糯小麦快速选育及糯性亚基纯合速度对选择的响应

为创建糯小麦快速育种程序,进而培育出优质糯小麦新品种,选用4份糯性亲本材料和6份非糯性亲本材料进行杂交,并对分离后代进行早代籽粒碘染、乳熟期田间单株籽粒碘染选择、农艺性状选择、多重PCR分子标记检测和淀粉糊化特性测定。结果显示,糯性亲本作母本或父本,F₀代杂交籽粒均为非糯;大部分杂交组合F₁代自交籽粒中糯性籽粒的出现频率符合1/64的分离比例;非糯性材料作父本的三交组合F₁代自交分离后,糯性籽粒的出现频率符合1/512的分离比例。13个组合中,5个组合的糯粒比例达到100%,7个组合的糯粒比例超过98%,而没有经过籽粒碘染筛选的3个组合的糯粒比例仅为0.79%～6.10%,说明糯性亚基纯合速度对选择可做出快速响应,经过1代籽粒糯性筛选,糯性遗传即可稳定。中选单株均具有糯性小麦典型的RVA图谱,糯小麦面粉的低谷黏度、最终黏度、回生值和峰值时间较非糯小麦面粉显著降低,而峰值黏度、稀懈值和糊化温度在糯小麦和非糯小麦之间差异不显著。对经过2代籽粒糯性筛选的13个杂交组合共410份单株材料进行多重PCR检测,发现全糯质小麦398株...     

Wx基因变异对小麦籽粒胚乳质地的影响

为了明确Wx基因变异与小麦籽粒胚乳的关系,以玉米花粉诱导扬麦10号（角质胚乳品种,非糯小麦）与糯质供体Waxy C杂种F1产生的不同Wx基因变异类型的55个双单倍体系以及以扬麦9号（粉质胚乳品种）与不同糯质供体亲本杂交、回交育成的12个糯小麦品系为材料,研究了Wx基因变异对籽粒胚乳质地的影响,同时测定了12个不同来源的粉质胚乳糯小麦籽粒蛋白质含量。结果表明,角质胚乳品种扬麦10号与粉质胚乳糯质供体Waxy C杂交获得的3个糯质品系籽粒角质率分别为26％、38％和74％,非全糯质品系的角质率都在90％以上;粉质胚乳品种扬麦9号与不同糯质供体亲本杂交或回交产生的糯质品系籽粒胚乳都表现为粉质。说明3个Wx基因同时发生变异会导致籽粒角质率降低,而部分Wx基因变异类型之间及其与肌基因正常类型之间胚乳质地无显著差异。12个不同组合的糯小麦品系的平均蛋白质含量为13．79％,显著高于非糯质供体亲本扬麦9号、扬麦12、扬麦16和扬麦158的平均值（12．60％）,表明糯质小麦胚乳表现为粉质不是由蛋白质含量低引起的。     

Wx基因变异对小麦籽粒胚乳质地的影响

为了明确Wx基因变异与小麦籽粒胚乳的关系,以玉米花粉诱导扬麦10号(角质胚乳品种,非糯小麦)与糯质供体Waxy C杂种F1产生的不同Wx基因变异类型的55个双单倍体系以及以扬麦9号(粉质胚乳品种)与不同糯质供体亲本杂交、回交育成的12个糯小麦品系为材料,研究了Wx基因变异对籽粒胚乳质地的影响,同时测定了12个不同来源的粉质胚乳糯小麦籽粒蛋白质含量.结果表明,角质胚乳品种扬麦10号与粉质胚乳糯质供体Waxy C杂交获得的3个糯质品系籽粒角质率分别为26%、38%和74%,非全糯质品系的角质率都在90%以上;粉质胚乳品种扬麦9号与不同糯质供体亲本杂交或回交产生的糯质品系籽粒胚乳都表现为粉质.说明3个Wx基因同时发生变异会导致籽粒角质率降低,而部分Wx基因变异类型之间及其与Wx基因正常类型之间胚乳质地无显著差异.12个不同组合的糯小麦品系的平均蛋白质含量为13.79%,显著高于非糯质供体亲本扬麦9号、扬麦12、扬麦16和扬麦158的平均值(12.60%),表明糯质小麦胚乳表现为粉质不是由蛋白质含量低引起的.     

Waxy蛋白缺失小麦及正反交组合淀粉特性的研究

研究了Waxy蛋白缺失类型小麦材料及正反交组合F1代的直链淀粉含量、膨胀势和降落数值等淀粉理化特性以及它们之间的相关性。结果表明：降落数值与直链淀粉含量呈正相关;膨胀势与直链淀粉含量无相关;正、反交组合F1代种子的直链淀粉含量介于糯麦和普通小麦两类亲本之间,为中亲效应。反交组合F1代比正交F1代直链淀粉含量高,说明小麦的糯性遗传为细胞质遗传。正、反交组合的降落数值和膨胀势差异均不显著。说明这两个性状的遗传为非胞质遗传。     

糯性普通小麦的产生及其淀粉特性研究

以江苏白火麦（缺失Wx-Dl)和关东107（缺失Wx-Al和Wx-Bl）为亲本配制杂交组合，采用花粉和籽粒剖面染色、蛋白质电泳进行筛选和鉴定，人工创造得到自然界不存在的糯性小麦，并对其直链淀粉含量及淀粉品质性状进行研究。结果表明，所得到的两个糯性小麦吕系直链淀粉含量很低（小于1％），其糊化特性、膨胀势特性亦与普通小麦品种不同；RVA高峰粘度明显低于其亲本，其高峰粘度出现较快，而且反弹值不明显；其淀粉膨胀能力远大于亲本。     

糯小麦研究初报

利用小麦玉米杂交技术，通过阶梯式复合杂交及异地、异季加代选育了一批综合农艺性状好的稳定糯小麦品系。这些品系多为弱春性，株高70－90cm，落黄好，白粒，蜡质，籽粒饱满，千粒重30－45g，产量水平达到或接近普通小麦大面积生产水平，对其品质性状的初步分析和挂面制作结果表明，糯小麦面粉粉质特性和拉伸特性明显地与普通小麦不同，而且在普通小麦面粉中加入一定量的糯小麦面粉可明显地改善面条的适口性。此外，还即将培育出陕354的8种不同基因型的糯性基因近等位基因系。     

小麦碱水保持力的遗传分析小麦碱水保持力的遗传分析

为给优质小麦选育提供参考依据,以籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、面筋强度和碱水保持力不同的6个常用优质小麦品种为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制15个杂交组合,研究了小麦碱水保持力的遗传规律.结果表明,碱水保持力在杂交组合间存在显著差异,且受环境条件的影响较大.6个亲本中,宁麦9号和皖麦48的一般配合力较好,均表现为较大的负向效应,能极显著地降低杂种后代的碱水保持力,在优质软麦育种中利用价值较高.碱水保持力的遗传符合加性-显性模型,同时受加性和显性效应的作用,且加性效应更重要.控制碱水保持力的减效基因为显性,亲本中增效和减效基因分布不对称.宁麦9号和皖麦48控制碱水保持力的显性基因最多.碱水保持力可能受1～2对主效基因的控制,狭义遗传力较低,早代选择不宜太严.     

糯玉米自交系DN01的选育和应用

以山东省威海市环翠区一糯质农家种为材料，通过选株进行连续多代单株自交分离选择，育成了综合性状较优，籽粒产量一般配合力较高的优良糯质自交系DN01。并以该系作亲本育成了优良糯玉米杂交种威糯王1号以及一批很有潜力的糯玉米杂交组合。     

黄淮麦区部分推广小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了解黄淮麦区小麦的品质状况，应用SDS—PAGE方法对黄淮麦区（南片）推广小麦品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW—GS）组成、变异厦出现频率进行了分析，并计算了参试品种的品质得分。结果表明，参试材料的Glu-1得分偏低，平均为7．0分，只有小偃94、豫麦34的评分为10分。总体而言，黄淮麦区参试小麦品种的HMW—GS构成欠佳，优质亚基组合类型单一，缺乏2^＊、17＋18等亚基，5＋10、14＋15亚基的频率也很低（分别为16．67％和8．33％）。     

江苏淮北地区小麦品种资源籽粒硬度基因等位变异的KASP检测

为了解江苏淮北地区小麦品种资源的籽粒硬度概况及硬度基因型分布规律,以74份近年来江苏淮北地区所育品种(系)和38份来自黄淮其他麦区的常用亲本为材料,采用单籽粒谷物硬度测试仪、KASP标记检测技术和基因扩增及测序技术对其SKCS硬度值及硬度基因型进行鉴定。硬度检测结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)硬度变化范围较大,但硬质麦的比例最大,为70.5%。与常用亲本相比,江苏淮北地区育成品种中软质麦比例较高,为34.3%,但在高代品系中软质麦比例下降到20.5%。基因型检测结果表明,在Puroindoline-D1位点,供试品种(系)中共检测到4种基因型,即野生型(Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a)、Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1b和Pinb-D1p,其频率依次为25.0%、2.7%、67.9%和4.5%。其中,野生型和Pinb-D1p主要分布在江苏淮北地区。不同硬度基因型的硬度值也存在差异,其中以Pina-D1b基因型的硬度值最高,野生型(Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a)硬度值最低,Pinb-D1b和Pinb-D1p两硬质类型的籽粒硬度没有显著性差异。在Pinb-2位点,供试品种(系)中共检测到25份材料为Pinb-B2b基因型,包含21份硬质麦、2份混合麦和2份软质麦,其平均硬度值为63.8。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.