墨累—达令流域规划和保护策略

流域规划及其保护策略是不断变化的。流域自然资源的评价通常集中反映在土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖;坡度与河岸稳定性;虫害与杂草控制方面。为了对土地利用和资源发展变化做出规划和指导,本文给出了墨累—达令系统的整个洪泛平原和流域规划的实例。     

基于GIS小流域规划系统的研发

以县南沟为例,结合小流域规划的特点及业务运作要求,讨论了开发基于GIS小流域规划系统的必要性,提出了规划系统的设计原则,进而讨论了系统各模块功能的实现方法。     

参与式方法和工具在小流域规划中的应用——以英国赠款小流域治理管理项目为例

英国赠款小流域治理管理项目在示范小流域规划中采取“自下而上”的参与式方法,强调农户是流域规划的中心和主体。该文介绍了小流域规划中参与式方法,尤其是参与式工具的应用情况。项目实践表明,科学合理地使用参与式方法和工具会使规划更符合当地的发展状况,更具可操作性。     

不同利益群体认知行为对农村居民点整治的影响

[目的]探索农村居民点整治中不同利益群体的认知行为的关注点及其相互影响关系,为新型城镇化下协调不同群体利益关系提供理论依据。[方法]利用博弈论和链接结构分析的HITS算法,挖掘不同利益群体对农村居民点整治的认知逻辑结构关系。[结果](1)专家群体的权威关键词是城中村等问题,中心关键词是农村居民点整治;(2)政府群体的权威关键词是城镇化,中心关键词是农民参与;(3)公众群体的权威关键词是宅基地纠纷,中心关键词是农村宅基地管理办法。[结论]各个群体通过发表各自关于农村居民点整治问题的见解和观点产生相互影响,同时各个群体对农村居民点整治问题的认知存在着不一致性,而这种不一致性推动了不同群体更深层次的互动。建议政府一方面要加大政策的公众宣传力度,有效利用互联网平台引导公众舆论导向;另一方面建立和完善农村居民点整治的农民全程参与机制,保障农民权益,缓解政府与公众之间的冲突。     

农业规划环境影响评价中公众参与研究

介绍了农业规划环境影响评价公众参与的内涵和作用,分析了公众参与的历史发展过程和法律法规的相关内容,指出了目前公众参与的局限性和存在的问题。并从规划环评公众参与的特点、提高农业规划环评公众参与有效性的途径、农业规划环评公众参与框架3个方面对完善农业规划环评中公众参与作了探讨。     

平凉市实施参与式小流域规划的体会

参与式管理就是赋权于利益相关群体的社区或农户,让他们拥有项目决策、选择、管理、治理、监督、收益、监测的权利,它是近年来国际上比较流行的一种建设项目管理方式。以2006年平凉市实施的英国赠款中国小流域治理管理项目的具体规划为例,介绍了如何做好参与式管理的体会,指出了参与式小流域规划的不足,认为学习国外经验必须与中国的实际相结合才是科学的态度。     

浅谈“朝阳市水土保持信息系统”在水保规划中的应用

利用FoxPro和ViewGIS相结合 ,针对小流域治理中存在的问题 ,建立开发了朝阳市水土保持动态监测与管理决策系统。此系统由属性数据管理子系统、图形图像数据管理子系统、措施规划与配置子系统、效益评价与预测子系统四大功能子系统组成。该系统在朝阳市水土保持规划及治理中得到了充分的应用 ,既节省了大量的人力、物力 ,提高了工作效率 ,又增加了水保规划与治理的准确性、科学性和客观性。为今后以高起点、高标准、高科技含量为标准的水土保持流域规划与治理工作提供了有力的技术保障。     

我国水资源管理现状及发展趋势

从以流域为单元调查规划阶段、流域水资源开发阶段、依法管理阶段和科学管理阶段四个方面介绍我国水资源管理现状,指出我国水资源存在流域机构缺乏权力、体制和政策上存在弊端、流域规划监督无力、缺乏合理的水价体系、忽视开展节约用水等问题。同时,提出了水资源管理发展趋势为大系统、多目标、多级优化的综合管理、注重水权制度和水市场建设、尊重自然规律,坚持人与自然和谐相处、依法管理和加强公众参与和采用先进技术强化水资源管理,为发挥水资源在人类生存、社会生产及优化环境等方面的重要作用做出积极的贡献。     

流域水文模型在生态清洁小流域规划中的应用

小流域综合规划是生态清洁小流域建设的基础工作,现代化的技术手段有助于提高小流域规划的质量与效率。以北京市生态清洁小流域建设试点——蛇鱼川小流域为例,介绍了流域模拟系统WMS在小流域规划设计中的应用,即采用水文模型进行流域水文计算,为流域水源保护工程的规划设计提供依据。本研究工作将有助于推广流域水文模型在流域规划中的应用,也将推动新技术、新方法在北京市生态清洁小流域建设中的应用。     

山地流域治理的景观生态规划

在分析山地流域景观构成基础上 ,应用景观生态学原理 ,提出了景观生态规划的目标 ,并详细阐述了山地流域规划时应遵循的原则 :(1)维护和恢复流域的整体生态功能 ;(2 )构建优化的景观结构和格局 ;(3)维护景观稳定性 ;(4)维护生物多样性 ;(5 )维护景观异质性 ,并提出了实现这些原则的方法和途径     

参与式小流域治理在新农村建设中的应用——以英国赠款中国小流域治理管理项目为例

英国赠款中国小流域综合治理项目将参与式理念引入到项目的规划与实施中,充分体现了农民在农村发展中的主体地位,促进农民的能力建设、尊重乡土知识和保障各方的利益分享,其参与式理念的体现在社会主义新农村建设的时代背景下具有重要的示范意义,为新农村建设的进一步发展提供可供借鉴的小流域综合治理模式。     

Watershed management index based on the village watershed model (VWM) approach towards sustainability

In the current study, we examine the Indonesian government’s watershed management program, which was established in 2001. In 2005, the Coordination Team for Rescue of Water Resources (CTRWR) was established to execute the program on a national level. However, at the time, field implementation was a sectoral interest due to the lack of program integration. To this end, the Indonesian government promoted integrated watershed management in 2009, which since then has been implemented by all stakeholders (in Top–Down management form), with application limited to preparing and planning documents. This is mainly driven by the stakeholders’ lack of understanding with regard to watershed systems as integrated management units. Field implementation results have not yet been realized, including the promotion of community-based watershed management (through Bottom–Up management). The purpose of our research was to determine the index numbers by measuring the level of cooperation between watershed management workers based on the Village Watershed Model (VWM) specifically surface water which includes six variables: planning, participation, institutional, fund sharing, gender, and management systems. The method used was an ordinal measure with the Likert scale. Our data showed successful watershed management, in which five of the six VWM variables—planning, participation, institutional, fund sharing, and management systems—were in the “good” category with indices ranging from 73.08 to 78.27. The gender variable index (69.12) was in the “medium” category.     

People’s participation in watershed management programmes: Evaluation study of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in India

People’s participation in watershed management programmes is an important strategy of government of India for making watershed programmes successful. Participation of local beneficiary farmers is mandatory in planning, implementation and maintenance of watershed development projects as per common guidelines issued by Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has launched holistic watershed development programmes on 2^nd October, 2006 to help farmers in the six distressed districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in India. Therefore, there is a need to know the level of participation by the local people in government sponsored watershed management programmes. The study was conducted during 2011 – 2012 in this Vidarbha region of Maharashtra to measure the extent of people’s participation in NABARD Supported Holistic Watershed Development Programme (NSHWDP). In this paper a detailed structured three-point-continuum schedule was developed by the investigators regarding various aspects of participation by local people in soil and water conservation for watershed management programme. People’s Participation Index (PPI) was also designed to compute the extent of people’s participation. Data for this study was gathered through personal interviews from farmers of six selected districts in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Findings of this study indicated that the extent of people’s participation in planning was 63.7 per cent, in implementation was 57.7 per cent and in maintenance was 75.1 per cent. It shows that the extent of people’s participation in NSHWDP in the six distressed districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra was moderate during watershed programme planning and implementation phases, whereas, high level of participation was exhibited during maintenance phase.     

韭园沟流域淤地坝坝系布局评价

淤地坝系的科学布局关系到流域的防洪安全,对淤地坝系布局进行评价,可以为流域坝系工程的规划、建设和设计工作提供理论依据。将黄土丘陵沟壑区韭园沟流域划分为1个主沟坝系单元和14个子坝系单元,选取了大型坝占总比、串联率、库容均衡度、稳定系数、侵蚀模数、洪量模数及保收率7个指标,采用AHP、IAHP、熵权法及组合权重法分别计算了各指标权重,依次对韭园沟坝系布局进行了评价。研究表明:（1）流域部分子坝系单元布局不合理,但全流域坝系布局合理;（2）IAHP法和组合权重法在计算权重时更客观,评价结果较为合理;（3）4种方法中,大型占总比权重系数均达到最大,表明骨干坝对坝系布局有决定性影响;（4）当骨干坝控制全流域50%以上,库容均衡度达0～20万m³/km²,稳定系数达到1/25～1/20,洪量模数0～10万m³/km²,骨干坝串联个数低于2.5座/km时,坝系布局基本合理。     

CWMP示范小流域的选择和参与式小流域规划过程

英国赠款小流域治理管理项目是一个着重理念创新的项目。本文在介绍项目目的以及项目区基本情况的基础上,叙述了示范小流域的设立目的和选择标准;着重阐述了小流域规划过程,突出了参与式的特点,为类似项目的实施提供了参考。     

Institutional performance and participatory paradigms: Comparing two groups of watersheds in semi-arid region of India

Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards institutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder resources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.     

流域资源的多样性与流域管理目标确定

从流域资源多样性的角度和可持续发展理论,论述了流域管理目标的确定方法,提出了应按流域资源不同来确定最基本的４个流程管理目标,既保护型流域,恢复型流域,经济型流域和景观型流域。分析了流域管理目标的动态性以及与流域管理措施,管理效益评价之间的关系。     

基于GIS方法的泸沽湖流域水土流失敏感性评价

泸沽湖流域具有珍贵的高原生物和独特的摩梭族文化,但随着旅游开发的加快,水土流失风险开始显现。研究基于RS和GIS技术,选取土地利用类型、坡度、沟谷密度和土壤4个影响因子,对泸沽湖流域水土流失敏感性空间分布特征进行了分析评价。结果表明:不敏感和轻度敏感区占流域总面积的52.61%,反映泸沽湖流域水土流失保持现状基本良好;但仍存在明显的水土流失风险及空间差异,中部敏感区占流域总面积的38%,而高度和极敏感区占流域总面积的9.39%;高度和极敏感区主要分布在环湖带,影响因素除了坡度较高外,筑路和开垦农田等人类活动导致的土地覆被变化及易侵蚀土壤类型是局部区域重要的影响因素。研究结果可为泸沽湖流域水土流失防治和生态保护提供科学依据。     

Development of Regression-Based Models to Predict Fecal Bacteria Numbers at Select Sites within the Illinois River Watershed, Arkansas and Oklahoma, USA

The Illinois River Watershed is a multi-facet basin with ecological and economic importance to its local stakeholders in northwest Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma, USA. The numbers, transport and sources of fecal bacteria in streams was identified as a research priority of the USDA NRI Water and Watershed Program in 2006, and the objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between fecal bacteria and other measured physicochemical parameters in water samples collected from selected sites throughout the Illinois River Watershed. An existing database (i.e., National Water Information Systems, NWIS) from the US Geological Survey (USGS) was used in this project. The data obtained includes discharge, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, Escherichia coli (E. coli), fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci among several other physic-chemical parameters. A synthetic model, based on multi-regression analysis, was developed to predict fecal bacteria numbers at these selected sites based on available USGS NWIS data, and the multiple regressions were significant at almost every site for all three bacteria groups. However, the physicochemical parameters used in the equations were very different across sites and fecal bacteria groups, suggesting that the development of such predictive models is site and bacteria group specific even within one watershed.