to outside of the fence(varying with plant species). While livestock grazing may reduce resource competition in favour of spruce, the current animal density clearly is impeding forest regeneration in the study area.     

Age and weather effects on between and within ring variations of number,width and coarseness of tracheids and radial growth of young Norway spruce

Annual growth, fibre and wood properties of Norway spruce are all under strong influence from genetics, age and weather. They change dynamically, particularly at young ages. Most genetic research and tree improvement programs are based on data from this most dynamic phase of the life of trees, affected by differences in weather among sites and years. In the work presented, influences of age and weather were investigated and modelled at the detail of annual rings and at the sub-tree ring level of earlywood, transitionwood and latewood. The data used were analysed from increment cores sampled at age 21 years from almost 6000 Norway spruce trees of known genetic origin, grown on two sites in southern Sweden. The traits under investigation were radial growth, cell widths, cell numbers, cell wall thickness and coarseness as a measure of biomass allocation at cell level. General additive mixed models (GAMMs) were fitted to model the influences of age, local temperature and precipitation. The best models were obtained for number of tracheids formed per year, ring width, average radial tracheid width in earlywood, and ring averages for tangential tracheid width and coarseness. Considering the many sources behind the huge variation, the explained part of the variability was high. For all traits, models were developed using both total tree age and cambial age (ring number) to express age. Comparisons indicate that the number of cell divisions and ring width are under stronger control of tree age, but the other traits under stronger control of cambial age. The models provide a basis to refine data prior to genetic evaluations by compensating for estimated differences between sites and years related to age and weather rather than genetics. Other expected applications are to predict performance of genotypes in relation to site or climate and simulation of climate change scenarios.     

Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to detect genetic variation in Norway spruce

The RAPD assay is a screening method for genetic variation; in Norway spruce biology research, it may find many applications. We have investigated into its suitability for Norway spruce genetics by optimizing the protocol, testing for stability in clones, especially tissue culture clones, assessing the variation in a seed sample, and checking for correct Mendelian segregation in haploid megagametophytes. The RAPD assay produced numerous genetic markers quickly. The data obtained gave insight into the genetic make-up of clones and seed.

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Zusammenfassung Die RAPD Methode, ein Schnelltest für die genetische Variation, wurde für die europäische Fichte getestet, wo viele Aspekte der Biologie der Baumart damit untersucht werden könnten. Das Protokoll wurde optimiert, und genetische Stabilität in Klonen, besonders aus Gewebekultur, die genetische Variation in einer Samenprobe und die Mendel-konforme Aufspaltung in haploiden Megagametophyten wurde untersucht. Zahlreiche genetische Marker konnten gefunden werden, wodurch ein Einblick in die genetische Zusammensetzung des untersuchten Materials gegeben war.

     

Allozyme Variation of Picea abies in Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the levels and patterns of allozyme variation among 29 populations of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from Poland. Thirteen investigated isoenzyme systems were encoded by 27 gene loci and, on average, 71% of the loci per population were polymorphic. The average and effective numbers of alleles per locus were 2.17 and 1.26, respectively, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.156. A relatively low allozyme differentiation among populations from north-eastern and southern Poland was observed ( F ST = 0.028, mean genetic distance D = 0.005). The results suggest that historical events and extensive gene flow played an important role in the distribution of the observed allozyme differentiation of Norway spruce in Poland.     

Interference of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedling establishment

The nature of interference of bracken with Scots pine and Norway spruce seedling establishment was considered in three field experiments. In a seeding experiment, it was found that Scots pine germination was highest on exposed mineral soil and lowest when intact bracken litter and humus were present, suggesting adverse effects of litter and humus on pine regeneration probably due to phytotoxicity. In a second experiment, smothering by bracken caused high mortality of Scots pine seedlings while Norway spruce seedlings were relatively unaffected. Mortality for both Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings was low when planted in a adjacent Scots pine-bilberry stand with no bracken. Annual shoot growth of Norway spruce was higher in bracken than in Scots pine-bilberry vegetation while no differences in shoot growth between these two vegetation types occurred for Scots pine. In a third experiment, activated carbon was added to the ground under Norway spruce seedlings planted in bracken to adsorb possible phytotoxic compounds released by bracken. The addition of carbon had no effect on seedling mortality or growth rate, indicating that the seedlings were not susceptible to allelochemicals released by bracken. Since large Norway spruce seedlings were relatively unaffected by bracken interference in this study, artificial regeneration with containerized Norway spruce seedlings is suggested to achieve an acceptable conifer tree establishment on clear-cuts invaded by bracken.