三尖杉对花生根结线虫发育的影响

 采用室内培养和盆栽试验的方法,研究了三尖杉(Cephalotaxus fortunei)枝叶提取物及三尖杉枝叶粉末,对花生根结线虫(Meloidogyne arenaria)发育的影响。结果表明,三尖杉枝叶提取物对花生根结线虫胚胎发育及二龄幼虫孵化有明显抑制作用。三尖杉枝叶粉末处理对花生根结线虫胚后发育的影响,主要表现在推迟二龄幼虫及成虫的发育,而对三龄及四龄幼虫的发育无明显影响。三尖杉枝叶粉末处理可显著降低雌虫的产卵量。     

噻唑膦与硅肥联合使用对甘薯茎线虫病的防治效果

为了有效控制甘薯茎线虫病的危害,通过盆栽试验和田间试验分别研究了不同种类硅肥及噻唑膦对甘薯茎线虫病的防控效果。室内试验结果表明,单独施用硅肥对甘薯茎线虫病防治效果较差,但10%噻唑膦颗粒剂与不同种类硅肥联合使用后可显著降低甘薯种薯及薯苗受线虫侵染率,其效果优于单独使用等量的10%噻唑膦颗粒剂。田间施用噻唑膦后再增施硅肥,可使噻唑膦防治效果显著增高,甘薯受害率降低,甘薯产量提高。其中硅肥途保佳15 L/hm2与10%噻唑膦颗粒剂18 kg/hm2或22.5 kg/hm2联合使用后,对茎线虫病的防治效果均达到87%以上,显著高于10%噻唑膦颗粒剂22.5 kg/hm2处理。联合施用硅肥可以在减少噻唑膦用量情况下保持对茎线虫病较高防效,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

光合细菌菌剂与噻唑膦协同使用对水稻根结线虫病防治研究

水稻根结线虫病近年来对我国的水稻生产造成了严重危害.探索低成本、高效安全的水稻根结线虫病防治方法对减少其危害具有极其重要的意义.本研究通过田间小区试验评价了光合细菌微生物菌剂与噻唑膦协同使用对水稻根结线虫病的防治效果及对水稻生产的影响.结果 显示,利用光合细菌微生物菌剂1 L/667m2与10％噻唑膦GR0.10 kg...     

低剂量棉隆熏蒸联合生物菌肥防治黄瓜根结线虫病的应用效果

为明确土壤熏蒸联合生物菌肥对根结线虫及土壤微生态的影响,采用低剂量棉隆熏蒸处理后沟施YB-04菌肥的方法在日光大棚进行黄瓜根结线虫病的防治试验。结果显示,棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施处理土壤中的根结线虫数和黄瓜植株根系的根结指数均比单独使用棉隆或YB-04菌肥的处理及对照显著降低,黄瓜移栽后90 d时线虫减退率为89.1%,根结指数为0.5,防治效果达87.8%。棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施处理也具有显著的促生作用,黄瓜的产量、株高、鲜重以及有效叶数均比对照显著提高了46.4%、18.8%、63.0%和17.7%。另外,棉隆单独熏蒸处理土壤中的细菌和真菌数量、细菌/真菌比值及土壤酶活性均较对照显著降低,而棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施处理土壤中的细菌数量、细菌/真菌比值及土壤酶活性均较棉隆单独熏蒸处理显著增加,其中,细菌数量及细菌/真菌比值分别达28.4×106CFU/g和201.2,蔗糖酶活性达86.0 mg·g~(-1)·24 h~(-1)。表明低剂量棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施可以安全高效地防治黄瓜根结线虫病。     

植物有机质处理土壤防治黄瓜根结线虫病

用12种植物有机质处理土壤,在盆栽和田间小区试验条件下研究了它们对黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果及其对黄瓜植株生长的影响。盆栽试验结果表明:蓖麻叶、麦糠、楝叶和花生饼粕对黄瓜根结线虫病防治效果较好,分别达到70.44％、68.17％、56.09％、54.92％;田间小区的试验结果与盆栽试验结果基本一致,防效较好的有麦糠、楝叶、蓖麻叶和菜籽饼粕4个处理,防效分别达到71.55％、69.99％、63.14％和62.19％。通过分析应用不同植物有机质处理地土壤对黄瓜植株的地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重以及株高的影响,发现麦糠、楝叶、松树锯末和菜籽饼粕对黄瓜的生长表现出明显的促生作用,其中麦糠的促生作用更为明显。     

蚯蚓粪及浸提液对番茄根结线虫的防治效果

通过室内生测和盆栽试验,研究了蚯蚓粪及其浸提液对南方根结线虫的防治作用。结果表明,蚯蚓粪浸提液对南方根结线虫卵囊和卵的孵化表现出明显抑制作用,当浸提液浓度为90%,卵囊孵化的相对抑制率为71.63%,离体卵的孵化率仅为11.88%。对2龄幼虫具有明显的击倒和致死作用,当浸提液浓度为90%,2龄幼虫的死亡率达88.46%。盆栽试验表明,栽培基质混入蚯蚓粪对番茄根结线虫病起到一定的控制作用,当蚯蚓粪占栽培基质的比例为75%时,对根结线虫病的防治效果可达70%以上,但对番茄的生长产生了不良影响,株高仅为47.33 cm,地上部鲜重仅为84.15 g;而当蚯蚓粪比例为25%时,番茄的生长情况最好,株高为61.33 cm,地上部鲜重为241.65 g,对根结线虫病的防治效果达到36.3%。     

吡虫啉及其复配剂不同施药方法对油菜蚜虫控制效果

2006-2009年,采用拌种和播种沟施药的方法,于河南郑州研究了新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉及吡虫啉.辛硫磷复配剂对油菜蚜虫的全程控制效果。小区试验结果表明,用吡虫啉有效成分5g/kg种子拌种仅能有效控制苗期油菜蚜虫的危害,防治效果为90.79%～100%,对中后期油菜蚜虫控制效果不明显;用吡虫啉600g/hm2及吡虫啉.辛硫磷复配剂1320g/hm2采用播种沟施药对油菜蚜虫的防治效果分别为91.82%～94.49%和90.68%～95.34%;试验示范验证防治效果在92%以上,持效期长达7个月以上,可以达到一次用药控制油菜整个生长期蚜虫为害的效果,减少了用药次数,此方法简单易行、保护环境、保护天敌,是一种简化高效的具有推广价值的油菜蚜虫可持续控制技术。     

几种药剂防治花生根结线虫田间试验

3种供试药剂防治花生根结线虫病田间试验结果表明:2.5亿个孢子/克厚孢轮枝菌微粒剂(线虫必克)、15%毒死蜱颗粒剂、10%毒死蜱颗粒剂对花生根结线虫病均表现出优良的防治效果,和对照药剂5%涕灭威颗粒剂防效相当,值得推广使用。     

4种药剂处理土壤防治设施黄瓜根结线虫的效果

为探索北京通州设施黄瓜根结线虫药剂防治技术,选择了4种药剂分别进行土壤处理,调查并比较各处理对大棚内黄瓜根结线虫病及根结线虫的防治效果。发现供试药剂处理土壤后对根结线虫均具抑制作用。其中,99%二甲基二硫醚土壤熏蒸剂26.68 kg/667m~2处理和40.02 kg/667m~2处理对根结线虫病的病指防效达80%以上,较空白对照增产超过100%;20%异硫氰酸烯丙酯可溶液剂3 kg/667m~2处理和5 kg/667m~2处理的病指防效在70%左右,较对照增产60%以上。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺种子处理对花生地上及地下害虫的防治效果

为明确氯虫苯甲酰胺种子处理对花生地下害虫及地上刺吸式口器害虫的防治效果，筛选出合适的田间用药剂量，通过室内盆栽接虫试验和田间试验研究氯虫苯甲酰胺对花生地下害虫沟金针虫Pleonomus canaliculatus（Faldermann）、铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky以及地上害虫花生蚜Aphis craccivora Koch的综合防治效果。结果表明，盆栽药剂拌种处理后15 d，氯虫苯甲酰胺有效成分用量为2.40、3.20 g/kg种子处理对沟金针虫的防治效果为77.42%和82.58%，对铜绿丽金龟的防治效果为77.12%和85.62%；田间拌种处理收获时，2.40、3.20 g/kg种子剂量的氯虫苯甲酰胺对花生田沟金针虫的防治效果为68.12%和76.33%，对铜绿丽金龟的防治效果为71.38%和80.71%；3.20 g/kg种子剂量处理对花生蚜的防治效果最高，为36.39%；该药剂拌种处理后对花生种子无不良影响，对出苗和生长有一定的促进作用，2.40、3.20 g/kg种子剂量处理后增产率为16.16%和18.44%。表明氯虫苯甲酰胺种子处理对花生地下害虫沟金针虫和铜绿丽金龟具有很高的防治效果和持效性，同时对花生蚜也有一定的兼治效果，有明显的防虫增产作用，可推广应用于防治花生田地下害虫。     

玫瑰黄链霉菌片剂对根结线虫病的防治作用及对土壤微生物区系的影响

玫瑰黄链霉菌Men-myco-93-63是从马铃薯疮痂病自然衰退土壤中筛选到的对多种重要植物病原菌具有较强抑制作用的拮抗链霉菌,其发酵液对根结线虫具有较好的防治作用。为明确Men-myco-93-63活菌片剂在蔬菜根结线虫防治中的应用前景,采用温室盆栽法和稀释平板法研究了Men-myco-93-63活菌片剂对黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果及对土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明:Men-myco-93-63片剂对黄瓜根结线虫病具有较好的防效,1.0和1.5 g/株用量下防效分别为51.85%和55.56%,而对照药剂淡紫拟青霉颗粒剂1.5 g/株及M en-myco-93-63固体发酵物(发酵物与病土体积比为1∶200)的防效分别为54.17%和50.00%;施药60d后,该片剂对植株根际土壤中微生物区系影响较大,1.0 g/株用量下,细菌和放线菌数量分别比空白对照增加了225.45%和75.45%,真菌数量降低了66.43%,3种可培养微生物的总量比空白对照增加了195.35%,表明M en-myco-93-63片剂的施用可明显改善根际土壤中的微生物结构。     

Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode

ABSTRACT Nematicidal activity of essential oils extracted from 27 spices and aromatic plants were evaluated in vitro and in pot experiments. Twelve of the twenty-seven essential oils immobilized more than 80% of juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica at a concentration of 1,000 mul/liter. At this concentration, most of these oils also inhibited nematode hatching. Essential oils of Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha rotundifolia, and Mentha spicata showed the highest nematicidal activity among the in vitro tested oils. These oils and those from Origanum vulgare, O. syriacum, and Coridothymus capitatus mixed in sandy soil at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced the root galling of cucumber seedlings in pot experiments. The main components of these essential oils were tested for their nematicidal activity. Carvacrol, t-anethole, thymol, and (+)-carvone immobilized the juveniles and inhibited hatching at >125 mul/liter in vitro. Most of these components mixed in sandy soil at concentrations of 75 and 150 mg/kg reduced root galling of cucumber seedlings. In 3-liter pot experiments, nematicidal activity of the essential oils and their components was confirmed at 200 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. The results suggest that the essential oils and their main components may serve as nematicides.     

棉隆与淡紫拟青霉联合防治番茄根结线虫病的效果评价

为明确土壤熏蒸与生防微生物对番茄根结线虫病的联合作用效果,采用移栽前棉隆熏蒸处理后穴施淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces lilacinus YES-2-14生防菌剂的方法在温室大棚开展了联合防治试验。结果表明,棉隆用量为35 g/m~2时,24周拉秧时线虫数量减少90%以上,防效达到85.5%;移栽时穴施浓度10~7~10~8CFU/g的淡紫拟青霉菌剂,24周拉秧时防效为44.4%~59.6%;而当线虫初始密度达到674头/100 g土时,单一菌剂防效只有12.5%,但番茄长势和产量显著提高。棉隆熏蒸后再联合施用淡紫拟青霉菌剂,2个月和5个月时防效比单一棉隆处理分别提高14.1%和21.8%,比单一菌剂处理提高14.3倍和4.1倍,产量较对照、棉隆熏蒸和单一菌剂处理分别提高22.1%、9.5%和2.4%,且该处理地块线虫数量始终最低,与对照差异显著,而淡紫拟青霉数量则高于单一淡紫拟青霉菌剂处理。表明棉隆和淡紫拟青霉菌剂联合使用不仅能显著降低线虫数量,有效防治番茄根结线虫病,还能够促进植株生长并提高产量。     

不同种植方式对水稻根结线虫病发生危害的影响

水稻根结线虫病是严重危害水稻生产的主要病害之一,目前尚无成本低且安全有效的防控方法。本研究通过田间小区试验评价了直播、移栽和直播前撒施0.2 kg/667 m 210%噻唑膦颗粒剂(GR)3种种植方式下水稻根结线虫病发生及危害情况。结果表明,与直播相比,移栽田移栽后25 d水稻根结线虫的抑制率达到94.26%,根结指数为1.97,与直播前撒施0.2 kg/667 m 210%噻唑膦GR化学药剂处理组无显著差异;移栽后55 d水稻根结线虫的抑制率为58.56%。同时,移栽田移栽后25 d和55 d根结线虫2龄幼虫虫口减退率分别达到77.63%和72.22%。此外,移栽田水稻株高与根长均高于直播处理组及直播前撒施10%噻唑膦GR处理组;产量比直播处理组增加26.34%,直播处理组产量和直播前撒施10%噻唑膦GR处理组没有显著差异。因此,在水稻根结线虫病发生严重的田块采用移栽方式种植,可显著抑制根结线虫的发生为害,是一种安全、有效的防控措施。     

Effect of Heterodera cajani on biomass and grain yield of pigeon pea on vertisol in pot and field experiments

Glasshouse and field trials were conducted to determine the effects of the cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani on biomass and grain yield of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan. Shoot length, fresh and dry shoot masses, leaf area and pod yields of pigeon pea were significantly reduced by H. cajani. In glasshouse pot experiments, an initial density of 1.0 juveniles per cm³ soil caused 14 to 24% reduction in plant height, root and shoot mass and leaf area. Application of carbofuran 3G (1·5, 3·0 and 6·0 kg a.i./ha) in H. autoclaved soil in pots did not improve growth of pigeon pea; however, its application (6 kg a.i./ha) in H. cajani -infested fields reduced the nematode density ( P < 0·05) and improved plant growth and yield. The densities of eggs and juveniles of H. cajani were 72 and 48% lower in the carbofuran-treated plots than in the control plots 35 and 52 days, respectively, after sowing. No such differences were observed at 70 days after sowing. The tolerance limit for pod yield in field experiments was 2·6 eggs and juveniles of H. cajani per cm³ soil at sowing time. Grain yield was 20 to 25% higher in the carbofuran-treated plots than in the control plots. Application of carbofuran protected the roots from nematode damage during the early stages of plant growth and resulted in good plant growth and yield.     

Chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in greenhouses

The complete phase-out of methyl bromide from use in developed countries by 1 January 2005 will cause many problems in agricultural industries that are now heavily reliant on its use. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on tomato and cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Reduction of nematode juveniles in soil and roots to nil detection levels was observed in all plots following soil fumigation with methyl bromide. A significant reduction of nematode juveniles and root-galling index was observed in plots treated with metham-sodium, dazomet and 1,3-dichloropropene compared with the control and plots treated with non-fumigant nematicides. Reduction of the nematode population led to an increase in fruit yield. However, data collected from the second cultivation season indicated that single control methods such as fumigant or contact nematicides alone cannot drastically decrease initial nematode population and those nematodes which escape control lead to population increase by the end of the cropping season.     

云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定

为明确云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病的病原种类,于2019年2月在云南省澜沧县林下三七种植区采集根部带有明显根结的紫茎泽兰根系进行根结线虫分离,通过观察所分离根结线虫的2龄幼虫、雌成虫、会阴花纹特征对其进行形态学鉴定,并利用序列比对、系统发育树分析、序列特异性扩增区段(sequence characterized amplified region,SCAR)对其进行分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,该病原线虫雌成虫会阴花纹呈圆形至卵圆形,背弓中等高或低平,侧区一侧或两侧延伸形成翼状,尾区有刻点,2龄幼虫、雌成虫形态特征及形态测量指标与北方根结线虫Meloidogyne hapla相似;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列和mtDNA的COI序列与NCBI数据库中已登录的北方根结线虫相应序列相似度较高,分别达99.35%和98.05%以上;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列、mtDNA的COI序列分别以99%、100%的支持率与北方根结线虫聚为同一分支;利用SCAR特异性引物,该病原线虫均能扩增出大小约1 500 bp的基因特异性条带。综合形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果将云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定为北方根结线虫。     

YB-04生物菌肥防治番茄根结线虫的效果评价

南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita引起的根结线虫病已经成为我国农业生产上的重要威胁,利用生物防治的方法控制根结线虫病是一种安全有效的植保措施.本研究在日光大棚探究不同剂量的生物菌肥YB-04对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果,并利用Biolog-Eco板研究YB-04对番茄根围土壤微生物群落功能的影响.结果...     

Resistance of Brassicaceae plants to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in northern Australia

Abstract

Brassicaceae plants have the potential as part of an integrated approach to replace fumigant nematicides, providing the biofumigation response following their incorporation is not offset by reproduction of plant-parasitic nematodes on their roots. Forty-three Brassicaceae cultivars were screened in a pot trial for their ability to reduce reproduction of three root-knot nematode isolates from north Queensland, Australia: M. arenaria (NQ1), M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria race 2 (NQ5/7). No cultivar was found to consistently reduce nematode reproduction relative to forage sorghum, the current industry standard, although a commercial fodder radish (Raphanus sativus) and a white mustard (Sinapis alba) line were consistently as resistant to the formation of galls as forage sorghum. A second pot trial screened five commercially available Brassicaceae cultivars, selected for their biofumigation potential, for resistance to two nematode species, M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria (NQ5/7). The fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, was found to be as resistant as forage sorghum to nematode reproduction. A multivariate cluster analysis using the resistance measurements, gall index, nematode number per g of root and multiplication for two nematode species (NQ2 and NQ5/7) confirmed the similarity in resistance between the radish cultivar and forage sorghum. A field trial confirmed the resistance of the fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, with a similar reduction in the number of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles recovered from the roots 8 weeks after planting. The use of fodder radish cultivars as biofumigation crops to manage root-knot nematodes in tropical vegetable production systems deserves further investigation.