不同类型薄壳山核桃苗木栽植效果研究

以淮安地区种植园的1年生和泰州地区种植园的2年生‘波尼’薄壳山核桃苗为试材,研究裸根苗、土球苗、无纺布容器苗等3种不同类型薄壳山核桃苗栽植后生长发育的差异。结果表明:3种类型苗木栽植后新梢和根系生长差异较为显著。两处均以无纺布容器苗成活率最高,达到100%;新梢生长量最大,1年生和2年生苗木的生长量分别为110.77 cm和53.44 cm;根系也最为发达。土球苗次之,裸根苗的新梢、根系生长量最小。分析表明,在江苏淮安和泰州这两个地区,无纺布容器苗的成活率、平均新梢生长量、分枝数、总的新梢生长量、主根长度、粗度、侧根数量等均优于土球苗和裸根苗的。此外,3种类型苗木栽植后,2年生苗木的地上、地下部分生长均优于1年生苗木的。     

落羽杉不同育苗方式生长比较

比较了落羽杉大田育苗和容器育苗的生长情况,结果表明:落羽杉1年生容器苗的生长量显著小于大田苗木,苗高、地径生长仅为大田苗木的72.2和52.9,主根长度和一级侧根数不足大田苗木的一半,地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量和总生物量也分别只有大田苗木的32.5、24.7和29.1。而且落羽杉容器苗径高比和根冠比都较小,生物量的鲜干比大,苗木质量较差。但两种不同规格大小的容器对落羽杉苗木生长和生物量没有明显的影响。     

山乌桕控根容器与密度动态控制育苗效果分析

分析山乌桕绿化大苗培育中采用控根容器和密度动态调控育苗的经营效果。采用控根容器培育的山乌桕绿化大苗与普通无纺布容器苗比,苗高间差异不显著,地径显著大于普通无纺布容器苗,高径比生长协调,苗木较粗壮,主根长显著较短,而一级侧根数和根系生物量显著大于后者。控根容器培育的苗木根系多、不缠绕、无畸形,空间分布合理,苗木质量优于后者。不同密度育苗对山乌桕2 a苗龄绿化大苗根系影响不显著,但2 a苗龄摆放密度9株/m^(2)的苗高、地径总体表现最优。因此,山乌桕2 a苗龄绿化大苗培育进程中,采用控根容器和密度动态调控可以提高苗木质量。     

空气修根对水曲柳无纺布袋容器苗生长及根系发育的影响

【目的】明确无纺布育苗袋空气修根对容器苗生长及根系发育的影响,为进一步推广水曲柳网袋容器育苗技术提供理论依据。【方法】以水曲柳1年生无纺布袋容器苗和塑料育苗盘容器苗为对象,采用石蜡切片技术研究根系解剖结构特征,同时观察苗木的苗高、地茎、叶面积、各营养器官生物量及养分含量差异,分析空气修根对苗木生长和根系发育的影响。【结果】无纺布袋容器苗苗高、高径比、叶面积和质量指数均显著优于育苗盘的容器苗(P0.05),单株生物量、全氮和全磷含量分别比育苗盘的容器苗高6.98%,12.09%和10.3%(P0.05),根系的比根长、表面积和根尖数也分别比育苗盘容器苗高14.56%,32.9%和11.18%(P0.05),直径大于0.5 mm侧根数显著高于育苗盘(P0.05);无纺布袋容器边缘根尖分生区的细胞发生大面积死亡,塑料育苗盘容器苗的根尖分生区细胞仍具有旺盛的分裂能力,无纺布袋容器苗一级根成熟区萌生侧根数比育苗盘容器苗多35%(P0.05)。【结论】空气修根显著抑制水曲柳无纺布袋容器苗根尖分区细胞的分裂,促进了成熟区侧根的生成,增加了侧根数量和根系生物量,促进了苗高、叶面积生长,提高植物生物量及养分含量。     

几种轻基质及容器大小对油松容器苗生长的影响

以油松1a生播种苗为材料,在不同基质、不同大小的容器上进行栽培试验。结果表明:不同基质及容器大小,苗木在苗高、地径、主根长、侧根数及鲜重等性状间均存在显著差异,在草炭∶珍珠岩∶炭化稻壳=1∶1∶1的栽培基质上,苗木生长最好,草炭∶珍珠岩=1∶1的栽培基质,亦有利于苗木生长。苗木的生长状况随着容器的增大具有增强的趋势,12cm×15cm塑料钵上容器苗生长最好,10cm×10cm塑料钵次之,若培育容器苗数量较大,从成本、占用空间及运输等因素考虑,建议采用10cm×10cm塑料钵育苗。     

翅荚木不同基质及切根育苗试验

为培育质量轻、根系发达的翅荚木(Zenia insignis Chun)容器苗,采用黄泥与椰糠按不同比例配制育苗基质并对幼苗进行不同切根长度处理等试验方法,结果表明:不同基质间苗高、地径、植株总鲜质量、地上部分鲜质量、地下部分鲜质量及侧根数量差异显著,黄心土与椰糠的比例为3:7、5:5和7:3配制的基质均可明显地促进苗木生长;不同切根长度的处理间苗高、侧根数量差异显著,而苗木地径、总鲜质量、地上部分鲜重和地下部分鲜质量差异不显著,芽苗移植时先切断主根,保留主根长4 cm最佳,其次是保留主根长3 cm和5 cm。     

薄壳山核桃容器育苗技术浅析

薄壳山核具有主根发达、侧根较少的特性,且裸根苗存在断根移栽缓苗困难的问题,因此培育高质量的富根容器苗在快速建园、高效造林中具有很强的实践意义。本文在近年试验和育苗实践基础上,系统阐述了薄壳山核桃容器苗培育的技术要点。     

油松轻型基质无纺布容器育苗技术试验

近年来,随着苗木产业发展和干旱地区极端环境生态恢复工程的实施,无纺布容器育苗的发展越来越受到重视。本试验以蘑菇菌渣(30～40%)+森林土(60%～70%)混合发酵腐熟后作为育苗基质,利用无纺布容器、塑料袋容器进行不同质地、不同规格的油松移植苗培育。结果表明,无纺布容器油松移植苗的高生长、地径生长优于塑料袋容器苗,而且克服了常规塑料袋(钵)容器苗圈根、窝根等不足,具有根系易穿透、不窝根、根系发达,苗木生长快的特点。     

不同育苗基质对油茶芽砧嫁接苗生长的影响

通过对几种育苗基质对油茶芽砧苗成活率、苗高、地径以及根系等生长指标对比分析的结果表明,在4个基质配比中,1 a生芽砧嫁接苗以油茶轻基质容器苗保存率、树高和地径表现为最大,分别为82.2%,32.1 cm和0.31cm;苗木根系以2 a生大田裸根苗主根为最长,为13.3 cm,根茎比最大,为0.50,适宜油茶造林后后期生长。因此培育1 a生油茶苗以油茶轻基质为最佳选择,培育2 a生苗应该选择大田育苗。     

半枫荷播种育苗试验

采用容器(10cm×10cm营养钵)和田间苗床2种播种育苗方式,进行了半枫荷不同产地种源生长效果比较试验,结果表明:田间苗床播种苗的生长量较大,平均苗高、平均地径、平均主根长度、≥5cmⅠ级侧根平均条数分别比容器(营养钵)播种苗高出43.0%、58.5%、34.4%、47.8%;福建宁化县种源的苗木生长量较大,平均苗高、平均地径、平均主根长度、≥5cmⅠ级侧根平均条数分别比江西大余种源高出95.5%、19.3%、52.5%、50.0%、4.5%。     

Morphological indicators of stock quality and field performance of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings underplanted in a central Ontario shelterwood

The value of initial stem diameter near the root collar, shoot length and number of first-order lateral roots (FOLR) as morphological indicators of stock quality and field performance was examined for bareroot (1+0, undercut) red oak (Quercus rubra L.) underplanted in a shelterwood in central Ontario. These three attributes were measured on more than 400 seedlings prior to planting, and their relationship with height and basal diameter growth two years after planting was determined using correlation and regression analysis. Initial diameter, shoot length and number of FOLR were positively and significantly correlated with second-year height and diameter. These relationships were strongest for diameter, but this variable explained less than 25% of the total variation in growth. Of the three indicators, diameter was also the best predictor of several physical characteristics of root systems two years after planting. Initial diameter was significantly correlated with root volume, root area and lateral root, taproot and total root dry mass. Weaker relationships existed between initial shoot length and number of FOLR and second-year root system features. Stem diameter two years after planting was more strongly related to root volume, area and dry mass than was initial diameter, the probable result of adjustment in root-shoot balance of planting stock to the shelterwood environment.     

不同基质不同容器对普陀樟生长的影响

为探讨不同基质不同容器对普陀樟Cinnamomum japonicumvar.Chenii苗木生长的影响,在苗木试验基地设置6个育苗处理,即选择圃地土、35%黄心土+35%泥炭+30%猪粪、1/3火烧土+1/3黄心土+1/3圃地土的3种配置基质分别与普通营养钵和控根容器对比处理对普陀樟2a生苗进行试验,1a后测定高度相对生长量、地径相对生长量、高径比、叶绿素、根系鲜重、地上部分鲜重、地上地下部分鲜重比、根系活力、可溶性糖含量等指标。结果表明:植物控根栽培的过程中,容器的选用和基质的不同与否是影响苗木生长指标的重要因素;选用35%黄心土+35%泥炭+30%猪粪有机肥和控根容器在普陀樟容器苗栽培中是最适宜的。     

Root and shoot allometry of bareroot and container Douglas-fir seedlings

Detailed root and shoot development of bareroot and container Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling stocktypes were compared during the first growing season after outplanting. The study was installed in raised beds with ideal environmental conditions and at a field reforestation site. Survival at both sites was 98% and did not differ between stocktypes. Seedlings were excavated in spring (5, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after planting) and in fall (35, 40, and 45 weeks after planting). In spring, container seedlings had more numbers of new roots and greater new root and shoot biomass than bareroot seedlings at both sites. In fall, bareroot seedlings consistently averaged more new root growth (though nonsignificant) than container seedlings suggesting that stocktype differences may not continue long-term. Container seedlings had significantly greater water percent than bareroot seedlings at the field site (all sample dates) and the raised bed site (weeks 5, 8, and 40 only). Regardless of environmental conditions or season, seedlings at both sites maintained water percent between 60 and 70% of fresh weight. Seedlings grown in the raised beds had much greater growth than those grown in the field. However, relative growth patterns for the two stocktypes were very similar on each site. The data generated establish baseline differences between stocktypes for root initiation, growth, and allometry during the first year after planting. Challenges associated with root development research are discussed.     

不同容器规格对樟子松育苗质量的影响

为探索樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)容器育苗的合理容器规格,以白色无纺布袋作为育苗容器,按照育苗容器口径和高度不同,设置6 cm×10 cm、10 cm×10 cm、12 cm×15 cm、15 cm×18 cm 4种容器规格,研究了不同容器规格对樟子松幼苗质量的影响。结果表明:随着容器规格的增大,樟子松幼苗的株高、地径、主根长、植株干鲜质量、根冠比和壮苗指数均呈增加趋势,但12 cm×15 cm和15 cm×18 cm两个规格容器对樟子松幼苗各项指标的影响差异不显著,而樟子松幼苗根系活力、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛均随着容器规格的增大呈先增加后降低趋势,并以12 cm×15 cm效果最佳。研究认为12 cm×15 cm规格的容器更适宜培育樟子松容器苗。     

Bareroot versus container stocktypes: a performance comparison

This review examines the published work on bareroot and container stocktypes in forest restoration programs. The objective was to define overall trends between these two stocktypes and describe what they mean in terms of available information on their nursery and field performance. Stock quality assessments show bareroot seedlings have larger shoot systems because they are typically grown at lower densities, and in many instances longer timeframes, than container seedlings. Container systems typically produce seedlings having a lower shoot to root ratio and a greater root growth potential, conferring greater drought avoidance potential. However, assessments of stress resistance and nutrition found no conclusive evidence that either stocktype has a performance advantage, other than the container plug acting as a source of water and nutrient storage available for outplanting performance. Bareroot seedlings are more sensitive to handling practices of lifting, storage, transport and planting and these practices can negatively affect their performance. Container seedlings can have a higher level of field survival which is related, in part, to their greater drought avoidance potential, thereby overcoming planting stress. Bareroot and container seedlings have comparable survival rates on sites with minimal planting stress. Once seedlings are established, bareroot and container seedlings can have comparable field performance. In many instances where plant competition is the main limiting site variable, larger sized bareroot and container stocktypes have the best chance for successful stand establishment. The lack of a natural root form and root distribution for both stocktypes is a debated mechanical stability issue, though risks of windthrow have not been consistently demonstrated for either stocktype.     

Growing environment and container type influence field performance of black spruce container stock

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) overwintered container crops produced in four container types spanning a range of container sizes and seedling rearing densities were compared for two consecutive years. In 1989 two growing environments (greenhouse and outdoors) were compared. In 1990 three growing environments (greenhouse, coldframe, and outdoors) and two hardening regimes (short day and natural) were compared. Seedlings were outplanted during the spring of 1989 and 1990 and total height and survival were assessed for five years.The outdoor-grown crop was shorter, smaller in root collar diameter and had less dry weight at time of planting than the crops produced in the greenhouse (1989 study) and in the greenhouse and coldframe (1990 study). Although the greenhouse crops in both studies were larger at time of planting, the outdoor-grown crops (1989 and 1990) and coldframe-grown crop (1990) displayed significantly greater annual height increment in the first two years after planting. The enhanced early height growth of the outdoor-grown crops may be due to the natural acclimation created by their growing environment.Seedlings grown in a large volume container, at a low plant density (441 plants/m²), had significantly larger root collar diameters and total dry weights at time of planting than seedlings grown in a smaller volume container at a high plant density. Stem volume production in the field was greater on seedlings from larger volume containers grown at low densities.     

红椆播种苗移栽容器育苗技术研究

为提高红椆苗木质量和造林成活率,对红椆2年生直播苗和2年生撒播苗移栽容器苗苗木质量进行对比试验,同时采用不同规格容器和遮荫处理对1年生撒播苗移栽到容器后苗木的成活率和生长量进行比较试验。结果表明:容器育苗可显著提高红椆苗苗高、地径、主根长、地上部分干重、地下部分干重;容器规格对移栽后苗木成活率影响不显著,但对苗木生长有显著影响;采用80%遮阳网遮荫,容器苗成活率较高,苗木高生长也显著增加,但苗木地径生长与60%遮阳网遮荫处理的苗木差异不显著。     

Initial seedling morphological characteristics and field performance of two Sudanian savanna species in relation to nursery production period and watering regimes

It has become apparent that some interventions are required to aid the regeneration of woody species in the Sudanian savanna. Direct seeding has been ineffective, thus planting high quality seedlings may be a viable alternative. In this study, we examined the stock quality of two valuable Sudanian savanna species, Acacia macrostachya and Pterocarpus erinaceus. Different nursery production periods were tested as well as the species’ field performance under well-watered and stressed conditions. The results showed that older seedlings (9-month) were morphologically distinct from younger ones (3-month), particularly in the case of P. erinaceus. Eighteen months after planting out, survival and growth of seedlings were not affected by initial seedling size; this was the result of the high root to shoot ratio of seedlings in all age groups at the time of planting. Seedling mortality as high as 30% was observed and attributed to both drought stress and other factors such as herbivory. Regression analyses revealed that initial shoot height was a poor predictor of field performance for both species, but initial root collar diameter accounted for 25% of the variation in diameter of P. erinaceus in the field. We conclude that initial seedling size does not affect survival and growth in the field provided that all sizes of seedling have a high root to shoot ratio at the time of planting. The prediction of field performance could be improved by developing a model that incorporates a wide range of root collar diameter.     

Effects of Seedbed Density on One-Year-Old <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus angustifolia</Emphasis> Seedling Characteristics and Outplanting Performance

To assess the effects of seedling spacing on one-year-old seedling morphology in the nursery, seeds of three provenances of Fraxinus angustifolia were sown at five different seedling spacings within rows of two different spacings in the seedbed. Subsequent growth performance of one-year-old seedlings was assessed by planting in the forest. Within row spacings were: 4.3, 5.0, 6.3, 8.3, and 12.5 cm, and there were five rows at 20 cm apart, or three rows at 33 cm apart across the 1.2 m wide seedbeds. Both spacings within and between rows significantly affected shoot height, root collar diameter, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, but not root/shoot ratio. Wider spacings produced larger seedlings, but only the wider spacing within rows significantly increased fine and coarse root mass. Provenances showed significant differences in diameter, root/shoot ratio, and fine and coarse roots, and they also showed interactions with row spacings in height and diameter measurements. One year after outplanting, diameter growth was significantly related to provenance, and diameter growth was 88% greater for trees from 33 cm nursery row spacing than those from 20 cm nursery row spacing.     

容器规格、肥料种类和育苗基质对桢楠幼苗生长的影响

以半年生桢楠（Phoebe zhennan）幼苗为试材,采用正交试验设计,初步研究了容器规格、肥料种类和育苗基质对桢楠容器苗的苗高、地径、根系长、全株鲜重、全株干重影响。结果表明,不同的肥料种类对幼苗的苗高、地径、全株鲜重、全株干重均有显著影响（P<0.05）,而容器规格和育苗基质对容器苗的生长无显著影响。对不同因素、不同水平的各个组合处理进行分析,半年生桢楠的容器育苗最佳组合为8 cm×12 cm的容器规格,施用5%有机肥作为基肥,采用80%森林土+20%的火烧土作为育苗基质,其次是10 cm×14 cm的容器规格,施用5%有机肥作为基肥,采用100%森林土的育苗基质。