塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地滴灌种植肉苁蓉的试验研究

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的人工梭梭林,利用咸水滴灌技术,对种植肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola）的开挖方式、播种方式、接种深度以及稳产技术等进行了试验研究。结果表明：① 提高肉苁蓉种子和寄主根系接触的几率是提高人工接种肉苁蓉效果的有效途径。不同种植方式的肉苁蓉出土率为：沟种>打洞>穴种,撒种>种植带（种植纸）。② 采用开沟、撒种方式种植肉苁蓉,随播种量增加,出土肉苁蓉数量呈增加趋势,但存在一个上限值。在沙地滴灌种植肉苁蓉适宜的播种量为300粒/m。③ 接种深度应控制在寄主根系主要分布层以内,并结合作业方式及作业成本来综合确定,在沙地滴灌接种深度不宜超过60 cm。④ 人工接种肉苁蓉具有一次接种,多年采收的效果,但肉苁蓉出土率年际间差异较大。接种后第2 a至第4 a为主要收获期。采用沟种、撒种技术春季接种肉苁蓉,接种后连续3 a平均出土率可以保持在1株/m以上,肉苁蓉鲜重产量达1 800 kg/hm²,经济效益显著。     

喷洒式肉苁蓉接种机设计与试验

针对肉苁蓉产业化发展对机械播种装备的需求，以提高肉苁蓉接种效率、降低劳动强度，实现肉苁蓉机械化、规模化种植为目的，研制了一种基于液体施种的肉苁蓉接种机。对样机关键部件进行了分析与设计，确定了链式开沟、接种、覆土等装置的结构及工作参数，解析了核心部件作业机理，并进行了初步试验。结果表明，当拖拉机行走速度为340 m·h^-1、动力输出轴转速为540 r·min^-1、喷种泵压力0.2 MPa时，测得开沟深度为50 cm、开沟宽度为30 cm时，喷种覆盖面宽度4 cm，可满足肉苁蓉的播种农艺要求，且开沟、接种效果良好，覆土平整，能够实现机械化接种。     

冬虫夏草菌种油混悬剂的研究

冬虫夏草人工培育中,接种侵染成功率一直是制约其规模化生产的重要因素。本次试验采用正交试验设计,应用数学软件MATLAB极差分析法,根据综合平衡法原则,筛选出冬虫夏草菌种油混悬剂最优的组合方案,即菜籽油与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(7:3)复合油10g,固液比1.0:10,十二烷基硫酸钠0.9g、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚0.5g、硬脂酸铝0.6g,其制剂的沉降体积比和再分散性分别高达97%和100%。高活力菌丝和孢子制成的油混悬剂提高了侵染成功率,适宜作为人工培育冬虫夏草的菌种,能满足大规模培育冬虫夏草的接种需求。     

咸水滴灌对肉苁蓉寄生体系盐离子分配及品质的影响

为探究咸水滴灌对人工种植肉苁蓉寄生体系盐离子分配和肉苁蓉品质的影响,在塔里木盆地塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘,选择4个灌水矿化度差异较大的样地,采集土壤、梭梭和肉苁蓉样品,分析土壤、寄生体系各部分盐离子含量及肉苁蓉主要药用成分含量,结果表明：（1）在高矿化度咸水滴灌下,接种肉苁蓉的梭梭根部、主茎和同化枝盐离子含量为：同化枝>根>茎,肉苁蓉体内盐离子含量与寄主根系含量相近;（2）肉苁蓉体内总盐、Na+和Cl-含量均随灌水矿化度的增高而增加;肉苁蓉体内K+占总盐分的1/3,具有较强的吸收富集K+的能力,但K+含量并未随灌水盐浓度的变化而表现出显著性差异;（3）肉苁蓉体内主要药用成分苯乙醇苷类物质含量随灌溉水矿化度的升高而增加,盐分胁迫有助于刺激肉苁蓉体内主要药用成分的积累。因此,较高矿化度咸水滴灌可以提高肉苁蓉的品质,但需要注意长期高盐胁迫对寄主梭梭的影响,因而制定合理的灌溉制度是不可或缺的。     

稻曲病种子传病的研究

据前人报道,稻曲病粒上附有大量厚垣孢子但不能作为初侵染源,并证明该病既不是种子引起的病害,也不是种子侵染而发生的病害,认为目前推广种子处理缺乏科学根据。本研究结果表明:从种子带菌量、越冬厚垣孢子萌发力、人工接种、直接播种试验,初步认为病穗种子是可以传病的,种子消毒仍有必要。     

甘蓝根肿病的人工接种体系与抗源材料筛选

试验分别比较了不同接种方法、不同接种浓度以及不同土壤pH条件下人工接种甘蓝根肿病后甘蓝的发病情况,筛选出一套甘蓝根肿病苗期抗性鉴定与评价的最佳接种体系:最佳接种方法为菌土法;最佳孢子接种浓度为1.6×108个/g基质,最佳土壤pH为6.0。利用最佳人工接种体系,对东北农业大学甘蓝课题组提供的20份甘蓝材料进行抗性鉴定,其中抗病(R)材料3份,中抗(MR)材料9份,感病(S)材料7份,高度感病(HS)材料1份。     

水稻成株期稻瘟病不同接种方法的效果

近年来,随着水稻稻瘟病的加剧发生,人们对水稻品种的抗瘟性要求日益提高,原来采用的注射接种方法繁琐,不能满足大批量人工接种的需要。本人试用3种不同的接种方法在水稻成株期进行了接种效果比较试验,现把结果汇报如下:     

肉苁蓉研究进展

肉苁蓉为国家二级保护植物，具有较好的药用价值，是我国中西部地区著名的中药材之一。为保护资源，开发利用及提高中药材的质量，人工种植肉苁蓉，是一个重要的手段。80年代后期以来，对肉苁蓉的药理、药性及其化学成分的研究甚多，而人工种植肉苁蓉技术的研究报道，仅限于肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola），对目前应用多的管花肉苁蓉等其它种类的栽培技术甚少报道。本文综合有关栽培技术文献，意旨为人工栽培多种类肉苁蓉提供参考。     

剑麻抗斑马纹病鉴定技术研究

为了促进形成一套剑麻抗斑马纹病的鉴定技术,本研究对剑麻斑马纹病最适宜接种条件进行了探讨,并利用活体叶片接种和离体叶片接种两种方式,以抗性不同的8个剑麻种质为试验材料,在人工气候箱和恒温室中进行剑麻抗斑马纹病接种试验,并与大田抗病性进行比较.结果表明:针刺法接种,25～30℃保湿培养是该病最适宜的发病条件;两种接种方法都能比较准确地鉴定剑麻种质对斑马纹病的抗病性,而活体叶片接种较离体叶片接种鉴定抗病性更加准确.     

新疆荒漠地区几种重要野生药用植物资源及其人工栽培

对中国新疆境内荒漠地区分布的几种重要的野生药用植物资源麻黄（Ephedra）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza）、肉苁蓉（Cistanche）、罗布麻（Apocynum）、白麻（Poacynum）和刺山柑（Capparis）的种类分布、生境、资源现状及其人工引种栽培作了简要论述。随着人类对野生药物资源的开发利用的强度加大，自然分布状态下的资源数量及质量不断下降，有些种已经处于濒危或灭绝的边缘。人工引种及栽培家化是野生药用植物资源产业化开发利用中保证原料数量的一条必要途径。经过引种试验，中麻黄、木贼麻黄、蓝枝麻黄、乌拉尔甘草、胀果甘草、光果甘草、肉苁蓉、管花肉苁蓉、罗布麻和刺山柑已经在吐鲁番、伊犁、尉犁、阿勒泰、阜康、石河子、和田、于田等地人工栽培条件下正常生长发育，人工栽培技术已经基本成熟，为大面积原料基地建设提供了技术保障。     

Biology of Commelina benghalensis L. in south-eastern Queensland. 2. Seed dormancy, germination and emergence

Germination of freshly harvested seeds of Commelina benghalensis L. varied from 0–3% for small aerial seeds, 20–35% for large aerial seeds and from 33% for small underground seeds to 90% for large underground seeds. Innate dormancy of all seed types was completely overcome by clipping the seed coat. Exposure to 90°C dry heat for 2 h was also effective in increasing germination of the three strongly dormant seed types. Optimum temperature for germination varied with the different seed types. Periods of likely major weed infestation from the four seed types were predicted using soil temperature data. Exposure to light increased germination but was not essential and underground seeds responded more to light than aerial seeds. Optimum depth of emergence for the four seed types was from 0 to 50 mm and there was a positive correlation between maximum depth of emergence and seed weight.     

Long‐term survival of Acidovorax citrulli in citron melon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) seeds

Long‐term survival of Acidovorax citrulli in citron melon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) seeds was investigated. Citron melon seed lots infected with A. citrulli were generated in the field by inoculating either the pistils (stigma) or pericarps (ovary wall) of the female blossoms. Seventeen A. citrulli isolates from 14 different haplotypes belonging to two different groups (group I and II) were used for inoculation. After confirming that 100% of seed lots were infected, they were stored at 4°C and 50% RH for 7 years. After storage, the viability of A. citrulli cells from individual lots was determined by plating macerated seeds on semiselective medium as well as growing seeds for 14 days and scoring for bacterial fruit blotch symptoms. The type of A. citrulli isolate (group I or group II) used did not significantly influence bacterial survival. However, A. citrulli survival was significantly greater in seed lots generated via pistil inoculation (52·9 and 29·4%) than via pericarp inoculation (23·5 and 17·6%). Repetitive extragenic palindrome (rep)‐PCR on A. citrulli isolated from citron melon seed lots after storage displayed similar fingerprinting patterns to those of the reference strains originally used for blossom inoculation, indicating that cross‐contamination did not occur. The results indicate that A. citrulli may survive/overwinter in citron melon seeds for at least 7 years and bacterial survival in seed was influenced more by method of blossom inoculation than by the type of bacterial isolate.     

辣椒种生镰刀菌及其病理学意义的研究

 采用吸水纸检验法,对北京地区22份辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种子样品的分析结果是:木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、串珠镰刀菌(F. moniliforme)、尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、半裸镰刀菌(F. semitectum)和茄病镰刀菌(F. solani)是5种常见的辣椒种生镰刀菌,其平均带菌率分别为1.0%,2.6%,0.1%,0.8%和0.2%。经发芽试验观察,在自然带菌的情况下,木贼镰刀菌,串珠镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、半裸镰刀菌和茄病镰刀菌能分别使种子发芽率降低98.6%,39.8%、62.1%、2.7%和52.1%。经土壤接种法进行致病性测定,除半裸镰刀菌对植株无明显致病性反应外,其它4种镰刀菌均能不同程度地引起植株枯萎和其它病理症状。     

菜豆种子普通细菌性疫病菌检测

 由Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli和Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans引起的菜豆普通细菌性疫病是严重影响菜豆生产的限制因子之一,可造成严重的产量和品种损失。染菌种子是病原菌传播的主要途径。本研究对5个菜豆主要产区的60份菜豆种子样品进行普通细菌性疫病菌检测。在MT选择性培养基上有36份种子样品浸提液检测到目标病原菌, 种子样品带菌量为2.49×10²~5.20×10⁷ CFU/粒。选择36个分离物接种感病品种“英国红”植株,所有分离物均引起接种植株发病。特异PCR检测结果表明,有20个分离物为X. fuscans subsp. fuscans,16个分离物为X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli。试验结果表明,我国一些菜豆主产区商业种植和研究用种子多数污染普通细菌性疫病菌,建议建立无菌种子生产区和加强种子管理,以有效控制病害发生。     

油菜田遏蓝菜发生规律与化学防除

试验明确,青海湟中地区遏蓝菜全生育期约为115d,出苗高峰期为5月上旬至中旬。种子发芽出苗最适土壤深度为1.0～3.0cm。花期约34d,果期约20d,单株结籽量平均690粒。种子有休眠习性,室外埋入土层8d萌发率为1.5％。遏蓝菜与油菜竞争危害表现在油菜全生育期,植株含氮、磷、钾量比油菜高2.3％～225.0％。遏蓝菜发生量与油菜籽产量呈极显著负相关关系,回归方程为y=203.15-0.53x。采用3种除草剂及其混剂对遏蓝菜的防除效果均在90％以上,油菜籽增产显著。     

Evolution de l'aptitude à germer des graines d'Amaranthus retroflexus L. récoltées dans différentes conditions, au cours de leur conservation

Development during storage of germinability of seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus L. harvested under different conditions The effect was studied of dry storage at 20 ± 1°C for 6 months or in soil 15 cm below the surface during one winter, on the germination behaviour of seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus L. harvested at the level of the main inflorescence on the parent plants grown under natural conditions or in different conditions of controlled photoperiod or temperature. At harvest, the seeds from plants which had developed late (July) in natural conditions were less dormant than those from plants appearing earlier (April); in controlled conditions, plants grown at 20°C in long days (16 h) produced seeds more dormant than those harvested from plants grown either at 20°C in short days (8 h) or at 25°C in long days (16 h). After dry storage or in the soil, this variation in germinability decreased but was never totally suppressed; the seeds retained the characteristics acquired during their formation and maturation. At harvest, for a defined growing condition, the dormancy of the seeds produced depends on the physiological state of the parent plants; after storage, the seeds which were the most dormant at harvest germinated more than the less dormant seeds. Finally, burying has a more favourable effect on breaking dormancy of the seeds than has dry storage.     

Endophytes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lippia citriodora</Emphasis> (Syn. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aloysia triphylla</Emphasis>) enhance its growth and antioxidant activity

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a popular crop worldwide and an asymptomatic host of the begomovirus (Geminiviridae) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). A previous study showed that TYLCV could be transmitted by the seeds of tomato plants, but this phenomenon has not been confirmed in other plants. In 2015, four different cultivars of sweet pepper (‘Super Yellow,’ ‘Super Red,’ ‘Sunnyez’ and ‘Cupra’) known to be susceptible to TYLCV were agro-inoculated with a TYLCV infectious clone. Three months after inoculation, the leaves of the ‘Super Yellow’ cultivar showed 80% (8/10) susceptibility and the other three sweet pepper cultivars showed 30 to 50% susceptibilities. All of the ‘Super Yellow’ seed bunches (five seeds per bunch) from plants whose leaves were confirmed to be TYLCV-infected were also TYLCV-infected (8/8). The seeds of other cultivars showed 20 to 40% susceptibilities. Virus transmission rates were also verified with 10 bunches of seedlings for each cultivar (five seedlings per pool). Eight bunches of ‘Super Yellow’ seedlings (8/10) were confirmed to be TYLCV-infected and one to three bunches of each of the other cultivar seedlings were also infected. Viral replication in TYLCV-infected seeds and seedlings was confirmed via strand-specific amplification using virion-sense- and complementary-sense-specific primer sets. This is the first report of TYLCV seed transmission in sweet pepper plants and among non-tomato plants. Because sweet pepper is an asymptomatic host of TYLCV, seeds infected with TYLCV could act as a silent invader of tomatoes and other crops.     

Aerial seed germination and morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings in Commelina benghalensis L.

Seed germination, seedling emergence, and the morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings of Commelina benghalensis L. were observed. For aerial seeds collected in September and October, seedling emergence peaked in April and June for large seeds and from June to August for small seeds, whereas seedling emergence for large seeds collected in November showed peaks in March and April under natural rainfall conditions, and in April and June under irrigation conditions. Seedlings from small seeds emerged intermittently over a longer period from April to August under both conditions. Aerial seeds of C. benghalensis germinated on wet filter paper on the second day after seeding (DAS) for large seeds and the fourth DAS for small seeds. The germination percentage for large seeds was higher than that for small seeds by the 14th DAS. The germination percentage for large aerial seeds showed no significant difference between light and dark conditions. However, the percentage for small aerial seeds was higher under light than under dark conditions. Seedlings from large aerial seeds emerged on the third DAS at 0–50 mm soil depths. The percentage of emergence at 0 and 1 mm soil depths increased until the 30th DAS, whereas those at soil depths of 5–50 mm showed no change after the 9th DAS. There was no emergence at a soil depth of 100 mm. Seedlings from small aerial seeds emerged on the 6th DAS at 0–1 mm soil depths, with the percentage increasing until the 30th DAS. Although seedlings at 5 and 10 mm soil depths also emerged on the 6th DAS, there was no change in the percentage after the 12th DAS. There was no emergence at soil depths of 20–100 mm. The hypocotyl and taenia (part of the cotyledon connected to the seed) in juvenile seedlings that emerged from soil depths of 50 mm were longer than those in seedlings emerging from a soil depth of 1 mm.     

Seed dormancy,germination, emergence and seed longevity in Galinsoga parviflora and G. quadriradiata

Galinsoga quadriradiata (hairy galinsoga) and Galinsoga parviflora (smallflower galinsoga, gallant soldier) are very troublesome weeds in many vegetable row crops in Europe. To optimise management strategies for Galinsoga spp. control, an in‐depth study of germination biology was performed. Germination experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of light and alternating temperatures on germination of a large set of Galinsoga populations. Seedling emergence was investigated by burying seeds at different depths in a sandy and sandy loam soil. Dormancy of fresh seeds harvested in autumn was evaluated by studying germination response in light at 25/20°C with and without nitrate addition. Seed longevity was investigated in an accelerated ageing experiment by exposing seeds to 45°C and 100% relative humidity. Galinsoga spp. seeds required light for germination; light dependency varied among populations. Seedling emergence decreased drastically with increasing burial depth. Maximum depth of emergence varied between 4 and 10 mm depending on soil type and population. In a sandy soil, emergence percentages were higher and seedlings were able to emerge from greater depths than in a sandy loam soil. Freshly produced G. parviflora seeds, harvested in autumn, showed a varying but high degree of primary dormancy and were less persistent than G. quadriradiata seeds that lack primary dormancy. Lack of primary dormancy of freshly harvested G. quadriradiata seeds and light dependency for germination may be used to optimise and develop Galinsoga management strategies.