玉米花生混作对花生根系还原力和花生铁营养的影响

采用自行设计的立培一营养液联合体系培养装置．研究了混作对花生根系还原力和铁营养状况的影响。向营养液中供给难溶性的氢氧化铁后,在不同的时间内测定花生根系的还原力及新叶中铁的含量。结果表明,在3～9天中单作花生还原力明显高于混作花生,12～15天期间单作花生还原力迅速下降并低于相应的混作花生;而混作花生在6～15无中缓慢上升,并在较长时间内维持了较高的还原力。花生新叶活性铁含量测定结果表明,在加入难溶性氢氧化铁后第3天,单作、混作花生新叶活性铁含量无明显的差异,而至第9天、第15天时,单作花生活性铁含量低于混作花生。玉米与花生混作对改善花生营养状况具有重要的作用。     

Growth and Nitrogen Fixation in Dhaincha/Sorghum and Dhaincha/Sunflower Intercropping Systems Using 15Nitrogen and 13Carbon Natural Abundance Techniques

A field experiment on dhaincha, sunflower, and sorghum plants grown in monocropping and intercropping systems was conducted to evaluate growth and nitrogen (N₂) fixation using ¹³carbon (C) and ¹⁵N natural abundance techniques. Intercropping of sesbania/sorghum showed a greater efficiency than monocropping in producing dry matter during the entire growth period, whereas the efficiency of producing dry matter in the sesbania/sunflower intercropping was similar to that in the monocropping system. Moreover, sorghum plants (C4) were more competitive than sesbania (C3) for soil N uptake, whereas sesbania seemed to be more competitive than its associated sunflower (C3). Nitrogen uptake in the mixed stand of sesbania/sorghum was improved as a result of the increase in soil N uptake by the component sorghum and the greater root nodule activity of component sesbania without affecting the amount of N₂ fixed. The Δ ¹³C in plant materials was affected by plant species and the cropping system.     

Phosphorus uptake and rhizosphere properties of intercropped and monocropped maize, faba bean, and white lupin in acidic soil

Little information is available on phosphorus (P) uptake and rhizosphere processes in maize (Zea mays L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) when intercropped or grown alone in acidic soil. We studied P uptake and soil pH, carboxylate concentration, and microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of maize, faba bean, and white lupin in an acidic soil with 0–250 mg P (kg⁻¹ soil) as KH₂PO₄ (KP) or FePO₄ (FeP) with species grown alone or intercropped. All plant species increased the pH compared to unplanted control, particularly faba bean. High KP supply (>100 mg P kg⁻¹) significantly increased carboxylate concentration in the rhizosphere of maize. The carboxylate composition of the rhizosphere soil of maize and white lupin was significantly affected by P form (KP or FeP), whereas, this was not the case for faba bean. In maize, the carboxylate composition of the rhizosphere soil differed significantly between intercropping and monocropping. Yield and P uptake were similar in monocropping and intercropping. Monocropped faba bean had a greater concentration of phospholipid fatty acids in the rhizosphere than that in intercropping. Intercropping changed the microbial community structure in faba bean but not in the other corps. The results show that P supply and P form, as well as intercropping can affect carboxylate concentration and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere, but that the effect is plant species-specific. In contrast to previous studies in alkaline soils, intercropping of maize with legumes did not result in increased maize growth suggesting that the legumes did not increase P availability to maize in this acidic soil.     

燕麦花生间作系统作物氮素累积与转移规律

【目的】 研究燕麦‖花生间作系统中燕麦和花生的地上部干物质和氮素积累、花生根瘤固氮酶活性、固氮量及花生向燕麦的氮素转移量,明确间作花生固氮特性及花生向燕麦的氮素转移规律,进一步探索间作体系下氮素的循环机理。 【方法】 本研究在大田不施用氮肥的试验条件下,通过采用随机区组试验设计的方法,设置不同种植模式 (燕麦单作、花生单作、燕麦‖花生间作),采用传统挖根法和15N同位素标记法探索燕麦与花生的干物质积累量和氮素积累量,花生根瘤的生物固氮效率以及花生体内氮素向燕麦的转移规律。 【结果】 与单作燕麦相比,燕麦‖花生间作体系下,燕麦的地上部干物质量和氮素积累量均显著增加 (P < 0.05)。随着生育时期的推移,燕麦的地上部干物质量和氮素积累量在单作和间作模式下均呈现逐渐增加的趋势,成熟期达到最大值。成熟期,间作燕麦地上部干物质积累量比单作两年平均增加了40.6%,地上部氮素积累量平均增加了49.0%。间作花生的地上部干物质积累量与单作相比呈下降趋势,生育前期差异不显著,到成熟期,间作花生的干物质积累量两年平均比单作下降了20.6% ( P < 0.05)。开花结荚期间作花生的根瘤数和根瘤重比单作两年分别降低了21.3%和16.8%,单位质量的固氮酶活性平均降低了26.2% ( P < 0.05)。2011年和2012年,虽然在生理成熟期间作花生的固氮效率与单作相比分别提高了10.3%和37.1%,但花生生物固氮量分别降低了52.3%和26.3% ( P < 0.05)。2012年间作花生向燕麦的氮素转移率达到21.4%,转移氮量为15.3 mg/株。 【结论】 燕麦‖花生间作显著降低了开花结荚期花生单位质量的根瘤固氮酶活性,但提高了成熟期花生的固氮效率,促进了花生固氮能力的发挥,且在燕麦和花生共生期内,花生体内氮素可以转移到燕麦,从而增加了燕麦对氮素的吸收利用,实现地上与地下的相互调节和促进作用,因而,燕麦‖花生间作是东北农区农田生态系统优化氮素管理的重要途径之一。      

土著AMF与氮形态对辣椒||菜豆间作系统植株氮利用及其影响因素研究

近年来设施辣椒连作障碍日益突出,其中氮肥的大量不合理施用和高残留是限制辣椒高产、优质栽培的主要因素之一。研究土著丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)与间作体系强化蔬菜对不同形态氮(N)的利用并结合土壤菌丝密度、N形态及酶活性的反馈作用,可为设施土壤N素的高效利用和降低土壤N残留提供依据。本研究采用盆栽试验,设置辣椒||菜豆间作和各自单作种植模式,不同AMF处理[不接种(NM)、接种土著AMF]和不同形态N处理[不施N(N0)、无机氮(碳酸氢铵120mg·kg~(-1),ION)和有机氮(谷氨酰胺120 mg·kg~(-1),ON)],探讨了设施条件下接种土著AMF、施用不同形态N与间作对辣椒、菜豆根围土壤菌根建成、酶活性及N利用的影响。结果表明,与NM相比,接种土著AMF使设施辣椒、菜豆植株生物量及N吸收量显著增加(除菜豆单作-ON处理),显著降低土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量。无论施用何种形态N,均显著增加辣椒、菜豆植株生物量(除菜豆单作-AMF处理)及N吸收量,表现为ONION。与单作-ON-AMF处理相比,间作-ON-AMF处理下的辣椒N吸收量显著增加39.9%、菜豆N吸收量显著增加93.0%。对N利用影响因子的分析结果表明,间作协同接种土著AMF较大程度上增加了土壤有机质含量及蛋白酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性。相关性分析显示,辣椒、菜豆植株N吸收量与AMF侵染率呈极显著正相关关系,而土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量则与AMF侵染率呈现一定的负相关关系。此外,土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性与辣椒、菜豆植株N吸收量呈正相关关系。可见,所有复合处理中,以间作体系接种土著AMF与施用适量有机氮的组合明显促进了设施辣椒、菜豆生长和N素利用。     

水稻与花生混作系统作物根系分泌氮的特性

采用砂培和溶液培养两种方法研究了水稻和花生混作系统根系氮化合物的分泌。结果表明,在砂培和溶液培养条件下NO3-和NH4+的分泌在不同时期和昼夜不同时间均出现有规律的变化。苗期两种培养条件下NO3-和NH4+的分泌高峰值均出现在早晨,水稻单作、间作和花生单作处理在砂培条件下NO3-和NH4+的浓度分别为1.415、5.044、2.140.mg/L和0.0482、0.3320、.132.mg/L;而溶液培养条件下NO3-和NH4+的浓度分别为0.0726、0.743、0.181mg/L和1.036、1.709、1.736.mg/L,下午和晚上两种形态氮处于耗竭状态。花期分泌高峰出现在下午,水稻单作、间作和花生单作处理在砂培条件下NO3-和NH4+的浓度分别为17.338、25.294、5.369.mg/L和0.162、0.856、0.119mg/L,溶液培养条件下则分别为0.01960、.04130、.0226.mg/L和0.0683、0.0891、0.0656.mg/L。而鼓荚期NO3-和NH4+的分泌高峰则出现在晚上,早晨和下午两种形态氮处于耗竭状态。砂培条件下NO3-的分泌量多于NH4+,而溶液培养条件下则是NH4+的分泌量多于NO3-。总氮的分泌规律,苗期最大分泌量出现在早晨,花期在下午,而鼓荚期则在晚上,表明在作物生长的不同时期,氮的分泌途径可能不同,释放的氮形态不同。在作物生长的不同时期,以花期的NO3-、NH4+和总氮的分泌量最多,花期总氮的分泌浓度在砂培和溶液培养条件下分别为15.487、21.530、10.906mg/L和5.204、6.445、4.813.mg/L。两种培养条件下,不同形态氮的分泌量不同,砂培条件下氮的分泌远远高于溶液培养条件,表明培养介质的机械阻力刺激了氮的分泌,有利于作物更好地吸收利用释放的氮。     

玉米/大豆、玉米/花生间作对作物氮素吸收及结瘤固氮的影响

禾本科与豆科作物间作具有显著的增氮作用。为探明玉米/大豆、玉米/花生间作模式的氮素吸收、氮营养竞争能力及豆科结瘤特性的变化,解释玉米与豆科间作体系的增氮效应,通过田间试验,设置玉米单作（MM）、大豆单作（SS）、玉米/大豆间作（MS）、花生单作（PP）、玉米/花生间作（MP）等5种种植模式,研究不同种植模式对作物氮素积累、氮营养竞争强弱及豆科结瘤固氮特性的调控作用。结果表明,与单作相比,间作显著降低玉米和大豆的氮素积累量,对花生的氮素积累量影响不显著。5种模式系统氮素积累总量表现为MS > SS > MP,PP和MM处理最低且差异不显著,MS处理比MP处理显著高21.8%。与MM处理相比,MS和MP处理的玉米氮素积累量分别降低20.5%和11.7%,其中MP处理籽粒、叶片和茎秆氮素积累量比MS处理高8.9%、21.2%和14.3%。与SS处理相比,MS处理的大豆氮素积累量降低28.5%,其中,中行、边行分别降低10.1%、15.4%。玉米相对大豆氮营养竞争比率表现为强（CR_ms>1）,相对花生则表现为弱（CR_mp<1）。与SS处理相比,五叶期MS处理的大豆根瘤数量显著增加,根瘤鲜重无显著差异,盛花期后根瘤数量和鲜重均显著降低;MS处理的大豆根瘤固氮酶活性均降低,且中行降低幅度更大。与PP处理相比,开花期MP处理的花生根瘤数量和鲜重均显著增加,下针期后均显著降低;MP处理的花生根瘤固氮酶活性均降低,且边行降低幅度更大。各间作模式作物的氮素积累量虽然降低,但间作模式的系统氮素积累量却显著高于各单作模式,两种间作模式中MS处理的氮素积累总量最高。     

Developing nitrogen management strategies under drip fertigation for wheat and maize production in the North China Plain based on a 3‐year field experiment

The intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) rely on the heavy use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers. As the fertigated area of wheat and maize in the NCP has grown rapidly during recent years, developing N management strategies is required for sustainable wheat and maize production. Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2012–2015 to assess the influence of different N fertigation rates on N uptake, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency [NUE: recovery efficiency (RE_N) and agronomic efficiency (AE_N)]. Five levels of N application, 0 (FN₀), 40 (FN_40%), 70 (FN_70%), 100 (FN_100%), and 130% (FN_130%) of the farmer practice rate (FP: 250 kg N ha^?1 and 205.5 kg N ha^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively), corresponding to 0, 182.2, 318.9, 455.5, and 592.2 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, were tested. Nitrogen in the form of urea was dissolved in irrigation water and split into six and four applications for wheat and maize, respectively. In addition, the treatment “drip irrigation + 100% N conventional broadcasting” (DN_100%) was also conducted. All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the significant influence of both N fertigation rate and N application method on grain yield and NUE. Compared to DN_100%, FN_100% significantly increased the 3‐year averaged N recovery efficiency (RE_N) by 0.09 kg kg^?1 and 0.04 kg kg^?1, and the 3‐year averaged N agronomic efficiency (AE_N) by 2.43 kg kg^?1 and 1.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Among N fertigation rates, there was no significant increase in grain yield in response to N applied at a greater rate than 70% of FP due to excess N accumulation in vegetative tissues. Compared to FN_70%, FN_100%, and FN_130%, FN_40% increased the RE_N by 0.17–0.57 kg kg^?1 and 0.03–0.34 kg kg^?1and the AE_N by 4.60–27.56 kg kg^?1 and 2.40–10.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Based on a linear‐response relationship between the N fertigation rate and grain yield over three rotational periods it can be concluded that recommended N rates under drip fertigation with optimum split applications can be reduced to 46% (114.6 kg N ha^?1) and 58% (116.6 kg N ha^?1) of FP for wheat and maize, respectively, without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing NUE.     

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM AN ALKALINE SALINE SOIL CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND AMENDED WITH ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED COW MANURE: A GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT

Sludge derived from cow manure anaerobically digested to produce biogas (methane; CH₄) was applied to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in a nutrient-low, alkaline, saline soil with electrolytic conductivity 9.4 dS m^?1 and pH 9.3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission increased 3.1 times when sludge was applied to soil, 1.6 times when cultivated with maize and 3.5 times in sludge-amended maize cultivated soil compared to the unamended uncultivated soil (1.51 mg C kg^?1 soil day^?1). Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from unamended soil was -0.0004 μg nitrogen (N) kg^?1 soil day^?1 and similar from soil cultivated with maize (0.27 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1). Application of sludge increased the N₂O emission to 4.59 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1, but cultivating this soil reduced it to 2.42 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1. It was found that application of anaerobic digested cow manure stimulated maize development in an alkaline saline soil and increased emissions of CO₂ and N₂O.     

小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响

田间试验研究了小麦蚕豆间作及4种施氮水平(0、90 kg·hm^-2、180 kg·hm^-2和270 kg·hm^-2)对小麦植株体内氮含量、小麦地上部氮素累积及氮素养分吸收速率的影响。结果表明: 间作显著增加了小麦地上部植株的氮含量, 与单作相比, 分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期不同施氮处理间作小麦植株的氮含量平均比单作提高20.0%、21.9%、21.4%和17.1%; 抽穗期和成熟期间作小麦叶、茎和穗中的氮含量均高于单作; 间作显著提高了小麦植株的氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率, 与单作相比整个生育期间作小麦氮素累积量增幅为15.5%~30.4%。无论单作还是间作, 小麦植株氮含量和氮素累积量随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 施氮对单作小麦植株氮含量、氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率的影响大于间作, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 间作优势逐渐减弱; 单作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 间作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趋势。本研究表明, 间作和施氮促进了小麦对氮素的吸收利用, 间作优势与施氮水平密切相关, 间作体系中氮素养分的合理投入是发挥间作优势的关键。     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

Cobalt and molybdenum stimulate compounds of primary metabolism,nitrogen forms,and photosynthetic pigments in peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) doses in the treatment of seeds on the biosynthesis of nitrogen compounds, photosynthetic pigments, sugars, and production of peanut plants. The doses of Co and Mo used were 0, 2, 3, and 4?mL kg^?1 seed, which were applied immediately before sowing. Seeds treated with Co and Mo at a dose of 4?mL kg^?1 yielded peanut plants with higher concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, and sucrose in leaves. Application of Co and Mo doses also increased biological nitrogen fixation by increasing the concentration of allantoic acid, nitrate, ammonia, and amino acids in leaves. The concentration of total amino acids corresponded to most of the nitrogen compounds (on average 50%), followed by the concentrations of nitrate (35%), ammonia (11%), allantoic acid (7%), and allantoin (0.2%). Application of 4?mL kg^?1 increased the production of total amino acids compared with the control treatment. Pod yield was not affected by the Co and Mo doses; however, treatment of peanut seeds with 4?mL kg^?1 was the most viable alternative for increased production of primary metabolism compounds, nitrogen forms, and photosynthetic pigments in peanut plants. This study provides important information regarding the role of Co and Mo in the biological nitrogen fixation of peanut plants. Future experiments should be conducted using a dose of 4?mL kg^?1 with different genotypes to verify the potential for increasing peanut yield.     

减氮对华南地区甜玉米大豆间作系统产量稳定性的影响

在广东省广州市华南农业大学试验中心,通过大田定位试验（2013年秋-2017年秋5年9季）对比了两种施氮水平[减量施氮（300 kg·hm^-2,N1）和常规施氮（360 kg·hm^-2,N2）]、4种种植模式[甜玉米单作（SS）、甜玉米//大豆2：3间作（S2B3）、甜玉米//大豆2：4间作（S2B4）、大豆单作（SB）]的甜玉米、大豆及系统产量的动态变化,采用W²（Wricke''s ecovalence,生态价值指数）、变异系数（CV）和可持续指数（SYI）评价了产量的时间稳定性,旨在为华南地区一年2熟制甜玉米产区地力保育和绿色生产提供科学依据。结果表明：1）各处理甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量呈现明显的生产季节动态变化,不同年季、种植模式对甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量均有极显著影响,施氮水平仅显著影响甜玉米的产量。2）所有间作处理甜玉米的相对产量均高于单作,间作系统的实际产量损失指数（AYLs）均大于零,表明甜玉米//大豆间作能稳定地保持间作优势且显著提高了土地利用效率。3）不同处理甜玉米产量的W²、CV和SYI均没有显著差异,但单作大豆的W²值显著高于间作,单作大豆的产量稳定性低于间作大豆。种植模式对系统总产量稳定性有显著影响,且间作大豆提高了其稳定性。4）间作大豆显著提高了土壤地力贡献率,S2B3和S2B4的平均地力贡献率分别为75.07%和74.27%,比SS分别高30.29和29.47个百分点。5）与单作甜玉米相比,9季甜玉米//大豆间作显著提高了土壤pH,缓解了长期大量施氮导致的土壤酸化对地力的影响。连续减量施氮没有影响甜玉米//大豆间作系统土壤有机质和全量养分含量,300 kg·hm^-2的施氮量能够满足甜玉米和大豆对氮素的需要。减量施氮与间作大豆是华南甜玉米产区资源高效利用、系统产量稳定的可持续绿色生产模式。     

施磷水平对玉米大豆间作系统氮素吸收与分配的影响

  【目的】  研究施磷对玉米大豆间作系统氮素吸收、分配和间作优势的影响,为优化玉米与大豆间作系统氮、磷养分管理提供参考。  【方法】  两年盆栽试验设置3种种植方式:玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米与大豆间作;4个P₂O₅施用水平:0、50、100、150 mg/kg,分别以P0、P50、P100和P150表示。在玉米小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期、孕穗期、成熟期及大豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期、成熟期进行采样,分析玉米、大豆各器官氮素吸收、分配以及氮吸收间作优势对施磷的响应。  【结果】  与单作相比,在P0、P50、P100和P150水平下,2019年间作玉米和大豆籽粒生物量分别显著提高了38.2%～111.8%和22.2%～31.4%,2020年分别显著提高了38.2%～121.1%和13.0%～31.1%。在4个磷水平下,玉米大豆间作土地当量比 (LER) 为1.31～1.72。与P100水平下单作处理相比,在磷肥减施1/2 (P50水平) 条件下,玉米大豆间作并未降低玉米和大豆的籽粒生物量。间作种植提高了玉米与大豆叶、茎、根与籽粒等各器官氮素吸收量,显著提高了间作体系氮素吸收量,并促进了氮素向玉米籽粒的分配,却降低了氮素向大豆籽粒的分配。与P0水平相比,施磷进一步提高了间作体系玉米与大豆各器官的氮素吸收量,提高了间作体系氮吸收量与氮吸收间作优势,并促进了氮素向玉米籽粒的分配。与P100水平的单作相比,间作P50水平不会降低玉米与大豆植株的氮素吸收量与利用率。  【结论】  玉米与大豆间作具有明显的产量优势,土地当量比介于1.31～1.72之间。施磷可显著提高间作玉米和大豆的氮吸收量,并促进氮素向玉米籽粒的分配,具有明显的氮吸收间作优势。施磷水平调节玉米和大豆对养分的竞争能力,适宜的磷肥水平可缓解二者之间对氮素营养的竞争,获得更高的氮肥利用率。     

Intercropping and Crop Residue Incorporation: Effects on Soil Nutrient Status

ABSTRACT

A maize-melon mixture relayed into a cassava-soybean intercrop was established at Ibadan, Nigeria, between 1995 and 1997 in order to study the changes in soil-nutrient status, that occurred due to soybean intercropping and residue incorporation. The experiment was conducted on a Kanhaplic Haplustalf soil. Soybean was planted in drills between cassava rows after harvesting maize and melon. Soybean stover was recycled into half of the soybean plots. Cassava yield was reduced by about 16% with soybean intercropping without the residue incorporation and by about 11% with incorporation of the crop residue. Soil pH was significantly reduced from an initial 6.0 to 5.7 with soybean intercropping. Organic matter was drastically reduced from an initial 31.0 g kg^?1 to 5.3 g kg^?1 with sole cassava cropping, and to 10.1 g kg^?1 with soybean intercropping and incorporation of crop residue. Total nitrogen (N) was also significantly reduced to about 0.4 g kg^?1from an initial content of 1.8 g kg^?1, while the available phosphorus (P) was increased from 1.8 to an average of 4.0 mg kg^?1. The exchangeable potassium (K) and effective cation-exchange capacity (ECEC) were not significantly affected.     

Responses of Root Growth and Nitrogen Transfer Metabolism to Uniconazole,a Growth Retardant,during the Seedling Stage of Soybean under Relay Strip Intercropping System

Relay strip intercropping of soybean has been widely developed in the southwest of China to secure China's soybean production. However, due to the shading from maize, soybean plants are thin and have a poor root system. Uniconazole is a plant-growth retardant that could enhance root vigor; increase root length, root volume, and root dry weight; and affect nitrogen (N) metabolism. To understand the effects of uniconazole on the root growth and N-transfer metabolism of soybean seedlings under relay strip intercropping, the changes in some morphological characteristics of root, dry-matter weight, root vigor, nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-N, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N, and amino acid of xylem sap after seed treatment with uniconazole powder (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg^?1 seed) were investigated. Main root length, total lateral root lengths, first lateral root numbers, root nodule numbers, root vigor together with bleeding sap, bleeding sap–top ratio, root dry weight, and root/shoot ratio were increased, indicating uniconazole improved soybean root system in relay strip intercropping. Uniconazole powder treatment could increase NO₃ ^?-N, NH₄ ⁺-N, and total amino acid of xylem sap, to increase the potential of leaf and root N reduction and assimilation, and increase of leaf and root N contents. Thus, results suggested that uniconazole treatment can improve root growth and N transfer mechanism of soybean to support its further growth.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Association in Plants Growing on Metal-Contaminated and Noncontaminated Soils Adjoining Kanpur Tanneries, Uttar Pradesh, India

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of 7 intercrops on Cd uptake by maize. The intercrops included cowpea (V. unguiculata (L.) Walp.), purple haricot (L. purpureus (L.) Sweet.), chickpea (C. arietinum L.), alfalfa (M. sativa L.), teosinte (E. mexicana Schrad.), amaranth (A. paniculatus L.) and rape (B. napus L.). The results showed that most legumes substantially increased Cd uptake by maize during vegetative growth. Leaf tissue of maize grown with legumes averaged 5.05 mg kg^?1 higher Cd than that grown with nonlegumes, or 2.42 mg kg^?1 higher than the control. However, the effect of intercrops on Cd uptake by maize became small during reproductive growth. Since chickpea resulted in a relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 2.0 and large transfer factor of 0.55, it is regarded as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize. The results suggest that intercropping might be a feasible practice in facilitating phytoremediation.     

施用乙烯利和磷肥对玉米//花生间作氮吸收分配及间作优势的影响

【目的】在玉米//花生间作体系中,喷施乙烯利明显降低玉米株高,提高花生和间作体系的产量,研究施用乙烯利和磷肥对玉米花生间作氮吸收分配和间作优势的影响,明确其调控机理,对实现玉米、花生间作高产高效具有重要指导意义。【方法】本试验于2012~2013年在河南科技大学农场进行,设玉米单作、花生单作、玉米//花生间作和玉米//花生间作+喷施乙烯利4种种植方式,分别施磷和不施磷,共8个处理,分析了不同处理玉米、花生不同器官氮含量及氮积累量,讨论了喷施乙烯利和施磷对间作体系氮吸收间作优势的影响。【结果】与单作相比,玉米花生间作显著提高了玉米茎、叶、籽粒的氮含量和氮积累量,促进了氮向籽粒的分配;提高了花生茎、叶、果仁的氮含量,但明显降低了花生氮积累量,不利于氮向果仁分配;与单作体系相比,间作体系的氮吸收间作优势为N 26.88~42.21 kg/hm2。喷施乙烯利减少了玉米对花生的氮竞争比率,降低了间作玉米茎、叶、籽粒的氮含量和氮积累量,促进氮向籽粒的分配,并且还提高了间作花生茎、叶、果仁的氮含量和氮积累量,促进氮向果仁的分配,间作花生的氮吸收量提高23.67%~49.54%（P < 0.05）,间作体系氮吸收间作优势提高4.95%~54.65%。与不施磷相比,施磷提高了喷施乙烯利间作体系中玉米和花生吸氮量,分别提高19.49%~27.71%和34.26%~43.24%（P < 0.05）,氮吸收间作优势提高69.97%~162.57%（P < 0.05）。【结论】施用磷肥可进一步提升喷施乙烯利在降低玉米对花生的氮竞争比率,促进玉米花生间作体系氮吸收及氮向籽粒中分配,提高氮吸收间作优势的作用,促进氮素的高效利用。     

Growth of Tropical Legume Cover Crops as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization and Rhizobia

Tropical legume cover crops are important components in cropping systems because of their role in improving soil quality. Information is limited on the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on growth of tropical legume cover crops grown on Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of N fertilization with or without rhizobial inoculation on growth and shoot efficiency index of 10 important tropical cover crops. Nitrogen treatment were (i) 0 mg N kg^?1 (control or N₀), (ii) 0 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N₁), (iii) 100 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N₂), and (iv) 200 mg N kg^?1 of soil (N₃). The N?×?cover crops interactions were significant for shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximal root length, and specific root length, indicating that cover crop performance varied with varying N rates and inoculation treatments. Shoot dry weight is considered an important growth trait in cover crops and, overall, maximal shoot dry weight was produced at 100 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation treatment. Based on shoot dry-weight efficiency index, cover crops were classified as efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient in N-use efficiency. Overall, the efficient cover crops were lablab, gray velvet bean, jack bean, and black velvet bean and inefficient cover crops were pueraria, calopo, crotalaria, smooth crotalaria, and showy crotalaria. Pigeonpea was classified as moderately efficient in producing shoot dry weight.     

Dinitrogen fixation and soil n uptake by soybean as affected by phosphorus availability

The effects of phosphorus supply (0, 30, and 90 mg P kg^‐1) on growth, N₂ fixation, and soil N uptake by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were studied in a pot experiment using the ¹⁵N isotope technique. Phosphorus supply increased the top dry matter production at flowering and the dry matter production of seeds, straw, pod shells, and roots at late pod filling of inoculated soybeans. Phosphorus supply reduced the N concentration of plant tops at flowering, but increased the amount of N accumulated at both flowering and late pod filling. In inoculated soybeans total N accumulation paralleled the dry matter production. The P concentration in above‐ground plant parts of nodulated soybeans was not affected by P application. At flowering only 18 to 34% of total N was derived from N₂ fixation, whereas as much as 74% was derived from N₂ fixation at late pod filling. Only the addition of 90 mg P kg^‐1 soil significantly increased the amount of N₂ fixed at the late pod filling stage. Phosphorus supply did not influence the uptake of fertilizer or soil N in soybeans, even if the root mass was increased up to 60% by the P supply.