父母代安卡红肉用公鸡与商品代海兰灰蛋用母鸡的杂交试验

利用杂种优势原理,我们于2008年1～12月以安卡红父母代肉鸡为父本,海兰灰商品代母鸡为母本进行杂交繁育.其杂交一代为"肉蛋杂交鸡",既保持了父本生长速度快、饲料利用率高的特点,又具备了母本适应强、产蛋量高的优点.现报告如下.     

拜城油鸡与良凤花鸡杂交后体尺测定及分析

为了培育出适合在新疆地区饲养的优质土鸡品种,试验采用拜城油鸡公鸡与良凤花鸡母鸡(麻羽)进行杂交,得到杂交一代(油麻鸡F1代),选取油麻鸡F1代青脚母鸡与拜城油鸡公鸡回交得到杂交二代(油麻鸡F2代),再选用性状突出的油麻鸡F2代母鸡与F2代高脚公鸡本交得到杂交三代A(油麻鸡F3 A)型,用油麻鸡F2代母鸡与良凤花公鸡杂交得到杂交三代B(油麻鸡F3 B)型,分别测定油麻鸡F3 A型和B型的体尺性状并进行比较。结果表明:油麻鸡F3 A型和B型具有特殊体型外貌、抗病力强、耐粗饲、饲料转化率较高的特点。说明油麻鸡F3 A型和B型总体性状优于拜城油鸡和良凤花鸡,适合在新疆和田等地区推广。     

拜城油鸡与良凤花鸡杂交后代(F3A型)屠宰性能及肉品质分析

利用拜城油鸡公鸡与良凤花母鸡杂交一代(F_1),再利用拜城油鸡的公鸡与F_1中的青脚母鸡级进杂交,得到F_2代,选取F_2代的青脚母鸡与F_2代的高脚公鸡进行横交,得到油麻鸡F_3A型,测定其公、母鸡的屠宰性能与肉品质指标。结果表明:F_3A型公、母鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率分别比拜城油鸡公、母鸡提高6.73%(P<0.01)、5.8%(P<0.05)、2.82%(P>0.05)和4.42%(P<0.05)、4.22%(P<0.05)、1.65%(P>0.05);公、母鸡胸肌肉色分别比良凤花鸡提高7.31和11.08,公、母鸡腿肌肉色比良凤花鸡提高21.23和16.88;公、母鸡胸肌滴水损失分别比良凤花鸡提高1.26%(P<0.01)和4.73%(P<0.01)。拜城油鸡与良凤花鸡杂交后,杂交后代的屠宰性能有明显改善,肉品质指标亦有相应变化。     

拜城油鸡与良凤花麻鸡杂交后代F3 B型的屠宰性能及肉品质变化分析

为了提高拜城油鸡的饲养效益,兼顾拜城油鸡与良凤花麻鸡品种优势,利用拜城油鸡的公鸡与良凤花母鸡进行第1次杂交,得到杂交一代(F1),再利用杂交一代(F1)青脚母鸡与拜城油鸡的公鸡进行回交,得到F2代,选取F2代青脚母鸡与良凤花青脚公鸡进行回交,得到油麻鸡F3 B型,测定分析了F3 B型公鸡和母鸡的屠宰性能指标和肉品质指标。结果表明:油麻鸡F3 B型活重、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率等指标显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)优于拜城油鸡,胸肌肉色值油麻鸡F3 B型公鸡比良凤花公鸡提高7.31(P0.01),油麻鸡F3 B型母鸡比良凤花母鸡提高11.08(P0.01);腿肌肉色值油麻鸡F3 B型公鸡比良凤花公鸡提高21.23(P0.01),油麻鸡F3 B型母鸡比良凤花母鸡提高16.88(P0.01);滴水损失油麻鸡F3 B型公鸡比良凤花公鸡提高1.26百分点(P0.01),油麻鸡F3 B型母鸡比良凤花母鸡提高4.73百分点(P0.01)。说明拜城油鸡通过与良凤花麻鸡杂交后,其F3 B型后代屠宰性能与肉品质有明显改善。     

清远麻鸡与矮小隐性白羽蛋鸡杂交后代羽色及生长性能的研究

为开发清远麻鸡的多重杂交遗传潜能,突破父母代制种模式的单一,适应市场需求,研究观测了清远麻鸡(♂)与矮小隐性白羽蛋鸡(♀)杂交F₁代的羽色、体尺及生产性能指标,重点探讨了杂交F₁代羽色的遗传以及生产性能的改良。结果显示:杂交F₁代初生时以麻色为主,占比71.58%,杂交F₁代的成年公鸡和母鸡均出现了羽色分化或变异;杂交F₁代母鸡体重和体型均比其母本矮小隐性白羽蛋鸡更大;F₁代公鸡体重小于其父本清远麻公鸡。清远麻鸡与矮小隐性白羽蛋鸡的杂交F₁代母鸡具有较好的杂交性能,通过进一步的横交固定选育,有望培育出替代清远麻鸡纯种的父母代亲本。     

反交杂交鸡养殖大有可为

湖北省应城市从１９８４年开始开展地方鸡杂交改良，一直以良种蛋用父母代公鸡与地方母鸡杂交。１９９４年以来，该市首次开展地方鸡反交试验，即采用地方鸡江汉公鸡与罗曼商品代蛋用母鸡杂交，繁育推广“江罗”一代反交鸡，取得突破性进展，为“二高一优”养鸡业的发展开...     

武威市果园放养肉杂鸡不同杂交组合生产性能研究

本试验选择父母代肉公鸡艾维因和安卡红及商品代蛋母鸡海兰褐和伊莎褐四个品种进行杂交组合,组成四种杂交组合模式。每个组合随机选择1日龄肉杂鸡200羽,每个组合随机分为5个重复,每个重复40羽,观测不同杂交组合肉杂鸡在果园放养中的生长发育性能。试验表明:父母代艾维茵肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡的平均周增重较父母代安卡红肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡高,且差异显著;父母代艾维茵肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡的料肉比及成活率较父母代安卡红肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡低,且差异显著。     

国内外优良鸡品种简介

一、蛋鸡的优良品种 1.伊莎蛋鸡 由法国伊莎公司培育出的四系配套品系,即有A、B、C、D四个纯系,由A系公鸡、B系母鸡、C系公鸡、D系母鸡配套形成祖代鸡,A、B杂交的后代公鸡和C、D杂交的后代母鸡又组成父母代,进行再次配套杂交即得到商品代杂交鸡,用于产蛋。A、B系为金黄色羽毛,C、D系     

育雏问答

1、购什么样的鸡雏好?答:应根据养鸡生产的目的和用途,选购合适的、产品信誉可靠的鸡雏。如生产目的是为了养种鸡,则应购入纯种配套系公母鸡或父母代配套系公母鸡,以便能为广大养鸡户提供优良的杂交组合商品代鸡雏;如果生产目的是为了产蛋,就可选购蛋鸡良种或优良杂交组合的商品代蛋鸡雏;若生产的用途是产肉,则应选购肉鸡良种或优良的商品代肉鸡雏。购前应签合同或摸清底细,免得种不纯不优。     

武定鸡和狄高鸡杂交F1代体尺性状与屠体性能分析

为促进武定鸡的选育,选取武定鸡和狄高鸡进行杂交,分析其杂交F1代的体尺性状与屠体性能,并进行相关性分析和多元回归分析.结果:F1代公鸡体尺性状表型值均高于母鸡,且体斜长、胸宽、龙骨长、髋骨宽、胫长、胫围差异极显著(P＜0.01);F1代公鸡除了胸肌率极显著低于母鸡外(P＜0.01),其余屠体性能均极显著高于母鸡(P＜0...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.