我国耐除草剂转基因作物研发与产业化应用前景

基因重组技术的发展突破了作物有性杂交的限制, 为培育耐除草剂作物提供了新途径。转基因作物种植产生了显著的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益, 种植面积迅速增长。全球转基因作物1996年仅170万hm2, 2022年种植面积扩大到2.022亿hm2, 增加了近120倍。面积最大的前5个国家转基因作物种植比例均在90%以上, 阿根廷种植比例接近100%, 耐除草剂性状一直是转基因作物的主要性状。2008年, 我国启动了转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项, 利用生物育种技术研发出中黄6106、DBN8002、DBN9936、DBN9858、DBN3601T等多个含有耐除草剂草甘膦基因的转化体, 并获得农业转基因生物生产应用安全证书。2021年-2023年, 我国在云南、内蒙古等地开展了转基因作物试点种植, 结果表明, 草甘膦在上述转化体及其衍生品种上应用, 除草效果好、增产节本优势明显, 适合不同的轮作与栽培模式。本文概述全球转基因作物的研发和商业化应用情况, 分析我国农田杂草危害现状及防控需求, 结合具体国情和转基因耐除草剂作物应用需求, 论述其在我国产业化应用的前景, 以期为转基因耐除草剂作物的研究、种植和草害可持续控制提供参考。     

转基因耐除草剂作物的全球开发与利用及在我国的发展前景和策略

农田杂草防治是农作物稳产高产的一个重要环节。化学除草剂以其高效、简便、经济的优势,一跃而成为我国现代农业中杂草治理的重要手段,但与此同时也带来了药害（对作物不安全）和抗药性问题。转基因技术的发展为培育耐除草剂作物品种提供了有力的手段。至今,全世界已培育出大量转基因耐除草剂作物品种。转基因耐除草剂作物的利用为拓宽除草剂的使用范围、减少作物药害带来了新的希望。本文在对国际上转基因耐除草剂作物的研发和商业化应用情况进行概述和分析的基础上,结合我国农作物生产的实际情况和小农户、多种作物混合种植的模式,提出转基因耐除草剂植物在我国开发利用的前景和相应的发展策略,以期为转基因耐除草剂作物的研究、开发和推广管理提供科学依据。     

美国主要农作物面积

<正>据美国农业部估测,美国大豆种植面积创新高。大豆种植面积高达8 510万英亩(3 440万公顷),比上年的种植面积扩大1.7%。转基因除草剂作物占比仍为去年的94%。玉米种植面积为8 890万英亩,比2014年缩减1.9%,为2010年来的最低水平。转基因玉米的播种面积为8 180万英亩,缩减2.9%。混合使用抗虫剂和除草剂转基因作物占播种总面积的77%(2014年为76%),播种面积达到6 850万英亩,     

转基因耐草甘膦作物的环境安全性

世界每年因草害造成的作物产量损失达950亿美元,为了简便有效地防除多种杂草,农民希望喷施杀草谱广的除草剂。转基因耐除草剂作物的种植为农民提供了更多的除草剂选择,在扩大杀草谱、提高除草效果、增加作物安全性、改善环境、简化栽培等方面起到了积极作用。转基因耐除草剂作物的大面积种植也引起了全球对其环境安全问题的广泛关注。本文以耐草甘膦作物为例,对国内外环境安全的相关研究结果进行归纳和总结,以期为我国耐草甘膦转基因作物的环境安全评价及耐草甘膦作物的管理提供参考。     

拜耳转基因棉花品种Twinlink获得美国EPA批准

拜耳作物科学的转基因棉花品种Twinlink获得美国国家环境保护局（EPA）批准,该品种同时具有抗虫和耐除草剂的作用效果,这是继去年美国农业部解除对该品种的管制措施（《Agrow》No626,24页）以来,对于棉花品种登记的最后一步法律程序。     

美国农业生物基因工程安全管理概况

自从１９８３年首例转基因作物(ＧＭＣ ,Ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ＭｏｄｉｆｉｅｄＣｒｏｐｓ)问世以来 ,经过近二十年的发展 ,农业生物技术在世界范围内取得了飞速的发展 ,一批具有抗虫、抗病、耐除草剂或高产优质等优良特性的农作物新品种已培育成功 ,其中多个新品种已商业化 ,并产生了巨大的经济效益。在发展农业生物技术的过程中 ,农业生物基因工程的安全性问题一直受到各国政府和科学工作者的普遍重视。美国是世界上转基因作物研制开发最早、种植面积最大的国家 ,目前约有四分之一的耕地种植转基因作物 ,１９９９年美国转基因作物的种…     

转基因抗虫玉米环境安全性及我国应用前景

转基因抗虫玉米在生产上应用对于促进玉米增产、保障国家粮食安全具有巨大潜力。种植转基因玉米的环境安全性是公众对于应用这一生物技术产品最为关心的问题。本文从基因漂移、对玉米田节肢动物多样性的影响、靶标害虫的抗性及其治理策略和转基因抗虫玉米研发应用现状及其经济效益等方面对转基因抗虫玉米的生态影响研究进行了回顾,分析了种植转基因抗虫玉米的潜在生态风险,展望了我国转基因抗虫玉米的应用前景。     

中国转基因抗虫玉米的商业化策略

玉米是全球播种面积最大的粮食作物,事关世界粮食安全。鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫是影响玉米产量和品质的重要因素,长期以来多数国家采取以喷施化学农药为主的防控策略,但存在较高的使用成本和环境风险等问题。作为新一代的害虫防控技术,转基因抗虫玉米于1996年开始在美国商业化种植,并迅速推广到巴西等主要玉米生产国家,成为防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda和欧洲玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis等重大害虫的核心技术。该文综述了全球转基因抗虫玉米商业化的历史和防控害虫的作用,分析了美国对欧洲玉米螟和草地贪夜蛾等靶标害虫抗性治理的成功经验以及巴西等南美国家草地贪夜蛾对多种转基因抗虫玉米产生抗性的成因与教训。基于中国转基因抗虫玉米转化事件的研发现状、玉米生产模式、玉米害虫的区域发生特点和迁飞生物学等特性,提出在南方和西南山地丘陵玉米区种植包含Vip3A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控草地贪夜蛾,在黄淮海夏玉米区种植包含Cry2A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera,在北方春玉米区种植包含Cry1A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控亚洲玉米螟Ostr...     

转基因抗虫耐除草剂(Cry1Ac+EPSPS)玉米对草甘膦耐受性研究

将具有我国自主知识产权的抗虫、耐除草剂基因转化到玉米中获得兼具抗虫和耐除草剂的复合性状转基因玉米,实现了玉米复杂性状的有效改良,研究了转耐除草剂CC-2基因和可表达Bt毒素的cry1Ac基因的双抗玉米对除草剂的耐受性及目标蛋白表达量。通过调查喷施除草剂后玉米植株存活率及株高和生长发育情况,研究了转抗虫耐除草剂基因玉米‘CC-2×BT799’、抗虫玉米‘BT799’、耐除草剂玉米‘CC-2’,以及常规玉米‘郑58’在田间对除草剂的耐受性,并用ELISA测定了供试品种中CP4EPSPS和Cry1Ac蛋白含量。对草甘膦的耐受性试验表明,转复合基因玉米‘CC-2×BT799’与单抗草甘膦品种‘CC-2’对草甘膦均具有良好的耐受性。心叶期喷施草甘膦推荐施用剂量中量和2倍剂量对其株高和后期生长发育无不良影响。ELISA检测显示,CP4EPSPS蛋白在雄穗中的表达量较叶片稍高。且双抗品种‘CC-2×BT799’较‘CC-2’中的CP4EPSPS蛋白含量稍高。在雄穗中,‘BT799’的Cry1Ac蛋白含量与‘CC-2×BT799’相当。在叶片中,‘BT799’的Cry1Ac蛋白含量约为‘CC-2×BT799’的2倍。抗虫耐除草剂玉米能够有效抵御草甘膦的喷施,Cry1Ac蛋白含量在不同品种不同组织中存在差异。     

巴西是转基因作物增加最快的国家

据国际农业生物技术应用服务中心(ISAAA)统计,2009年巴西在美国之后勉强超过阿根廷成为第2大转基因作物种植国。转基因作物种植面积增长了35.4%,达到2 140万hm2。ISAAA指出,去年全球转基因作物种植面积增长了560万hm2,是近年来增速最快的一年。抗除草剂转     

我国棉花品种(系)抗虫性的鉴定、选育与应用

棉铃虫的暴发为害已严重制约了我国棉花生产的稳定发展,生产上急需在综合防治中利用棉花自身的部分抗虫性抵御害虫的侵害,提高植棉的综合效益。本文从棉花种质(材料)的外部形态抗虫性、生理生化抗虫性、外源性抗虫基因导入等三个方面详细讨论了我国棉花品种(系)的抗虫性鉴定、选育及其研究进展现状。针对抗虫棉研究与利用中存在的若干问题,探讨了未来发展的方向。     

抗虫棉研究的进展、问题与对策

抗虫棉分常规抗虫品种和外源转基因抗虫品种两大类。常规抗虫棉主要包括形态抗性和生化抗性;转基因抗虫棉最常用的外源基因有Bt基因和某些蛋白酶抑制剂PI基因如豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制基因CpTI和慈菇蛋白酶抑制基因API等。目前,国内外已成功地培育出多种转基因单价棉和双价棉,如转各种Bt基因的单价棉、Bt/CpTI、Bt/API、Bt/SKTI等双价棉。培育兼具形态或生化抗性和外源基因抗性的抗虫品系是目前抗虫棉研究的主攻目标之一。常规抗虫育种不能从根本上解决棉花的抗虫性问题,而转基因抗虫棉又存在着抗虫的时空性、持久性、抗虫范围、棉田昆虫群落的稳定性及安全性等问题。文章综述了国内外抗虫棉研究的进展和存在的问题,并提出了解决这些问题的对策和建议。     

抗虫杂交棉新组合筛选及杂种优势评价

为了研究抗虫杂交棉的杂种优势和筛选高优势杂交组合，用一组转基因抗虫棉为供体亲本，与一组常规丰产、抗病、抗虫品种(系)杂交，培育了一批抗虫杂交棉新组合，在田间进行了经济性状、农艺性状和早熟性等方面的鉴定，在网室进行了抗红铃虫鉴定。结果表明，抗虫杂交棉在产量上有明显的竞争优势和超亲优势，皮棉增产幅度分别为11．7％～54．6％和0．0～36．9％；各组合的纤维品质一般优于对照品种鄂棉18，有些纤维品质指标也优于亲本，具有一定的超亲优势；在抗红铃虫方面，杂交棉的抗虫性与抗虫供体亲本相当，并明显优于对照品种鄂棉18，其抗虫性达高抗或抗级水平，具有很强的竞争优势。     

红铃虫对Bt棉花抗性治理的研究进展

综述了Bt棉花对红铃虫的抗性效率和红铃虫对Bt棉花的抗性机理、抗性遗传、抗性监测及治理对策的研究进展.研究结果表明,不同种植区Bt棉花对红铃虫的抗性水平有较大差别.红铃虫中肠内Bt毒素结合位点数量减少是产生抗性的主要机制.抗性由具1个主效应的多位点基因控制,高水平抗性的产生与编码钙蛋白基因变异有关.避难所策略是红铃虫抗性治理的主要措施.抗性监测表明,自1997年以来,美国亚历桑那州红铃虫田间种群对Bt棉花的抗性频率无显著性变化.     

Development of herbicide resistance in weeds in a crop rotation with acetolactate synthase‐tolerant sugar beets under varying selection pressure

The development of acetolactate synthase (ALS) tolerant sugar beet provides new opportunities for weed control in sugar beet cultivation. The system consists of an ALS?inhibiting herbicide (foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone‐methyl) and a herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet variety. Previously, the use of ALS‐inhibitors in sugar beet was limited due to the susceptibility of the crop to active ingredients from this mode of action. The postulated benefits of cultivation of the ALS‐tolerant sugar beet are associated with potential risks. Up to now, with no relevant proportion of herbicide‐tolerant crops in Germany, ALS‐inhibitors are used in many different crops. An additional use in sugar beet cultivation could increase the selection pressure for ALS‐resistant weeds. To evaluate the impact of varying intensity of ALS‐inhibitor use on two weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides and Tripleurospermum perforatum) in a crop rotation, field trials were conducted in Germany in two locations from 2014 to 2017. Weed densities, genetic resistance background and crop yields were annually assessed. The results indicate that it is possible to control ALS‐resistant weeds with an adapted herbicide strategy in a crop rotation including herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet. According to the weed density and species, the herbicide strategy must be extended to graminicide treatment in sugar beet, and a residual herbicide must be used in winter wheat. The spread of resistant biotypes in our experiments could not be attributed to the integration of herbicide‐tolerant cultivars, although the application of ALS‐inhibitors promoted the development of resistant weed populations. Annual use of ALS‐inhibitors resulted in significant high weed densities and caused seriously yield losses. Genetic analysis of surviving weed plants confirmed the selection of ALS‐resistant biotypes.     

Perspectives on transgenic,herbicide‐resistant crops in the United States almost 20 years after introduction

Herbicide‐resistant crops have had a profound impact on weed management. Most of the impact has been by glyphosate‐resistant maize, cotton, soybean and canola. Significant economic savings, yield increases and more efficacious and simplified weed management have resulted in widespread adoption of the technology. Initially, glyphosate‐resistant crops enabled significantly reduced tillage and reduced the environmental impact of weed management. Continuous use of glyphosate with glyphosate‐resistant crops over broad areas facilitated the evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds, which have resulted in increases in the use of tillage and other herbicides with glyphosate, reducing some of the initial environmental benefits of glyphosate‐resistant crops. Transgenic crops with resistance to auxinic herbicides, as well as to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, stacked with glyphosate and/or glufosinate resistance, will become available in the next few years. These technologies will provide additional weed management options for farmers, but will not have all of the positive effects (reduced cost, simplified weed management, lowered environmental impact and reduced tillage) that glyphosate‐resistant crops had initially. In the more distant future, other herbicide‐resistant crops (including non‐transgenic ones), herbicides with new modes of action and technologies that are currently in their infancy (e.g. bioherbicides, sprayable herbicidal RNAi and/or robotic weeding) may affect the role of transgenic, herbicide‐resistant crops in weed management. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Are herbicides a once in a century method of weed control?

The efficacy of any pesticide is an exhaustible resource that can be depleted over time. For decades, the dominant paradigm – that weed mobility is low relative to insect pests and pathogens, that there is an ample stream of new weed control technologies in the commercial pipeline, and that technology suppliers have sufficient economic incentives and market power to delay resistance – supported a laissez faire approach to herbicide resistance management. Earlier market data bolstered the belief that private incentives and voluntary actions were sufficient to manage resistance. Yet, there has been a steady growth in resistant weeds, while no new commercial herbicide modes of action (MOAs) have been discovered in 30 years. Industry has introduced new herbicide tolerant crops to increase the applicability of older MOAs. Yet, many weed species are already resistant to these compounds. Recent trends suggest a paradigm shift whereby herbicide resistance may impose greater costs to farmers, the environment, and taxpayers than earlier believed. In developed countries, herbicides have been the dominant method of weed control for half a century. Over the next half‐century, will widespread resistance to multiple MOAs render herbicides obsolete for many major cropping systems? We suggest it would be prudent to consider the implications of such a low‐probability, but high‐cost development. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Taking stock of herbicide-resistant crops ten years after introduction

Since transgenic, bromoxynil-resistant cotton and glufosinate-resistant canola were introduced in 1995, planting of transgenic herbicide-resistant crops has grown substantially, revolutionizing weed management where they have been available. Before 1995, several commercial herbicide-resistant crops were produced by biotechnology through selection for resistance in tissue culture. However, non-transgenic herbicide-resistant crops have had less commercial impact. Since the introduction of glyphosate-resistant soybean in 1996, and the subsequent introduction of other glyphosate-resistant crops, where available, they have taken a commanding share of the herbicide-resistant crop market, especially in soybean, cotton and canola. The high level of adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops by North American farmers has helped to significantly reduce the value of the remaining herbicide market. This has resulted in reduced investment in herbicide discovery, which may be problematic for addressing future weed-management problems. Introduction of herbicide-resistant crops that can be used with selective herbicides has apparently been hindered by the great success of glyphosate-resistant crops. Evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds and movement of naturally resistant weed species into glyphosate-resistant crop fields will require increases in the use of other herbicides, but the speed with which these processes compromise the use of glyphosate alone is uncertain. The future of herbicide-resistant crops will be influenced by many factors, including alternative technologies, public opinion and weed resistance. Considering the relatively few recent approvals for field testing new herbicide-resistant crops and recent decisions not to grow glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet and wheat, the introduction and adoption of herbicide-resistant crops during the next 10 years is not likely to be as dramatic as in the past 10 years.     

抗药性杂草与治理

抗药性杂草对农田杂草治理和农业生产构成严重威胁,成为备受全球关注的严重问题。随着长期、大量使用相对有限的化学除草剂,全球抗药性杂草发展迅猛,目前已有217种杂草对化学除草剂产生了抗药性,我国抗药性杂草发展也十分迅猛。本文在介绍杂草抗药性基本概念、抗药性杂草发展过程、抗药性杂草现状的基础上,重点描述了抗药性杂草治理策略,以期为我国抗药性杂草研究和治理提供参考。