百菌清80％可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜白粉病田间药效试验报告

百菌清80%可湿性粉剂对黄瓜白粉病的防治效果通过喷雾处理,在100g～115.2g.a.i/667m2能有效地防治黄瓜白粉病,通过2次施药,防效达到75.43～79.56%,对黄瓜安全。     

百菌清80%可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜白粉病田问药效试验报告

百菌清80%可湿性粉剂对黄瓜白粉病的防治效果通过喷雾处理,在100g～115.2g-a.i/667m2 能有效地防治黄瓜白粉病,通过2次施药,防效达到75.43～79.56%,对黄瓜安全.     

70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂防治枸杞白粉病田间药效试验

为探究70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂对枸杞白粉病的田间防效,本文以430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂为对照药剂,研究了70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂低、中、高剂量对枸杞白粉病的防治效果及3个枸杞品种的安全性。结果表明,在枸杞白粉病发生初期施用后,1次药后7d防效达到65.08%以上,2次药后14d,防效可达70.55%以上,各剂量对3个枸杞品种花、果、叶均无药害反应。表明70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂在枸杞白粉病发生初期具有良好的防治效果。可在生产中大面积推广应用。建议使用剂量以700.0～875.0mg/kg为宜,连续施药2次,施药间隔期7d。     

锰锌·霜脲72％可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜霜霉病田间药效试验

进行了锰锌．霜脲72％可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜霜霉病田间药效试验,验证了该药对黄瓜霜霉病的防治作用。田间试验结果表明,锰锌·霜脲72％可湿性粉剂对黄瓜霜霉病具有良好的防治效果,在发病初期使用,每隔7d喷药1次,连续喷药2次,用量130-160g／667m^2,可有效控制霜霉病的危害,持效期可达14d以上。     

5种杀菌剂防治辣椒疫病田间药效试验

选择5种杀菌剂进行辣椒疫病防治田间药效试验,结果表明：精甲霜灵·代森锰锌68％可湿性粉剂、霜霉威盐酸盐72％水剂、氟吗啉·代森锰锌50％可湿性粉剂防治效果最好,防效分别达86．70％、83．51％、81．56％,其次为霜脲氰·代森锰锌72％可湿性粉剂防效为72．72％、烯酰吗啉50％可湿性粉剂防效为60．42％。提出几种药剂喷药量为100L／667m^2作全株喷淋施药,在感病期内间隔10Od连续施药4次以上能有效控制辣椒疫病。     

虎蛙防治水稻三化螟药效试验

试验表明50％虎蛙可湿性粉剂对水稻三化螟有良好的防治效果，90～120g／667m^2在水稻破口期施药防治效果达89．98％以上。     

苏云金杆菌G033A防治萝卜黄曲条跳甲的探索试验

田间药效试验表明32 000IU/mg苏云金杆菌G033A可湿性粉剂对萝卜黄曲条跳甲防治效果较好,每667m^2用100g、150g、200g施药后2d防治效果分别为68.2%、78.0%、81.4%,药后5d防效为76.2%、84.1%、89.2%,药后10d防效为73.3%、80.8%、85.1%;每667m^2用100g的防效极显著低于对照药剂5%啶虫脒EC的防效,每667m2用150g^200g的防效与对照药剂5%啶虫脒EC无显著差异。根据试验结果认为,推荐用药量为150g^200g/667m^2,施药时间选择阴天或晴天傍晚时进行,间隔10d左右视虫情发生情况再进行第2次防治。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治稻瘟病药效试验

选用枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（1000亿活芽孢／克）和常规药剂40％稻瘟灵乳油对稻瘟病进行药效防治对比试验,评价枯草芽孢杆菌对稻瘟病的防治效果。试验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂每667m2用10g对稻瘟病的防治效果迭95．28％．比对照药剂40％稻瘟灵乳油每667mz用60mL的防治效果81．15％提高14．13个百分点：每667rn2产量385．76kg,比40％稻瘟灵乳油对照区每667m2产量345．69kg,增产40．07kg,增产11．59％。每667m2减少施药用工10元．增加经济效益94．14元。建议在生产中每667m2用枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（1000亿活芽孢／曲10g对水50奴于稻瘟病发病初期对水稻叶面均匀喷雾。     

23%噻氟菌胺悬浮剂防治水稻纹枯病药效试验

用23％噻氟菌胺悬浮剂防治水稻纹枯病小区试验及大田示范。在水稻孕穗末期施药后15d调查药效,667m^2用15ml、20ml和25ml 3个浓度防治效果分别为64．50％、76．85％和83．31％,其中667m^2用20ml和25ml的防治效果极显著高于对照药5％井冈霉素水剂667m^2用100ml的防治效果,在龙田镇和客楼乡进行了大区示范,获得与小区试验一致的防治效果,证明该药可在大田推广使用。     

4种杀菌剂防治水稻黑肿病田间药效试验

通过43%戊唑醇悬浮剂(好力克)、30%苯醚甲.丙环乳油(爱苗)、20%井冈霉素水剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂4种农药对水稻黑肿病防治及考种研究表明:爱苗15mL/667m22次施药对水稻黑肿病的防治效果最好,其次为好力克12mL/667m22次施药和20%井冈霉素水剂2次施药,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂效果最差。好力克在破口前5d施药1次的防治效果比在破口后施药效果要好。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.