不同海拔高寒草甸土壤微量元素含量及其与植被的关系

为了探究高寒草甸微量元素随海拔的分布特征及其与植被的关系。本研究以东祁连山高寒草甸为研究对象,调查并测定了不同海拔下高寒草甸植被群落和土壤微量元素含量,采用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)分析土壤微量元素与植被群落的关系。结果表明,高寒草甸植被总盖度、草层盖度、地上生物量、莎草科、豆科和杂类草地上生物量均随海拔的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在3 200 m处达最大值,禾本科地上生物量随海拔升高依次降低;土壤钙(Ca)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和锰(Mn)含量随海拔的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,土壤镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)和钼(Mo)含量随海拔的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,土壤钴(Co)含量随海拔的升高依次降低,土壤硒(Se)含量随海拔的升高呈波动性上升;相关性分析和RDA分析表明,土壤微量元素Mo和Fe含量显著影响着高寒草甸植被的生长。综上所述,海拔显著影响着高寒草甸土壤微量元素的分布,高寒草甸土壤管理过程中应该关注微量元素Mo和Fe,建议将微量元素Mo和Fe作为高寒草甸土壤健康评价指标。     

祁连山自然保护区不同草地类型地上生物量和土壤微量元素特征分析

以祁连山保护区5个主要草地类型为研究对象,探讨了不同草地类型植被及土壤微量元素的分布特征,应用冗余分析(RDA)分析了微量元素对植被特征的解释关系.研究发现:1)不同类型草地植被总盖度依次为高寒草甸＞温性草原＞高寒草原＞温性荒漠＞高寒荒漠,草层高度依次为温性荒漠＞温性草原＞高寒草原＞高寒草甸＞高寒荒漠,地上生物量依次为温性草原＞高寒草原＞高寒草句＞温性荒漠＞高寒荒漠;禾本科、豆科和杂类草生物量及比例因草地类型而异;2)随着土层深度的增加,温性荒漠和高寒荒漠土壤Mg含量降低,Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu和Mo含量升高,而高寒草甸、温性草原和高寒草原的土壤Mg、Mn和Zn含量先升高后降低,Fe、Cu和Mo含量降低;3)不同类型草地土壤微量元素含量因草地类型而异.RDA分析发现,影响草地植被特征重要性依次为Mg＞Zn＞Cu＞Mn,且Mg对植被特征的影响达显著水平.综上所述,土壤微量元素Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn与草地植被关系密切且在一定程度上影响着草地植被状况,尤其土壤Mg含量.     

高寒草甸退化对优势物种根际土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

以祁连山东缘的4个不同退化程度(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化)高寒草甸为研究对象,测定分析了高寒草甸退化对优势物种和土壤理化性质的影响,以及不同退化程度优势物种对根际土壤和非根际土壤中3大类微生物的数量、微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)的含量以及酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随高寒草甸退化程度的加剧,植物群落多样性呈下降趋势,土壤中有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效磷的含量呈逐渐降低的趋势;(2)随退化程度的加剧,根际和非根际土壤中3大类微生物的数量呈逐渐降低的趋势,并且不同退化程度下根际和非根际土壤中微生物的数量均表现为,细菌>放线菌>真菌;(3)随退化程度的加剧,根际和非根际土壤中微生物生物MBC,MBN和MNP的含量和土壤蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性均呈逐渐降低的趋势,并且土壤中微生物生物量的含量和土壤酶的活性均表现为根际土壤高于非根际土壤。     

退化高寒草甸优势植物根际与非根际土壤养分及微生物量的分布特征

根际是一类特殊的微生态系统,对研究土壤与植物群落间的相互作用具有重要意义。本研究旨在探讨高寒草甸退化过程中根际与非根际土壤的养分和微生物量分布特征,以及优势植物根际养分富集的相关性和差异性。结果表明：不同退化程度条件下,根际土壤中微生物量碳、氮、磷和养分含量显著高于非根际土壤（P<0.05）,且随退化程度加剧呈逐渐下降趋势;随高寒草甸退化程度的加剧,根际微生物量的碳、氮、磷和养分均出现富集效应,其富集率表现为重度退化草地 > 中度退化草地 > 轻度退化草地 > 未退化草地;由相关分析可知,根际与非根际土壤中微生物量碳和微生物量氮与全磷、全氮和有机碳之间均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。综上所述,草地退化过程中土壤的有效养分和微生物量在植物根际存在富集和活化现象,这对于人们进一步认识和调控根际的养分循环具有重要意义。     

武功山草甸土壤微量元素分布及对人为干扰的响应

土壤中有效态微量元素的供给水平会影响植物的正常生长和发育。通过研究武功山山地草甸土壤有效态微量元素Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、B的分布特征以及对人为干扰的响应,发现有效态Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、B的平均含量分别为169.15、0.94、3.73、1.60、0.28 mg·kg-1,有效态Fe、Cu、Zn、B随海拔增加并未有显著增加或减少的规律,0-20cm土层的有效态Mn随海拔增加有显著(P0.05)减少趋势。有效态Fe、Mn、Zn具有空间异质性。0-20和20-40 cm土层,有效态Cu都对人为干扰响应敏感(P0.05),且随着人为干扰程度的增加,有效态Cu含量呈现富集现象,最大富集率分别为139.5%和181.8%。     

青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草原牧草4种微量元素含量季节动态

本研究测定了甘南桑科高寒草甸草地不同月份不同处理下牧草微量元素（锰（Mn）、铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu））含量及牧草生物量,对牧草微量元素的季节动态及其盈缺状况进行了分析,以期了解不同利用措施对草地牧草微量元素营养的影响。结果表明：同一处理下不同月份的牧草微量元素含量差异显著,具有明显的季节性,Mn,Fe,Cu含量季节动态为“V”字形,Zn含量大致呈“W”字形;同一月份不同处理的牧草的微量元素含量也有所不同,其含量大小为封育 >补播 >施肥 >放牧。除Cu外,其余3种微量元素含量均在放牧家畜的营养需要范围之内。     

藏北不同退化阶段高寒草甸植物群落特征与土壤养分特性

为探究藏北不同退化阶段高寒草甸的植物群落特征、土壤养分特性及其相关性,以那曲县那玛切村的轻度退化（lightly degraded,LD）、中度退化（moderately degraded,MD）和重度退化（severely degraded,SD）高寒草甸为研究对象,采用冗余分析（RDA）试图揭示不同退化阶段高寒草甸土壤环境因子与植被因子之间的关系。结果表明：1）研究区植物共有9科20属25种,莎草科、禾本科、菊科和蔷薇科植物适应性较强,不同退化草甸植被类型分别为高山嵩草+斑唇马先蒿,弱小火绒草+高山嵩草,二裂委陵菜+白苞筋骨草,其中高山嵩草是轻、中度退化草甸的优势种,不同退化阶段高寒草甸杂类草均占据重要地位,生活型以多年生草本为主。2）从轻度退化草甸到重度退化草甸,植物群落特征（地上生物量、高度、密度、频度、总盖度）整体呈递减趋势,且差异显著（P<0.05）,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数随着退化加重呈降低的趋势。3）随退化程度加重,土壤有机质、速效氮、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、全钾均呈降低的趋势,土壤pH值逐步增加。4）不同退化草甸速效磷、全磷与物种多样性指数呈正相关关系,群落植被地上生物量与土壤全氮密切相关,且土壤环境因子含量对植被生长贡献率最高的分别为速效氮、有机质和pH。说明退化草甸的植被群落特征与土壤养分具有协同性,因此研究和治理西藏高寒草地退化必须重视土壤中氮磷元素的含量。     

退化高寒草甸斑块根—土复合体特征研究

高寒草甸斑块的根-土复合体对局部水土流失过程具有调控作用,为研究其特征及抗侵蚀效应,本研究选取三江源区达日县境内典型中度退化草甸的植被斑块为研究对象,调查草甸斑块中心与边缘植物群落特征,测定斑块边缘0～10 cm土层和斑块中心0～20 cm土层的容重、含水率、毛管孔隙度等土壤物理性质,并开展单根拉伸和根-土复合体直剪试验。结果表明：受优势种矮嵩草的分布影响,地上生物量主要分布在斑块中心,根系主要分布在0～10 cm土层;斑块中心区域土壤抗剪强度、内摩擦角和粘聚力均随土层深度的增加而减小;斑块边缘区域土壤粘聚力,抗剪强度明显高于斑块中心区域,草甸斑块植物根系是土壤抗剪强度的主要影响因素。草甸斑块根-土复合体能明显增加退化草甸土壤的抗侵蚀能力,研究结果可为深入研究高寒草甸根系固土功能及水土流失调控提供科学依据。     

黄河源区不同退化阶段高寒草甸植被特征

研究不同退化阶段高寒草甸植被演替以及草地生产力特征,对进一步探究高寒草甸退化机制,科学评估草地状况和退化草地恢复重建具有重要意义。采用野外植被调查,对黄河源区高寒草甸未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度("黑土型")退化草地的植被群落结构、物种组成及生物量等植被特征进行了研究。结果表明:黄河源区高寒草甸共有植物48种;随着高寒草地退化程度的加剧,线叶嵩草、垂穗披碱草、高原早熟禾等优势植物种呈下降趋势,黄帚橐吾、青海刺参和臭蒿等则呈上升趋势。随着高寒草地退化程度的加剧,植被群落物种优势度指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数均呈下降趋势,均匀度指数则无明显变化。将高寒草地植被划分为禾本科、莎草科、龙胆科、菊科、杂类草和毒害草六类,随着草地退化程度的加剧,禾本科、莎草科和龙胆科牧草比例显著降低,菊科和毒害草比例则显著升高。高寒草甸不同退化阶段地上生物量呈"V"形变化,轻度退化草地地上生物量最高,显著高于其他阶段。中度退化草地最低,与未退化、轻度退化和重度退化草地之间差异显著。高寒草甸地下生物量80%以上集中于表层土壤,随着高寒草地退化程度的不断加剧,地下生物量显著降低。     

不同退化程度高寒嵩草草甸基况的初步研究

以高寒嵩草草甸退化群落指标为依据,研究了青海省未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化阶段,高寒嵩草草甸植物群落的结构特征及土壤特性的差异性。结果表明:不同退化程度的高寒嵩草草甸,其地上、地下生物量,牧草高度,生草层厚度,裸斑面积,物种数,土壤含水量等呈显著差异。同未退化阶段相比,重度退化阶段的优良牧草生物量和地下生物量分别降低了43.2和10.1 g/m2。而重度退化阶段时,裸斑面积则达到最大值65 m2,土壤含水量则为最小值22.83%,鼠洞密度则随着高寒嵩草草甸退化程度的加剧,呈倒"V"变化趋势。分析表明,高寒嵩草草甸退化的结果是,由莎草科和禾本科为主的植物演替为杂类草地。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.