膜下滴灌水氮对棉花根系形态和生物量分配变化的影响

通过挖掘法,研究了膜下滴灌不同生育期棉花根系形态特征和生物量分配对不同水氮的响应。结果表明:花铃期,正常灌水促进了根系和地上部的生长,根、地上部干重、根表面积指数、平均根长密度显著增加,根冠比下降。无论灌水量如何,施氮促进了根系和地上部的生长,但对地上部的促进作用远大于根系,表现为根冠比下降。吐絮期,在低氮条件下,灌水量增加,根干重、地上部干重显著增加。在中氮和高氮条件下,不同的灌水量对根干重没有影响。无论施氮量如何,灌水量增加,平均根长密度、根表面积指数显著下降,地上部干重明显增加,根冠比下降。水分胁迫时,中氮的根干重明显高于低氮和高氮处理,而施氮对地上部干重,平均根长密度的影响不明显,根表面积有降低的趋势。正常灌水时,施氮量增加,根干重、根长密度、根表面积指数显著降低,地上部干重以中氮水平最高。花铃期至吐絮期,根干重随生育期的延长明显增加。水分胁迫条件下,平均根长密度、根表面积指数随生育期的延长有增加的趋势。正常灌水条件下,平均根长密度、根表面积指数随生育期的延长下降。     

裸燕麦根系体积与表面积的变化特征

以品五(晚熟品种)和坝莜一号(早熟品种)两个裸燕麦(莜麦)品种为试验材料,对其不同时期的根系体积和根系表面积的变化动态进行了研究。结果表明:裸燕麦两个品种中后期根系总体积的变化趋势基本一致,大致可分为:拔节期到抽穗开花期的快速增长阶段、抽穗开花期至开花后10~26 d的显著下降阶段、开花后10~26d至成熟期的缓慢上升阶段。通过对裸燕麦不同时期分层根系体积和表面积的分析,30~90 cm土层中根系的继续增长导致其生育后期根系表现回升性增长特性。裸燕麦晚熟品种生育中后期根系体积、根表面积、根系干重等性状间呈极显著正相关;早熟品种除根系干重与根系表面积之间相关不显著外,其他各性状之间均呈极显著正相关关系。     

不同灌溉方式对水稻根系生长的影响

采用根箱试验研究了间歇灌溉与淹灌两种灌溉方式对汕优10号根系生长的影响.结果表明,间歇灌溉处理具有更高的根系活力,较高的根系生物量和较深的根层分布,抽穗以后土表10 cm以下根系生物量比例高于淹灌处理.这可能是间歇灌溉条件下,稻株氮素吸收及利用率增强,后期干物质积累及产量提高的重要生理原因.     

我国对草莓炭疽根腐病的重视程度亟待提高

草莓炭疽根腐病是近年来发生较为普遍和严重的草莓病害,但对该病害的认识不足甚至存在误区。本文介绍了草莓炭疽根腐病与草莓红中柱根腐病在症状表现、病原菌种类及用药策略上的不同,并指出了国内草莓炭疽病发生和危害的特点,勿将炭疽根腐病误认为是红中柱根腐病。     

滴灌次数对冬小麦根系生长及时空分布的影响

以新冬18号为材料,利用双管分根管栽法,模拟田间试验研究了拔节期后不同滴灌次数W1（6次）、W2（7次）、W3（9次）、W4（11次）（每次内、外管分别滴30 mm ）对0～100 cm土层含水量,0～100 cm土层初、次生根干重和长度、根系活性分布及产量的影响。结果表明,随滴灌次数及总滴灌量的增加,0～40 cm土层的含水量增加,并延缓该土层的初生根干重和根长的衰减、促进次生根干重和根长增长,增加孕穗期至花后20 d初、次生根干重密度、根长密度及根系活性,而对40～100 cm土层根系的生长影响较小。小麦产量和水分利用效率均以W4最高,分别为25．5 g·管－1和1．36 kg·m－3。当滴灌量少、湿润土层浅时,小麦深层初、次生根生长易受严重抑制,且根系分布浅,初生根提前衰老,导致千粒重降低而减产。     

不同耐旱性玉米初生根和次生根中铁、锰、铜、锌、钠含量分析

以生长于田间的玉米掖单13(耐旱性玉米)和丹玉13(不耐旱性玉米)为试验材料,应用ICP对供试玉米的初生根和第一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八和第九层次生根的铁、锰、铜、锌和钠元素含量等项指标进行了测定和比较分析。结果表明:除个别根外,耐旱性玉米不同类型根中的铜含量极显著高于不耐旱性玉米根系(P0.01);根中的锰元素含量和锌元素含量极显著高于不耐旱性玉米根系(P0.05);根系中铁元素含量和根系中的钠元素含量在两品种玉米根系之间差异未达显著水平(P0.05)。     

Vertical root distribution and root cohesion of typical tree species on the Loess Plateau,China

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and Chinese pine(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) are two woody plants that are widely planted on the Loess Plateau for controlling soil erosion and land desertification. In this study, we conducted an excavation experiment in 2008 to investigate the overall vertical root distribution characteristics of black locust and Chinese pine. We also performed triaxial compression tests to evaluate the root cohesion(additional soil cohesion increased by roots) of black locust. Two types of root distribution, namely, vertical root(VR) and horizontal root(HR), were used as samples and tested under four soil water content(SWC) conditions(12.7%, 15.0%, 18.0% and 20.0%, respectively). Results showed that the root lengths of the two species were mainly concentrated in the root diameter of 5–20 mm. A comparison of root distribution between the two species indicated that the root length of black locust was significantly greater than that of Chinese pine in nearly all root diameters, although the black locust used in the comparison was 10 years younger than the Chinese pine. Root biomass was also significantly greater in black locust than in Chinese pine, particularly in the root diameters of 3–5 and 5–10 mm. These two species were both found to be deep-rooted. The triaxial compression tests showed that root cohesion was greater in the VR samples than in the HR samples. SWC was negatively related to both soil shear strength and root cohesion. These results could provide useful information on the architectural characteristics of woody root system and expand the knowledge on shallow slope stabilization and soil erosion control by plant roots on the Loess Plateau.     

An estimation method of soil wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China based on geographic information system and remote sensing

Studies of wind erosion based on Geographic Information System(GIS) and Remote Sensing(RS) have not attracted sufficient attention because they are limited by natural and scientific factors.Few studies have been conducted to estimate the intensity of large-scale wind erosion in Inner Mongolia,China.In the present study,a new model based on five factors including the number of snow cover days,soil erodibility,aridity,vegetation index and wind field intensity was developed to quantitatively estimate the amount of wind erosion.The results showed that wind erosion widely existed in Inner Mongolia.It covers an area of approximately 90×104 km2,accounting for 80% of the study region.During 1985–2011,wind erosion has aggravated over the entire region of Inner Mongolia,which was indicated by enlarged zones of erosion at severe,intensive and mild levels.In Inner Mongolia,a distinct spatial differentiation of wind erosion intensity was noted.The distribution of change intensity exhibited a downward trend that decreased from severe increase in the southwest to mild decrease in the northeast of the region.Zones occupied by barren land or sparse vegetation showed the most severe erosion,followed by land occupied by open shrubbery.Grasslands would have the most dramatic potential for changes in the future because these areas showed the largest fluctuation range of change intensity.In addition,a significantly negative relation was noted between change intensity and land slope.The relation between soil type and change intensity differed with the content of Ca CO3 and the surface composition of sandy,loamy and clayey soils with particle sizes of 0–1 cm.The results have certain significance for understanding the mechanism and change process of wind erosion that has occurred during the study period.Therefore,the present study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia.     

多枝柽柳幼苗根系分布对灌溉量的响应

通过分层分段挖掘法,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同灌溉量条件下(35 ,24.5,14 kg/株·次)多枝柽柳 (Tamarix ramosissima)幼苗根系分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:随着深度的增加,各灌溉量根系生物量逐渐减少;但随着灌溉量的减少,其深层次根系生物量有增加的趋势.各灌溉量地下生物量的分布与深度呈显著的负对数关系.采用数值拟合方法,对不同灌溉量条件下多枝柽柳根系消弱系数(root extinction coefficient)进行了求解,结果表明:随灌溉量的减少,滴灌条件下多枝柽柳根系消弱系数有增加的趋势.根长和根表面积在垂直方向的变化趋势,随灌溉量的不同而有所不同.灌溉量为35,24.5 kg/株·次的2个处理,根长和根表面积随深度的增加呈指数递减;而灌溉量为14 kg/株·次的处理,根长与根表面积为"单峰型"曲线.     

尖叶胡枝子地下生物量累积变化

通过对栽培条件下尖叶胡枝子地下不同直径根系组分和生物量的测定及模拟分析,结果表明:尖叶胡枝子的根系垂直空间分布为典型的表层聚积型,根系主要集中在0～20 cm,根系垂直分布特征参数β的值较小;生长1 080 d(生长3年)的尖叶胡枝子根系入土深度可达100 cm,其中在0～40 cm的土层中,以粗根为主,占总根量的81.54%,40 cm之下以细根为主;根系密度随着尖叶胡枝子生长期的延长呈明显增大的趋势.     

不同生态区8种芸芥根系生物量的初步研究

通过管栽模拟试验,研究了不同生态区8个芸芥类型(高抗旱类型的会宁芸芥、陇西芸芥,中抗旱类型的张北芸芥、Varomin芸芥、兴和芸芥、和田芸芥,低抗旱类型的西凉芸芥、四川芸芥)的根系生长情况。结果表明:芸芥根系生物量的垂直层次分布模型可用多项式y=a bx cx2 dx3描述;会宁、陇西、兴和、西凉芸芥与张北、和田、Varomin、四川芸芥的各参数值(a、b、c、d)总体相差较大且根系总生物量、各层次的生物量和根/冠比前者均低于后者;各层次根系生物量的百分含量也呈现不同的垂直变化规律。无论是总的还是各层次的根系生物量,强抗旱芸芥类型的趋于中等大小,中抗芸芥类型的有大也有小,低抗芸芥类型的均较大。     

Atripes paspali gen. et sp. nov. (Magnaporthaceae) causing take-all disease on Paspalum guenoarum in Brazil

In Brazil, Paspalum species are commonly used in sports lawns, landscape projects, and as forage for livestock. Paspalum guenoarum plants showing symptoms of take-all disease were observed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis is the only species reported associated with this disease on Paspalum. In recent years, new species of Gaeumannomyces have been proposed based on molecular studies, which demonstrated the existence of a species complex. Take-all affects rice and wheat, but the aetiology of this disease on P. guenoarum is still unknown; this work aimed to elucidate the aetiology of the take-all on P. guenoarum in Brazil and evaluate possible alternative hosts of agricultural importance. Based on combined phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, TEF-1α, and RPB1 sequences, the fungal pathogen was identified as Atripes paspali gen. et sp. nov., which is proposed as a new genus in the Magnaporthaceae family. A representative isolate of A. paspali was inoculated on healthy P. guenoarum plants and reproduced the same symptoms of take-all observed in the field. Furthermore, this fungus is also able to cause take-all on wheat plants; temperature directly affected the incidence and development of the disease in wheat. Take-all on P. guenoarum is caused by A. paspali.     

局部高浓度硝酸盐供应对玉米根系 形态及氮累积的影响

以郑单958和鲁单981为研究对象,进行水培分根试验,在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下,分别以均匀低浓度硝酸盐处理主根和种子根(LPR-LSR)、局部高浓度硝酸盐处理主根（HPR-LSR）和局部高浓度硝酸盐处理种子根（LPR-HSR）,测定分析根系形态、生物量以及氮含量。结果表明：与氮低效鲁单981相比,氮高效郑单958具有较高的主根根长、根表面积、根系生物量、地上部生物量和氮累积量。水分胁迫条件下,郑单958和鲁单981的主根的根长、根表面积、根体积、地上部生物量和氮累积量总体上均低于正常水分条件。玉米主根和种子根对局部高浓度硝酸盐的反应存在差异。与均匀低浓度硝酸盐处理相比,局部高浓度硝酸盐处理促进正常水分条件下主根和种子根根系的生长,尤其是根长和根系表面积;在正常水分条件下,主根根长和根系表面积增加幅度范围为6.8%~27.3%和1.9%~21.9%,除HPR-LSR处理条件下的郑单958外,种子根根长和根系表面积增加幅度范围为30.4%~92.7%和10.5%~135.1%;在水分胁迫条件下,主根根长和表面积增加幅度范围为24.6%~152.9%和62.1%~229.9%,然而种子根根长降低了10.0%~29.9%,表明水分胁迫会影响种子根对高浓度硝酸盐的响应。除水分胁迫条件下LPR-HSR处理外,局部高浓度处理可同时增加两侧根系的生物量和氮累积量。无论是正常供水还是水分胁迫,与LPR-LSR处理相比,局部高浓度硝酸盐供应均能够增加地上部生物量以及氮累积量,在LPR-HSR处理条件下,增加幅度范围分别在35.0% ~107.9%和162.9%~291.1%,在HPR-LSR处理条件下分别为56.7%~109.4%和204.1%~377.0%,HPR-LSR处理条件下增加幅度较大,表明在氮素非均匀分布环境中,当主根处于高浓度硝酸盐区域时将会更显著促进生物量的增加和氮累积。     

磷酸二铵施肥量和单混种植对超高产大豆根系性状的影响研究

在盆栽条件下,以超高产大豆品种辽豆14、中黄35和普通大豆品种辽豆11为试材,探讨了超高产品种在不同施肥量和种植类型处理下根系的竞争力。结果表明,超高产品种和普通品种大豆的根系形态性状、根系活力和伤流成份在品种和品种×肥力互作间均存在显著差异。开花期,普通品种在不施肥条件下单播处理的根长、根表面积和伤流量较超高产品种分别高出46.3%、47.6%和27.9%,差异达显著水平。超高产品种在中肥和高肥水平下根系形态指标较高,在鼓粒期和混播处理中其根系活力、伤流量和伤流成份含量均显著高于普通品种。说明在施肥量充足时,超高产品种的根系较普通品种表现了良好的生长优势和吸收能力。     

Untangling the influence of soil moisture on root pullout property of alfafa plant

Root pullout property of plants was of key importance to the soil reinforcement and the improvement of slope stability. To investigate the influence of soil moisture on root pullout resistance and failure modes in soil reinforcement process, we conducted pullout tests on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots at five levels (40, 30, 20, 10 and 6 kPa) of soil matric suction, corresponding to respectively 7.84%, 9.66%, 13.02%, 19.35% and 27.06% gravimetric soil moisture contents. Results showed that the maximal root pullout force of M. sativa decreased in a power function with increasing soil moisture content from 7.84% to 27.06%. Root slippage rate increased and breakage rate decreased with increasing soil moisture content. At 9.66% soil moisture content, root slippage rate and breakage rate was 56.41% and 43.58%, respectively. The threshold value of soil moisture content was about 9.00% for alfalfa roots in the loess soil. The maximal pullout force of M. sativa increased with root diameter in a power function. The threshold value of root diameter was 1.15 mm, because root slipping force was greater than root breaking force when diameter >1.15 mm, while diameter ≤1.15 mm, root slipping force tended to be less than root breaking force. No significant difference in pullout forces was observed between slipping roots and breaking roots when they had similar diameters. More easily obtained root tensile force (strength) is suggested to be used in root reinforcement models under the condition that the effect of root diameter is excluded as the pullout force of breaking roots measured in pullout tests is similar to the root tensile force obtained by tensile tests.     

干旱胁迫对沙芥幼苗根系形态及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以一年生沙芥幼苗根系为材料,采用盆栽试验,测定不同干旱处理下幼苗根系形态特性、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化系统等生理指标。结果表明,干旱胁迫下沙芥幼苗根系主根长、主根体积和根冠比随着胁迫天数的延长不断增加,重度胁迫时分别上升154.39%、90.69%和189.59%。幼苗根系活力在重度胁迫时下降51.22%,根系可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在轻度和中度胁迫时上升,而重度胁迫时分别下降了1.65%、4.13%和11.84%。根系中的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸活性随着胁迫程度加剧不断上升,过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)先上升后下降。丙二醛(MDA)含量和根系质膜透性随着胁迫程度增加逐渐上升到255.74%和122.78%,复水3 d后轻度和中度胁迫下根系中的抗氧化保护系统和渗透调节物质均可恢复到对照水平,重度胁迫复水3 d后只能恢复到轻度胁迫水平,说明沙芥幼苗根系受到了一定程度的伤害。     

不同灌溉模式对西辽河平原玉米根系形态特征和生理生化特性的影响

研究了西辽河平原灌区3种主要灌溉方式(浅埋滴灌、膜下滴灌和传统畦灌)对玉米根系形态特征和生理生化特性的影响.采用大田对比试验,以农华101为供试品种,大小垄种植(小垄行距40 cm,大垄行距80 cm),种植密度7.5万株·hm-2,在设定的灌溉定额下(膜下滴灌和浅埋滴灌为3150 m3·hm-2、传统畦灌为4500 ...     

Effects of Verticillium dahliae on tomato root morphology considering plant growth response and defence

The soilborne pathogen Verticillium dahliae invades its host via the root, and spreads systemically throughout the plant. Although a functional root system of appropriate size is essential for water and nutrient uptake, to date, effects of pathogens on root morphology have not been frequently investigated. Therefore, this study aims to improve knowledge of how V. dahliae infection impairs root morphological characteristics of tomato, considering plant growth and physiological responses, particularly those involved in defence in roots and leaves over a growing period of up to 28 days post‐inoculation. Verticillium dahliae infection suppressed the growth of both shoot and root. Diseased plants developed a smaller leaf area, and exhibited a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. An early response to pathogen invasion in the host root was the up‐regulation of several defence‐related genes, such as proteinase inhibitor II (Pin2), β‐1,3‐glucanase A (GluA) and two pathogenesis‐related genes (PR‐1a, PR‐1b). However, this response did not prevent colonization of the roots by the pathogen. Although a high variability in pathogen density was found within the root system, a significant increase of both the specific root length and surface area was observed in response to pathogen invasion; these traits correlated with water use efficiency. Morphological changes of the root may represent an adaptive response evolved to sustain the supply of both water and nutrients in the presence of the pathogen.