关中奶山羊养殖效益分析与提高效益的途径及措施

关中奶山羊是全国著名的奶山羊品种之一,具有体格匀称高大,产奶量高,产奶期长耐粗饲料等优点。目前,全国各地都有引种。通过对其养殖效益的分析及提高途径和措施的探讨,希望能为广大养殖场、户发展关中奶山羊养殖提供帮助。     

山羊机械挤奶技术

山羊养殖业正随着人们对营养丰富的山羊奶制品的需求而快速发展。山羊机械挤奶技术将得以广泛应用。本文从山羊泌乳的生理特点出发,阐述了山羊机械挤奶系统、机械挤奶的工作原理和工作过程、山羊挤奶机的主要参数、以及山羊机械挤奶的技术要求。     

提高舍饲肉羊经济效益的技术措施

1选用优良的肉羊品种 肉羊应选择繁殖性能高、育肥增重快、饲料报酬高、屠宰率高的品种组合，我省应以现有的南江黄羊、波尔山羊、成都麻羊、本地黑山羊等品种为基础，开展二元或三元杂交，建立起相应的肉羊育肥体系。     

奶牛机械和手工挤奶乳房炎感染状况调查与对比分析

<正>乳房炎是奶牛常见病和多发病,不同的挤奶方式,乳房炎感染的机率也不相同。笔者就西昌市奶牛机械与手工挤奶方式乳房炎感染状况作了调查与对比,现报告于后。1调查方式1.1调查对象采用机械挤奶的2个奶牛场内全部产奶牛和进行手工挤奶的所有散养户全部产奶牛。1.2调查内容患乳房炎和隐性乳房炎奶牛头数。乳房炎:为乳房间质、实质或间质实质组织的炎症。其特征是乳汁变性、乳房组织不同程度地呈现肿胀,温热     

产奶肉用青年母牛的能量代谢/群体大小和许可占畜舍面积会影响断奶仔猪的生产性能/断奶仔猪饲养方案对断奶至上市体增重的影响/防治猪细菌和原虫疾病的有效药剂/饲料中锰成分对乳牛缺锌的影响/5种离子载体类抗球虫药对鸡球虫的作用比较

产奶肉用青年母牛的能量代谢 　　美国农业部农业研究院C.K.Reynolds和H.F.Tyrrell为获得产奶肉用母牛能量平衡测定值,采用喂75%苜蓿、25%精料颗粒日粮的7头产奶(613kg BW)和3头非产奶(598kg BW)海福×安格斯杂交青年母牛进行呼吸测热和消化试验。产奶青年母牛从产后6～10周开始,间隔6～7周,非产奶青年母牛间隔6周,获得能量平衡的5个测定值。采用称重一吮乳一称重和机器挤奶结合测定产奶量,使青年母牛适应机器挤奶,而没有使用催产素。仅在能量平衡期间,青年母牛才用机器挤奶。本试验结果表明,当以代谢体重为基础表达时,在产奶海福×安格斯青年母牛和产奶荷斯坦—弗里斯母牛之间,维持之上增加的ME(用于产奶)和组织能(即NE1)的利用效率是相似的。根据产奶量习性及奶合成和组织能滞留之间ME最终分配,品种间有差别。 自[美]Anim.Sci.2000,78:2696-2705     

手术治疗奶牛乳头管狭窄

<正>奶牛乳头管狭窄和闭锁是其常见乳房冷疾病,轻的影响挤奶使产奶量下降,重则产奶停止.以前我们采取治疗乳房炎的常规疗法,效果都不好,2005年后我们采用手术方法治愈8例,治愈率达90%左右。     

牛暑热的环境管理

暑热使奶牛产奶量大幅度下降,给奶牛健康及生命造成威胁,经济效益也收到巨大影响。暑热的管理主要有营养管理和环境管理,营养管理侧重于热应激的预防,提高机体防热性能;提高产奶量较多的是依赖环境管理,环境管理主要有遮阴、环境降温和提高奶牛散热机能,其中喷淋和风扇是其中最重要方式。     

牛暑热的环境管理

暑热使奶牛产奶量大幅度下降，给奶牛健康及生命造成威胁，经济效益也收到巨大影响。暑热的管理主要有营养管理和环境管理，营养管理侧重于热应激的预防，提高机体防热性能；提高产奶量较多的是依赖环境管理．环境管理主要有遮阴、环境降温和提高奶牛散热机能，其中喷淋和风扇是其中最重要方式。     

浅谈德宏奶水牛种公牛的饲养管理技术

德宏奶水牛是20世纪的1997年德宏州利用印度的摩拉水牛和巴基斯坦的尼里·拉菲水牛与德宏州的德宏水牛杂交育成的奶水牛,德宏奶水牛至今是德宏州,乃至邻近的保山市主要用于挤奶的水牛,也是近年来中国培育的奶水牛中的一个品种。俗话说"母牛好,好一窝;公牛好,好一坡",有好公牛才能培育出好的母牛,而有了好的公牛没有好的饲养管理技术措施,也不可能繁育出健康、产奶量高等性能优越的好木奶水牛。现将探索奶水牛种用公牛饲养管理技术措施。     

影响奶牛产奶量的因素

文章简要的从奶牛个体遗传,营养,环境等不同方面探讨影响产奶量的原因,指出了科学合理发挥奶牛生产性能的一些方式,对生产实践有一定的指导作用。     

不同能量水平日粮对中卫山羊泌乳母羊消化率的影响

选择10只胎次相近,出生时间相近,健康母羊和羔羊的平均体重差异不显著(P>0.05),随机分为二组,每组5只。分为泌乳前后两个时期以不同能量水平日粮饲喂各组母羊,结果表明:第一组试验羊的能量和后期蛋白质消化率稍高于第二组试验羊,第一组试验羊前期的蛋白质消化率稍低于第二组。     

The cell count in sheep and goat milk]

The udder health of 404 sheep from 23 flocks and 397 goats from 15 herds in Lower Austria was examined. In order to determine cell levels, the Schalm Test (equivalent to the California mastitis test) and a fluoroscopic "Fossomatic" cell count appliance were employed. The resultant physiological median levels of somatic cell content were established as 71,000 cells/ml for sheep milk and 415,000 cells/ml for goat milk. Significant factors influencing the cell count levels were the milking technique in both species and age in sheep but not in goats. The pathogens most frequently isolated as causes of chronic or latent mastitis were coagulase-positive and -negative cocci.     

Production Characteristics, Water Quality, and Costs of Producing Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus at Different Stocking Densities in Single-batch Production

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming is the largest component of aquaculture in the USA. Culture technologies have evolved over time, and little recent work has been conducted on the effects of stocking density on production characteristics and water quality. Twelve 0.1‐ha ponds were stocked with 13‐ to 15‐cm fingerlings (16 g) at either 8600, 17,300, 26,000, or 34,600 fish/ha in single‐batch culture with three replicates per treatment. Fish were fed daily to apparent satiation with a 32% floating commercial catfish feed. Nitrite‐N, nitrate‐N, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Secchi disk visibility, chlorophyll a, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored. Ponds were harvested after a 201‐d culture period (March 26, 2003 to October 13, 2003). Net yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) as stocking density increased, reaching an average of 9026 kg/ha at the highest density. Growth and marketable yield (>0.57 kg) decreased with increasing stocking density. Survival was not significantly different among densities. Mean and maximum daily feeding rates increased with density, but feed conversion ratios did not differ significantly among treatments (overall average of 1.42), despite the fact that at the higher stocking densities, the feeding rates sometimes exceeded 112 kg/ha per d (100 lb/ac per d). Morning DO concentrations fell below 3 mg/L only once in a 34,600 fish/ha pond. Concentrations of chlorophyll a, COD, nitrite‐N, and TAN increased nominally with increasing feed quantities but did not reach levels considered problematic even at the highest stocking densities. Breakeven prices were lowest for the highest stocking density even after accounting for the additional time and growth required for submarketable fish to reach market size. While total costs were higher for the higher density treatments, the relatively higher yields more than compensated for higher costs.     

The value of sea urchin,Lytechinus variegatus,egesta consumed by shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Sea urchins produce high‐energy, membrane‐bound fecal pellets that contain residual nutrients and large quantities of microbiota. These egesta are readily consumed by the shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Egesta of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, were evaluated as a feed supplement or total replacement for a commercial shrimp diet. Shrimp were stocked at 0.49 g ± 0.06 g initial body weight and housed individually in 2.8‐L tanks in a commercial recirculating zebrafish system. Shrimp were assigned to one of six diets: commercial shrimp feed, reference sea urchin feed, collected dried sea urchin egesta, collected wet sea urchin egesta, half ration of shrimp feed and half collected wet sea urchin egesta, and egesta naturally produced by two sea urchins in polyculture. Equivalent dry matter amounts of each diet were proffered to shrimp in each treatment twice daily, except for those that had complete access to natural egesta excreted by sea urchins in polyculture. Sea urchins were proffered a reference sea urchin feed at 2% body weight daily. After 27 days, shrimp proffered collected dried or wet egesta did not differ significantly in percent weight gain and showed the lowest weight gain. The percent weight gain of shrimp fed the commercial shrimp diet did not differ significantly from that of the shrimp fed half commercial shrimp diet and half egesta. The highest weight gain was recorded for those shrimp that consumed the untouched egesta produced by sea urchins in polyculture. These data suggest that consumed egesta have noteworthy nutritional value and therefore would be beneficial to the culture of extractive species in an integrated multitrophic aquaculture system.     

The effects of illumination and daily number of collections on fry yields in guppy breeding tanks

Substantial loss of fry to cannibalism by brood-fish occurs in live-bearing ornamental fish farms. Previous results demonstrated that fry yields in breeding tanks of the guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) can be increased by attracting the newborns by a light stimulus into net baskets from which they are collected. In the present study the effects of the number of daily collections and timing of lighting on fry yield in breeding tanks in the laboratory were tested. No difference in fry yield was found between one and two daily collections, and no effect of the timing of lighting (lighting during the day versus during the night). Contrasting of the morning and afternoon collections within the two-collection treatment under day lighting versus night lighting revealed that more fry were collected when the collection followed the lighting period than the no-lighting period. Experiments conducted in commercial farms revealed no difference in fry yields between one and two daily collections when the baskets were illuminated, concurring with the laboratory results. The farm experiments demonstrated that without illumination there is an advantage for two collections over one collection. Taken together, the results showed that the novel method of using light to attract newborn guppies into mesh baskets have a double benefit; it increases fry yields and concurrently lessens the labor required to harvest maximal fry yields in guppy breeding tanks.     

日粮中添加硒对断奶南江黄羊羔生长性能的影响

选用南江黄羊断奶羊羔10只,按性别、年龄、体重基本一致的原则随机分为对照组和试验组,每组4只公羊,1只母羊,进行45d舍饲饲养试验。试验组在与对照组基础日粮相同的日粮中添加0.15mg/kg的硒。结果表明:试验期对照组和试验组只均增重分别为(4.25±0.68)kg、(5.6±0.78)kg,平均日增重分别为93.34g和124.46g,两组间增重差异显著(P<0.05)。     

Maximum ration of four algal diets for the oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

The rate of removal of four species of alga from suspension by the oyster Crassostrea virginica was determined. The number of cells removed per hour depended upon the size of algal cells, but the total dry weight of algal material removed over 24 h was independent of size. Filtration rate was dependent upon the density of the algal suspension, and large quantities of pseudofeces were produced by oysters filtering algae from suspensions denser than 10 μg/ml.Oysters showed periods of high filtering activity and periods of relative quiescence during experimental trials of 24 h duration. Based on the periodic filtering activity of the oysters, a discontinuous feeding regime is proposed along with an equation predicting the maximum daily ration of oysters of various sizes.     

Fish culture in rainfed rice fields of northeast Thailand

Adoption of rice-fish culture by farmers in the rainfed areas of northeast Thailand is examined with reference to recent field research and extension in the region. The practice is placed in perspective with the development of aquaculture per se and the human and agricultural ecology of this heterogeneous region. Rice-fish culture is a recent activity in the region and has been promoted by government and non-government agencies with variable success among small-scale farmers. The widespread availability of private hatchery-produced fish seed and perceived decline in wild fish have been important stimuli. Rainfed rice fields are marginal agricultural environments and lack of water constrains both rice and fish production. Wild swamp fish are tolerant of these conditions and traditional systems for their management and capture have expanded greatly in recent years. In much of the region ‘trap’ ponds are used more for catching wild fish than as refuge sumps or ponds for fish culture per se; wild fish typically constitute between 20 and 80% of the total yields in stocked systems. Widespread availability of fish seed allows more farmers to try rice-fish culture but the small size of seed at purchase is still a problem particularly where carnivorous, wild fish are prevalent. Appropriate on-farm nursery techniques may improve success and adoption of hapa nursing has been high in some parts of the region. Species ratio and density of fish stocked depends mainly on their availability from fry traders; the major species stocked in rice fields are the silver barb (Puntius gonionotus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Farmers adapt rice fields for fish culture as part of their whole farm strategy; benefits to rice, vegetable and fruit and livestock may be considered more important than fish yields. The high value attached to even small quantities of fresh fish is a major incentive for rice-fish culture, but women who are decision makers in terms of changes to rice fields and household consumption have often not been fully considered during promotion of rice-fish.

The relatively small areas of riceland that farmers can stock and harvest fish, low yields per unit area and high consumption of fish reduces the importance of rice-fish culture in many rural households. The analysis suggests that stocking fish in rice fields in areas with poor access to wild fish supplies from community water bodies would have most impact.

Although rice-fish culture can contribute to subsistence requirements, the high labour demand often means that intensified capture of wild fish or pond-based culture of fish are more attractive for poorer and better off farmers, respectively.     

Assessment of requirement values for essential amino acids in the prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate)

The requirements of juvenile prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), 0.79 g initial body weight, for essential amino acids (EAA) were evaluated based on the daily increase of each EAA in the whole body when the prawn was maintained on a diet with a high nutritive value (a casein‐squid protein‐based diet). The quantities of each EAA needed daily for growth and maintenance of prawn are conceived to correspond to the daily requirements of this prawn species for EAA. Therefore, these requirement values of respective EAA should be supplied from dietary proteins. To determine these values, protein and amino acids of the whole body of the prawn were quantified before and after feeding experiments, and the quantities of respective EAA needed to meet the requirements were estimated based on the EAA profile of the whole body protein of prawn. As a result, the contents of EAA in dietary proteins (%) needed to meet the requirements of the prawn for EAA were assessed to be: threonine (2.3), methionine (1.3), valine (2.4), isoleucine (2.3), leucine (3.4), phenylalanine (2.6), lysine (3.2), histidine (1.1), arginine (2.9) and tryptophan (0.6), respectively, when the prawn are fed 50% protein diet with 90% protein digestibility at a ration size of 2% (% of body weight).