日粮纤维对鹅消化道发育的影响

鹅具有特殊的消化生理特点,可消化日粮中的粗纤维。文章介绍日粮纤维的组成类型及鹅消化道的特点,日粮纤维对鹅消化道器官发育、消化道运动及排空时间、消化液分泌、消化道酶活性和肠道组织形态的影响。     

日粮纤维对鹅生长发育的影响

本文就日粮纤维对鹅的生产性能、屠宰性能、消化道发育、肠道微生物的影响及其在日粮中的适宜添加水平作一综述。     

日粮纤维在鹅生产上的研究与应用

鹅具有适应性强、耐粗饲、生长快、抗病力强、羽绒佳等特点,并且鹅是唯一能较好地放牧并有效利用粗饲料的节粮型家禽。近几年,在粗纤维(CF)消化率、高纤维日粮对鹅生长的影响和鹅消化道内微生物的活性及碳水化合物对脂肪代谢的影响方面有了一些报道,但具体研究还有待深入,而且由于纤维来源和鹅品种不同,结果差异很大。为此,文中就近年来国内对鹅日粮纤维的应用研究作一综述。     

鹅日粮纤维营养及其消化利用研究进展

针对当前鹅的营养研究热点,参考近年来关于鹅日粮纤维营养方面的文献,本文从日粮纤维的定义及理化性质、鹅的消化特点及消化日粮纤维的机理、鹅对日粮纤维的消化率及其影响因素、适宜的纤维水平等方面,对鹅消化利用日粮纤维的研究进展进行综述,旨在为今后鹅的纤维营养研究提供参考。     

鹅消化利用日粮纤维研究进展

从鹅营养研究现状、鹅消化利用日粮纤维的特点、鹅消化日粮纤维机理及日粮纤维对鹅生长发育的影响等4个方面对鹅消化利用日粮纤维进行了相关综述，指出了当前研究中的难点、疑点和争执的焦点，旨在为鹅的营养研究、进而为鹅的产业化发展供理论依据。     

我国对生长鹅日粮纤维营养的研究

主要从鹅消化利用日粮纤维的能力、日粮适宜纤维水平、不同纤维源对鹅的影响三个方面进行综述,进一步明确生长鹅对日粮纤维利用研究的现状和疑点,为鹅的纤维营养研究及鹅饲养标准的制定提供理论依据。     

不同纤维源对吉林白鹅盲肠形态学发育的影响

<正>鹅是草食类家禽,耐粗饲,在鹅日粮中添加适量青粗饲料既可发挥青粗饲料的生物学优势,又可降低饲料成本。目前不同纤维源对鹅肠道发育影响的研究主要集中在对肠道长度、重量及静态形态学的影响上[1-2],对盲肠形态动态发育过程影响的研究较少。试验以羊草和玉米秸秆作为日粮纤维来源,比较不同纤维源对吉林白鹅盲肠形态学发育的影响,为探索日粮纤维影响鹅盲肠发育的生理机制,以及鹅生产中合理利用富含纤维类饲料提供基础资料,现报道如下。     

鹅消化道正常菌群定植规律的研究

为了探讨鹅日龄和消化道部位对正常均群定植规律的影响，以吉林白鹅为实验动物，试验期间饲喂以玉米秸秆为主要纤维源的日粮。采用稀释滴种法对0～56日龄鹅及成鹅消化道6个部位（腺胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和直肠）靠近黏膜的内容物及黏膜的8种细菌（双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、真杆菌、消化球菌、类杆菌、肠球菌、葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌）进行分离、培养、鉴定、计数，从而获得主要正常菌群在消化道中的定植过程。     

日粮纤维在生长鹅中的应用

鹅为节粮型食草水禽 ,能分解粗纤维 5 0 %以上 ,养鹅是一项投资少、见效快、经深加工附加值高的养殖业。生产 1ｋｇ鹅肉 ,在放牧加补饲的条件下仅需 1～ 1 5ｋｇ精饲料 ,大部分饲喂的是粗饲料。养鹅“以草换肉” ,同时生产出羽绒、鹅皮、鹅肝等产品 ,效益好。研究鹅对粗纤维的利用 ,探讨鹅利用纤维的特点及机理 ,有利于充分利用粗饲料养鹅。1　日粮纤维及成分目前 ,对日粮纤维 (Ｄｉｅｔａｒｙｆｉｂｅｒ,ＤＦ)比较公认的定义是指那些通常来源于植物 ,但又不能被动物胰腺或小肠消化酶所消化的细胞壁成分。实际上日粮纤维包括可溶性纤维 (如…     

不同纤维源饲粮对扬州鹅生长性能、屠宰性能及血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨两种不同的纤维源饲粮对0～10周龄扬州鹅生长性能、屠宰性能以及血清生化指标的影响.以378只1日龄扬州鹅公鹅为试验动物,分别饲喂以苜蓿草和稻壳为主要纤维源的饲料,进行10周的饲养试验.结果显示:不同纤维源饲粮显著影响0～4周龄扬州鹅平均日采食量(P＜0.05),对10周龄扬州鹅的生长性能、屠宰性能无显著影响(P＞0.05);稻壳组饲粮极显著降低了鹅血清甘油三酯的水平(P＜0.01),两处理组在其他血清生化指标方面的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05).表明苜蓿草和稻壳纤维对扬州鹅生长性能、屠宰性能和大部分血清生化指标的影响差异均不显著,稻壳纤维饲粮显著降低了0～4周龄鹅的平均日采食量,极显著降低了血清甘油三脂的含量,在实践中可以用稻壳替代苜蓿草粉作为饲粮主要纤维源.     

饲粮纤维对家禽的营养调控研究进展

纤维曾被视为家禽饲粮所含的一种抗营养因子,但适量的饲粮纤维可有效改善家禽的营养与健康。饲粮纤维成分复杂,不同纤维源的营养功能与作用机制不尽相同。本文介绍饲粮纤维的概念与性质,探讨其对家禽消化生理、肠道健康及生产的影响,阐释其调控家禽营养的机制,为其在家禽生产中高效利用提供科学依据。     

An epornitic of duck viral enteritis in a zoological park.

An epornitic of duck viral enteritis occurred at the National Zoological Park in the spring of 1975. The disease affected 8 different species of ducks; geese and swan were spared. Diagnosis was based on characteristic pathologic changes, with herpetic inclusion bodies in the epithelium of the digestive tract and liver, and by viral isolation from 4 ducks. An experimental attenuated live-virus vaccine and sanitizing procedures were used to control the epornitic.     

发酵葡萄籽粕对5～12周龄五龙鹅消化生理、免疫器官指数和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同水平发酵葡萄籽粕对5~12周龄五龙鹅消化生理、免疫器官指数和血清抗氧化指标的影响,以确定发酵葡萄籽粕使用效果和适宜添加水平。选用5周龄五龙鹅288只,随机分为6个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复8只鹅(公母各占1/2)。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加2%(Ⅱ组)、4%(Ⅲ组)、6%(Ⅳ组)、8%(Ⅴ组)、10%(Ⅵ组)的发酵葡萄籽粕。试验期8周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,Ⅴ组十二指肠和空肠中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、胰脂肪酶及胰腺中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶活性极显著提高(P0.01),Ⅳ组胰腺中胰脂肪酶活性极显著提高(P0.01),Ⅴ组胃蛋白酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,Ⅳ组肠道中大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05),Ⅴ组肠道中乳酸杆菌数量显著提高(P0.05),Ⅳ、Ⅴ组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,Ⅳ组肠绒毛高度显著提高(P0.05),Ⅳ组肌层厚度显著提高(P0.05),Ⅴ组隐窝深度极显著降低(P0.01)。4)各组免疫器官指数差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,Ⅴ组血清总抗氧化能力极显著提高(P0.01);Ⅳ组血清丙二醛含量极显著降低(P0.01),Ⅴ组血清总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著提高(P0.01)。由此可见,发酵葡萄籽粕能显著提高5~12周龄五龙鹅消化酶活性,优化肠道组织结构,提高鹅的抗氧化能力,对免疫器官指数没有影响。建议饲粮中发酵葡萄籽粕适宜添加水平为6%~8%。     

水禽消化生理的研究进展

本文从食糜排空、消化道pH、消化酶以及微生物区系方面对水禽消化生理进行了阐述,并总结出水禽消化生理特性。     

Recent findings and future perspectives of digestive physiology in rabbits: a review

The rabbit is one of the most common laboratory animals. Consequently, there is an enormous number of publications concerning its physiology. The present review is restricted to a special field and deals with the new findings of the rabbit's digestive physiology. For the sake of better intelligibility the most important antecedents are also given. First the particularities of feed intake regulation are demonstrated. The strong control mechanism can be disturbed by feed antinutritives, mycotoxins and high environmental temperature. Caecotrophy depends on three main factors: stimulation of rectal mechanoreceptors, perception of the specific odour of the soft faeces, and the inner motive determined by the blood level of metabolites and hormones. The species characteristics of proportions, pH conditions, microflora and -fauna of the rabbit's digestive tract are given. The digestion and absorption of dietary nutrients are discussed. Special sections deal with the sorption of electrolytes and VFAs in the gut, the caecal digestive process, the formation of hard and soft faeces and the role of the caecotrophy in stomachal carbohydrate degradation. A relatively new area, i.e. the development and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, is also shown. The postnatal evolution of digestive enzyme activity is also summarized. The main endogenic factors (breed, sex, age, stress, caecotrophy, presence of hairball in the stomach) influencing the digestion of dietary nutrients are also described. The probable future trends are given, too.     

Sites of nutrient digestion in growing pigs: effect of dietary fiber

The impact of dietary fiber on fecal digestion is well-known and provides a comprehensive approach toward nutrient digestibility and availability. Little quantitative information is available on digestion of fiber in the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The objectives of this study were to obtain a method allowing the quantification of the digestive process in different segments of the GIT and to study the impact of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility. Six barrows (average initial BW of 30 kg and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the proximal duodenum and caudal ileum) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. In each period, pigs were offered 1 of 3 diets differing in fiber content (low, medium, and high). Differences in fiber content were created by replacing wheat and barley with wheat bran. Titanium dioxide was included in the diet as an indigestible marker to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients in different segments of the GIT. The apparent digestibility of ash, CP, DM, and OM increased in the different segments of the GIT. Duodenal digestibility coefficients were negative for ash (e.g., -39.9% for the medium- and high-fiber diets), indicating important endogenous mineral secretions by the stomach and digestive glands. The duodenal digestibility of other nutrients and OM were positive but close to zero and numerically lower in the diets with the greater fiber contents. The fiber content in the diet did not affect the apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients. Increasing the fiber content in the diet affected the fecal digestibility of CP, ether extract, and energy (P < 0.01). The method used for studying sites of digestion in the digestive tract provides promising results, but it is limited due to the high variability that is likely caused by sampling limitations and variation between animals.     

饲粮纤维对家禽肠道健康的调控及作用机制

近年来由于抗生素在临床上的滥用,使得抗菌药物的抗菌效果大大降低,抗生素滥用还会导致有害菌定殖增加,影响人和动物的健康。因此,很多国家开始禁止用抗生素作为饲料添加剂,且在饲料中添加低剂量的抗生素作为肠道微生态调节剂已不再受欢迎,而探寻新的抗生素替代品来调节畜禽肠道微生物区系和维持肠道健康显得非常重要。人们一直误认为饲粮纤维是一种抗营养因子,指出纤维能稀释饲粮能量水平,影响家禽的生产性能。但最新研究表明,在家禽饲粮中添加适量纤维是改善家禽肠道健康、减少家禽肠道紊乱的一种有效的营养调控措施。本文从家禽肠道发育、肠道黏膜形态及上皮组织健康、肠道消化生理、肠道微生物区系等方面综述饲粮纤维对家禽肠道健康的影响,为进一步研究纤维对家禽肠道健康的调控机制提供参考,也为今后在家禽饲粮中添加纤维性物质提供一定的科学依据。     

Effect of dietary fibre and grit on performance,gastrointestinal tract development,and grit pattern of goose

ABSTRACT

1. This study aimed to investigate effects of dietary fibre and grit on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and gizzard grit retention of geese.

2. The trial had a 3 × 2 factorial design consisting of three levels of dietary crude fibre (CF, 4%, 7% and 10%, adjusted by grass powder), with or without grit addition (1–4 mm river sand).

3. In total, 648, 22-d-old male goslings were randomly allotted to six treatments (six pens/treatment). At 49 d and 70 d of age, one goose per pen was euthanised to collect samples.

4. The birds fed 10% CF had decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 22–49 d, but this effect was less in older geese. Increasing dietary CF levels increased relative weights of gizzards for geese aged 49 d and 70 d. Grit addition decreased the relative weights of gizzard and duodenum of geese aged 49 d. The gizzard of geese could selectively retain grit from feed even with no grit added. With adequate supply, most grit in gizzard was 0.45–3 mm in size.

5. In conclusion, supplement of CF and grit mainly affected gastrointestinal tract, and the amount of CF affected FCR. Geese aged 22–49 d could utilise dietary CF levels of 4%-7% and older birds could feed on diets with up to 10% CF. The gizzard of goose selectively retained grit of a particle size of 0.45–3 mm.     

豁眼鹅、皖西白鹅和浙东白鹅肌纤维特性的比较

研究旨在通过测定豁眼鹅、皖西白鹅、浙东白鹅肌肉纤维直径、横切面积和肌纤维的密度,探讨不同鹅品种的肌纤维特性差异.结果表明,豁眼鹅胸肌肌纤维直径、横切面积显著大于浙东白鹅、皖西白鹅(P< 0.05),而肌纤维密度表现为相反的趋势.豁眼鹅的腿肌肌纤维直径和横切面积显著大于皖西白鹅(P< 0.05),而豁眼鹅的腿肌肌纤维密度显著小于皖西白鹅(P< 0.05).品种内不同性别之间部分指标也存在显著差异,主要表现在皖西白鹅和浙东白鹅的肌纤维横切面积和直径上.相关性分析表明,肌纤维的直径与肌纤维横切面积呈极显著正相关(P< 0.01),肌纤维直径和横切面积与肌纤维密度呈极显著负相关(P< 0.01).由此可知,不同品种间肌纤维特性存在差异,同品种间不同性别间的肌纤维特性也存在差异.