盐胁迫下高粱新生叶片结构和光合特性的系统调控

以C₄作物高粱为材料,研究了盐胁迫下新生叶片结构和光合特性的系统调控。结果表明：(1)盐胁迫导致成熟叶和新生叶水势、光合速率、气孔导度明显下降,光抑制程度略有增强;并且新生叶片上下表面气孔密度均增加。(2)非盐胁迫条件下,成熟叶遮荫对其自身和新生叶水势影响不显著,但两者光合速率、气孔导度和叶片可溶性糖含量降低,对强光敏感性增强;同时,降低成熟叶光强还显著降低新生叶的叶片厚度、气孔密度、维管束鞘细胞表面积;(3)盐胁迫下成熟叶遮荫诱导的新生叶结构和光合功能变化与非盐胁迫条件下趋势相似。双因素方差分析显示,盐胁迫下成熟叶遮荫能明显加剧高粱成熟叶和新生叶两者光合速率和气孔导度的下降并增强对强光的敏感性。因此认为,盐胁迫下高粱新生叶片的结构和光合功能均受到系统信号调控;提高成熟叶所处环境光强有助于改善盐胁迫下新生叶发育和碳同化能力,并一定程度上缓解光抑制。这对理解盐胁迫下高粱抗盐性具有重要意义。     

NaCl胁迫对两优培九幼苗离子含量的影响

3种浓度的NaCl胁迫杂交水稻两优培九幼苗4d后，根和地上部分的相对含水量明显下降。功能叶片中的游离脯氨酸和可溶性总糖含量以及幼苗根、茎、叶中的Na＋含量、Na＋／K＋、Na＋／Ca^2＋和Na＋／Mg^2＋与对照相比，随着盐处理浓度的增大而增大，K＋、Ca^2＋和Mg^2＋的含量则相反。试验结果表明，在盐胁迫下两优培九幼苗主要利用产生游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖等有机渗透调节物质来维持地上部分的渗透平衡；从离子平衡角度发现，两优培九幼苗在根部通过避Na＋机制来保持较高的Na＋／K＋以减轻盐胁迫对地上部分的伤害，在茎和功能叶片中则通过保持细胞中较高的K＋水平以减轻盐胁迫的伤害。     

不同浓度NaCl对两个玉米品种Na+、K+、Ca2+含量的影响

比较不同耐盐性品种在NaCl胁迫下的离子含量的差异,为耐盐玉米的筛选提供理论依据。玉米耐盐品种‘郑单958’和盐敏感品种‘齐单1号’在含0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0% NaCl的砂子中生长,分别测定根、茎和叶片中Na+、K+、Ca2+含量。NaCl胁迫下,Na+、K+、Ca2+含量在两个玉米品种间、NaCl浓度间差异均达到极显著水平。NaCl胁迫下,两个玉米品种根茎叶中Na+含量均增加,根中Na+含量增加的幅度大于茎和叶,‘郑单958’根中的Na+含量高于‘齐单1号’;K+、Ca2+含量随NaCl浓度的升高而降低。高盐胁迫下,‘郑单958’根中K+含量降低的幅度大于‘齐单1号’,而茎中K+含量降低的幅度小于‘齐单1号’;‘郑单958’茎和叶片中Ca2+含量降低的幅度小于‘齐单1号’。两个玉米品种在离子含量间表现出的差异非常明显,Na+、K+、Ca2+含量可以作为玉米耐盐性鉴定和筛选指标。     

盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

分别将两种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)与两种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)均按摩尔比9∶1混合,在模拟出不同强度的盐碱胁迫条件。比较了盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及幼苗中Na+、K+离子含量的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发的抑制作用明显大于盐胁迫,而碱胁迫对萌发的抑制可能是致死的。碱胁迫对早期幼苗生长的抑制作用也明显大于盐胁迫,尤其对幼根的抑制作用。碱胁迫明显破坏根的结构和功能,导致根活力急剧下降。盐碱胁迫均造成芽和幼根Na+含量上升而K+含量下降,Na+/K+也随之升高。但若两种胁迫相比,碱胁迫下Na+含量及Na+/K+比值上升幅度和K+含量下降幅度均大于盐胁迫。小冰麦的Na+、K+含量变化特点表明,碱胁迫造成的高pH干扰了根系选择性吸收K+、Na+的能力,而造成了植物体内Na+、K+不均衡,这可能是碱胁迫对小冰麦的伤害作用大于盐胁迫的原因所在。     

中性盐和碱性盐胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发的影响

对黄瓜种子在Na＋浓度依次为0、25、50、75、100、150mmol/L的中性盐（NaCl）和碱性盐（NaCl＋Na2CO3）溶液中的萌发情况进行了研究,分别观测盐溶液对常用发芽指标及几项生理指标的影响.结果表明,2种盐溶液处理下,Na＋浓度高于50mmol/L时,黄瓜种子发芽率、发芽指数随Na＋浓度的增加而显著下降（p＜0.01）;Na＋浓度高于25 mmol/L时,活力指数随Na＋浓度的增加而显著下降（p＜0.01）;黄瓜种子在中性盐和碱性盐胁迫下萌发的适宜值、临界值和极限值（Na＋浓度）分别为73.57、126.59、179.61 mmol/L和51.94、86.07、120.20mmol/L;经测定,随盐溶液中Na＋浓度的增高,呼吸速率和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,游离氨基酸总量、脯氨酸含量和质膜透性则呈上升趋势,相比之下,碱性盐处理下的上升和下降幅度均大于中性盐处理.经分析,中性盐和碱性盐胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发过程中储藏蛋白质的分解影响较小,而对新蛋白质的合成有明显的抑制作用.碱性盐胁迫效应大于中性盐.中性盐对黄瓜种子胁迫由Na＋造成,碱性盐对黄瓜种子胁迫除主要由Na＋作用外又增加了高pH的作用,即盐碱胁迫有协同作用.     

NaCl对库拉索芦荟的胁迫效应研究

温室盆栽条件下，研究了100～400mmol／L NaCl胁迫对2年生库拉索芦荟的生长及体内离子分布的影响。结果表明，100mmoL／L NaCl处理下芦荟植株干重和叶片叶绿素含量与对照差异不显著，200和400mmol／L NaCl处理下干重和叶绿素含量显著下降；芦荟根系活力在200mmol／L NaCl处理下达到最大值，增加盐浓度，根系活力下降；盐胁迫处理的叶片电解质渗漏率显著高于对照，随着胁迫强度的增加而增加。盐胁迫下，芦荟体内Na^＋和Cl^-含量随着盐浓度的增加而增加，K^＋和Ca^2＋表现出相反的变化趋势。Na^＋主要积累在茎部，叶片和根系含量较小；Cl^-主要积累在叶片，茎部含量相对高于根系。盐胁迫下芦荟体内K^＋和Ca^2＋含量明显低于对照，随着盐浓度增加，叶片K^＋含量明显增加，Ca^2＋则相反。芦荟叶片保持相对较低的Na^＋／K^＋比率和较强的K^＋和Ca^2＋向上选择性运输能力，是芦荟具有一定耐盐性的重要原因。     

盐胁迫对不同基因型黄秋葵苗期生长及生理生态特征的影响

为揭示盐害下不同黄秋葵品种苗期生长的差异,以2个黄秋葵品种皇星五角(HXWJ,耐盐型)和绿新五角(LXWJ,盐敏感型)为试验材料,采用盆栽法研究不同浓度Na Cl(0,80,160 mmol/L)、不同胁迫时间(25,50 d)对黄秋葵植株苗期生长及生理生态指标的影响。结果表明:随着Na Cl浓度的提高、胁迫天数的增加,黄秋葵幼苗的株高、根长、植株鲜干质量、细胞膜稳定指数(CMSI)、K+含量,K+/Na+比呈下降的趋势;而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,Na+含量逐步升高;盐胁迫下黄秋葵幼苗鲜质量下降的幅度大于干质量,茎叶下降的幅度大于根系;胁迫至25 d,黄秋葵叶片和根中SOD、POD活性随Na Cl浓度增加逐步升高,胁迫至50 d,2个酶活性随Na Cl浓度增加先升高后降低;整个胁迫过程中,幼苗的株高、根长、植株鲜干质量、CMSI、K+含量,K+/Na+比含量的降幅及MDA含量的增幅均为HXWJLXWJ,表明苗期较高的干物质积累、细胞膜稳定性及K+含量是耐盐性黄秋葵品种的基本特征。     

盐胁迫下不同玉米品种在苗期叶片和根中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)及脯氨酸含量变化的研究

选用自有耐盐专用品种山大耐盐1号和国审普通玉米品种浚单20在0～300mmol/L不同浓度NaCl溶液的胁迫下萌发生长,测定玉米苗期叶片和根中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)及脯氨酸含量.结果表明,随着NaCl溶液浓度的不断提高,玉米叶片和根中Na+含量逐渐升高,K+和Ca~(2+)含量逐渐降低,根中各测定离子含量高于叶片中各离子含量.同时脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,而且存在一个极限值,超过这个极限值脯氨酸含量出现下降,但仍然维持较高水平.两个玉米品种间在以上测定项目中表现出的差异非常明显,可以作为耐盐品种选育的借鉴和品种耐盐性强弱的评价.     

盐胁迫下野大麦耐盐生理机制初探

以盐生植物野大麦、甜土植物中国春小麦为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对野大麦、小麦幼苗叶片质膜透性、含水量、地上和根部离子含量、脯氨酸含量、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)活性的影响。结果表明,随盐胁迫浓度增加,野大麦的细胞膜透性、Na 含量、脯氨酸含量、Na /K 、PEPCase活性增加,含水量、K 含量下降;但在相同盐胁迫条件下野大麦地上部和根部Na 含量明显低于小麦,而根中K 含量高于小麦,表明野大麦可能具有拒绝吸收Na 和维持高K 含量的能力;野大麦的脯氨酸含量增加幅度小于小麦,表明在盐胁迫下野大麦不是通过脯氨酸的积累来达到体内渗透平衡的;野大麦PEPCase活性增加明显高于小麦,说明提高光合效率可能是野大麦实现盐适应的主要措施之一。     

谷胱甘肽对盐胁迫大麦叶片活性氧清除系统的保护作用

盐胁迫下大麦叶片K+含量下降, Na+含量上升, K+/Na+比下降, 叶绿素(chl)含量下降, 叶片内源谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量与K+/Na+比、 叶绿素含量呈极显著的正相关。 外源GSH处理可明显提高活性氧清除系统中超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、 过氧化氢酶(CAT)、 谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、 过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及抗氧化剂GSH、 类胡萝卜素(Car)、 维     

钙提高水稻耐盐性的研究

在０．５％ＮａＣｌ盐胁迫下，适当增加外界Ｃａ＾２＋浓度，可显著降低水稻体内Ｎａ＾＋含量，减少Ｎａ＾２＋由根向地上部的净运输率，并提高植株相对生长率。但Ｃａ＾２＋作用大小受介质中Ｎａ＾＋与Ｃａ＾２＋两者之比值的制约，最适Ｎａ／Ｃａ比值为２０和５０。Ｃａ＾２＋的减少（即Ｎａ／Ｃａ比值＝１０００）或过多（即Ｎａ／Ｃａ比值＝５）都导致了水稻盐害进一步加剧。钙还可以明显降低叶片和根系的质膜透性，并提高根质膜     

Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) F3 populations selected for salt resistance. I. Physiological behaviour during vegetative growth

Plants belonging to a somaclonal family (R₃-1-23, obtained from a salt-resistant callus of the salt-sensitive cultivar I Kong Pao (IKP, salt-sensitive)) were crossed with this intital cultivar IKP or with plants of the elite breeding line IR31785 (IR31, extremely salt-sensitive). Two other crosses were also performed: IR31 × IKP and IKP × Aiwu, where Aiwu is a moderatly salt-resistant cultivar. The physiological behaviour of F₃ populations was analysed after 21 and 42 days of exposure to 0 or 30 mM NaCl and compared to the behaviour of plants selected within parental populations. A clear improvement in terms of survival percentages was demonstrated for plants issued from IR31 × 1-23 and IR31 × IKP. These F₃ populations exhibited lower Na accumulation in shoots, higher Ca accumulation in roots, higher ratios of shoot P/root P than the parents after 42 days of salt exposure. Salt stress induced a decrease of shoot K, an increase of shoot Cl and proline and a decrease of osmotic potential in all populations. Correlation analysis indicated that no physiological parameter recorded in the absence of salt stress may be used as a reliable selection marker to predict the plant behaviour in salt stress conditions. K/Na ratio recorded in the stressed plants was significantly correlated with surviving percentages recorded after 90 days of salt stress, suggesting that this physiological parameter in stress conditions appears to be the most reliable selection criterion for salt resistance in rice. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparative Growth Responses and Ionic Relations of Four Cereals during Salt Stress

Four varieties, one each of triticale, wheat, rye and barley were grown in nutrient solution without and with the addition of 75 and 150 mM NaCl. Plants were exposed to salinity for two weeks and growth and ionic relations of plants were measured. Growth of four cereals varieties was affected to different degrees with salinity and shoot fresh weight/dry weight ratios decreased with increase in salt concentration in root medium. Shoots of barley variety accumulated high content of Na and Cl which were primarily due to higher rates of net ion transport from root to shoot. Higher accumulation of Na and Cl in barley variety shoot accompanied by better relative growth rates indicated plant's ability to compartmentalize ions in vacuoles.     

Growth Properties and Ion Distribution in Different Tissues of Bread Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) Differing in Salt Tolerance

Four bread wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance were selected to evaluate ion distribution and growth responses with increasing salinity. Salinity was applied when the leaf 4 was fully expanded. Sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺) concentrations and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in different tissues including root, leaf‐3 blade, flag leaf sheath and flag leaf blade at three salinity levels (0, 100 and 200 mm NaCl), and also the effects of salinity on growth rate, shoot biomass and grain yield were evaluated. Salt‐tolerant genotypes (Karchia‐65 and Roshan) showed higher growth rate, grain yield and shoot biomass than salt‐sensitive ones (Qods and Shiraz). Growth rate was reduced severely in the first period (1–10 days) after salt commencements. It seems after 20 days, the major effect of salinity on shoot biomass and grain yield was due to the osmotic effect of salt, not due to Na⁺‐specific effects within the plant. Grain yield loss in salt‐tolerant genotypes was due to the decline in grain size, but the grain yield loss in salt‐sensitive ones was due to decline in grain number. Salt‐tolerant genotypes sequestered higher amounts of Na⁺ concentration in root and flag leaf sheath and maintained lower Na⁺ concentration with higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in flag leaf blade. This ion partitioning may be contributing to the improved salt tolerance of genotypes.     

NaCl胁迫下玉米黄化苗质外体和共质体Na、Ca浓度的变化

低浓度ＮａＣｌ短期处理促进玉米黄化苗根和地上部分的伸长生长,高浓度ＮａＣｌ短期胁迫则抑制根和地下部分的伸长生长。根和地上部分的含水量在本实验条件下并不受ＮａＣｌ胁迫的影响。而根和地上部分Ｎａ含量ＮａＣｌ浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而增加,总Ｃａ含量则下降。ＮａＣｌ胁迫下,根和地下部分质外体和共质中Ｎａ含量均明显增加,但质外体中Ｎａ一增更为明显,１５０ｍｏｌ／ｍ＾３ＮａＣｌ胁迫２４小时,根中质外体Ｎａ     

转cry1C基因抗虫超级粳稻田间目的基因表达及抗螟虫性

为了研究转基因抗虫超级粳稻田间目的基因表达及抗螟虫性,将10个来自于不同独立抗性愈伤组织的转cry1C*基因抗虫超级粳稻品系种植于田间,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测孕穗期叶片、茎鞘和幼穗等器官目的基因mRNA,利用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测孕穗期叶片、茎鞘和幼穗及收获后糙米的Cry1C蛋白,利用田间目测调查二化螟危害的白穗率。结果及分析显示,转基因超级粳稻不同品系及不同器官cry1C*基因田间表达量明显不同,cry1C*基因mRNA表达量叶片＞茎鞘＞幼穗,蛋白质表达量叶片＞茎鞘＞幼穗＞糙米。转基因超级粳稻田间目的基因表达,在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平,不同器官间存在正相关关系,各器官Cry1C蛋白质含量和糙米Bt蛋白质含量呈正相关。在本研究范围内,不论转基因粳稻植株Cry1C蛋白质含量高或低的品系,田间均表现为高抗二化螟。培育转基因抗虫粳稻品种时,注意对目的基因适量表达的抗虫基因型的选择。     

不同钠盐胁迫对松柳种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了研究不同钠盐胁迫对松柳种子萌发及幼苗生长影响,采用0~400 mmol/L的NaCl、0~100 mmol/L的Na2CO3和0~100 mmol/L的NaHCO3溶液处理松柳(Lathyrus quinquenervius)种子,每种溶液设置6个浓度梯度,以此研究盐胁迫对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明:NaCl浓度在0~100 mmol/L时对种子发芽的各项指标影响不明显,在浓度大于200 mmol/L时,显著降低了种子发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,盐害率显著升高;Na2CO3溶液在所有浓度下均显著降低种子发芽指标,盐害率显著升高,仅在2 mmol/L时未影响种子发芽率;NaHCO3溶液在浓度为0~20 mmol/L时对种子发芽的各项指标无显著影响,而浓度>20 mmol/L后,对种子的发芽势、发芽指数、耐盐指数均产生显著抑制,浓度100 mmol/L时,盐害率显著升高。三种盐胁迫对苗高生长均表现为低浓度显著促进,高浓度显著抑制,NaCl和Na2CO3对胚根生长表现为低浓度无显著影响而高浓度显著抑制,NaHCO3对胚根生长以及三种盐对胚芽生长则始终呈抑制作用。     

Does Salt Tolerance Vary in a Potential Oil-Seed Crop Brassica carinata at Different Growth Stages?

The salt tolerance of two salt-tolerant (C90-1191 and P5/80) and two salt-sensitive (C90-1115 and 77–321) lines of Ethiopian mustard ( Brassica carinata ) (selected on the basis of their performance in germinating ability and seedling growth in a screening experiment) was assessed at the adult stage under glasshouse conditions to evaluate the consistency of salt tolerance at different growth stages of plant life cycle. No difference in response of all four lines differing in salt tolerance was found to varying concentrations of NaCl in the growth medium, although the latter two lines were slightly better than the former two in shoot dry mass, seed yield or yield components. The relatively good growth of the lines C90-1115 and 77-321 at the adult stage can be related to their lower accumulation of Na, Cl and Ca in their leaves. K/Na ratios, Ca/Na ratios, K versus Na selectivity, and Ca versus Na selectivity did not prove to be successful criteria in discriminating the lines differing in degree of salt tolerance. In conclusion, salt tolerance in B. carinata varies with the change in stage of its life cycle. Thus selection based at one particular stage may not produce individuals tolerant at all growth stages.     

土壤干旱对小麦绿色器官光合电子传递和光合磷酸化活力的影响

比较研究了开花后干旱胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)不同绿色器官光合活性的变化，发现叶片光合对干旱胁迫的敏感性大于穗器官。在干旱胁迫下各器官叶绿体Hill反应活力、光合电子传递活性及光合磷酸化水平均下降，但下降幅度以旗叶叶片明显大于穗、穗下节间和叶鞘。暗示穗等非叶器官的光合作用具有较强的耐逆性。     

大豆GmHDL57基因的克隆及抗盐功能鉴定

HD-Zip I类转录因子在植物抵御非生物胁迫过程中发挥重要功能, 本研究克隆得到1个大豆HD-Zip I类基因GmHDL57 (Glycine max homeodomain-leucine zipper protein 57)。序列分析表明, GmHDL57基因包含1个1038 bp的开放读码框, 编码345个氨基酸, 具有HD-Zip类家族蛋白典型的保守结构域。基因时空表达分析表明, 大豆GmHDL57基因在大豆植株的各个不同时期及不同器官中均有表达, 在花中表达量最高。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了4种非生物胁迫(脱落酸、NaCl、PEG、冷)对幼苗期大豆根中GmHDL57基因表达的影响。结果表明, 该基因表达量受高盐胁迫诱导显著升高, 在脱落酸及干旱胁迫下上升幅度较小, 但在冷胁迫下呈下降趋势。盐胁迫前后GmHDL57基因在根中的表达量明显高于茎和叶, 在盐胁迫48 h时达到峰值, 72 h和96 h时表达量缓慢下降。此外, 构建GmHDL57基因的植物超表达载体, 利用根癌农杆菌转化法获得转基因百脉根, 200 mmol L ^-1 NaCl处理条件下, 转基因百脉根的株高、根长、叶绿素含量、根系活力以及阳离子K ⁺、Ca ²⁺含量显著高于野生型, 而丙二醛含量、相对质膜透性以及Na ⁺的含量明显低于野生型。以上研究结果表明, GmHDL57基因参与了大豆对非生物胁迫的应答过程, 过量表达GmHDL57基因能够显著提高百脉根的抗盐能力。